Indima Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Embusweni Wanamuhla Wentando Yeningi

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zakha umkhawulo ophambili wesimiso somthetho. Umsebenzi wazo oyinhloko ukugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi, ukuvimbela ubugebengu, nokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Lomthwalo wemfanelo uhlanganisa ukubophana komphakathi, ukuqoqa ubuhlakani, nemibhalo ecophelelayo yobufakazi obuzosetshenziswa kamuva enkantolo. E-United States, ukuphoqelela umthetho kusebenza kuhulumeni, umbuso, nakumazinga endawo, ngalinye elinezikhundla ezihlukene nezikhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Federal Bureauaument of Investigation ibamba i-Pregment Bencostatem nomthetho wesizwe, kuyilapho iminyango yamaphoyisa yendawo igxile emakhaya amacala acukusi afana nokweba noma ukuhlasela. Ukuqonda lesi simiso esifunze kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho egcinwa ngayo njalo futhi ihlelwe ngokulingana.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yokugcinwa komthetho ingadilizwa ibe imisebenzi eminingana ehlobene:

  • Ukuvimbela nokuphatha komphakathi: abaphathi basebenza ukwakha ukwethembana nezindawo abakhonza kuzo, besebenzisa amasu anjengezinhlelo zokugada indawo, izikhulu zezemfundo yesikole, nemikhankaso yokudlulisa umphakathi. Ukuvinjelwa kobugebengu kuxhomeke futhi ezindleleni zokwaziswa ezifana ne-politist ebikezelayo, esebenzisa imininingwane engokomlando ukuze kuthengiswe imithombo yemali ngokunenzuzo.
  • Uphenyo olucushwayo: Izindawo zobugebengu ziqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ofakazi bengxoxo, nokuhlaziya izilinganiso ze-minustry. Lesisigaba sibucayi ngoba izinga lobufakazi linquma ukuthi icala lingaqulwa ngokuphumelelayo. Izehlo kumelwe zilandele imithetho eqinile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-strive stable isivikelo seSiphendulo Sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuvalela nokubopha: Uma kunokwenzeka ukuthi izimbangela zikhona, izikhulu zinegunya lokufaka izinsolo ejele. Inqubo yokuboshwa kumelwe ihloniphe amalungelo osoleki, kuhlanganise nokufundwa kwezixwayiso zeMiranda. Uma sebeboshiwe, abantu bayabhaliswa futhi bahluziwe, baqala uhambo lwabo ngesimiso sokwahlulela.
  • Ukuphoqelelwa kweMiyalo neMiyalo: Ngalé kobugebengu obukhulu, ukugcinwa komthetho kuphatha ukwephulwa komthetho, ukukhononda komsindo, nokunye ukweqa umthetho. Lemisebenzi emincane eyaziwayo ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka kwansuku zonke futhi ngokuvamile isebenza njengezindawo zokungena ekukhombeni izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína.

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho nazo zifeza indima ebalulekile ekusekeleni izisulu zobugebengu.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela: Ukuhumusha Nokunikeza Ubulungisa

Nakuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlanganisa ubufakazi futhi kubopha, isimiso sokwahlulela sinomthwalo wokuchaza umthetho, ukunquma icala noma ubumsulwa, nesijeziso esinzima. Ijaji lisebenza ngokwalo ukuze liqinisekise ukungakhethi nenqubo efanele. E-United States, isakhiwo senkantolo sihlanganisa izinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala (izinkantolo zasesifunda), izinkantolo zezenkantolo, neNkantolo ePhakeme. Izinga ngalinye linemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile:

  • [[INkantolo: 0] Izinkantolo:[ Lapho kuqulwa khona amacala okokuqala. AbaHluleli noma amajaji bahlola ubufakazi, bezwa ubufakazi, futhi bakhipha izinqumo. Lezi zinkantolo zisingatha kokubili izindaba zobugebengu nezomphakathi.
  • [ Izinkantolo:[ Izinqumo zokubukeza eziya ezinkantolo zamacala ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa kahle. Ukudluliswa kungavela lapho ummangalelwa ethi amaphutha angokomthetho, njengokusho ubufakazi obungafanele ukuvuma/ukudlulisa umphumela.
  • Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu, elalela amacala anokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zikhiphe khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo. Izinqumo zayo zinemiphumela ezweni lonke.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yejaji zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala: Izinkantolo zixazulula izimpikiswano ngokusebenzisa umthetho wemithetho, umthetho wecala, nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ezimweni zobugebengu, abashushisi kumelwe bafakazele icala “ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo”] indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu yobufakazi esimisweni somthetho.
  • [[QUT:0] Incazelo esemthethweni: Abahluleli bachaza imithetho engaqondakaliyo, icacisa indlela okufanele iphoqelelwe ngayo. Lokhu kuchaza kungahlela inqubo yokugcinwa komthetho, njengokubeka imingcele ekuphenyeni nasekuthathekeni.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo: Ijaji livikela isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ilungelo lokululeka, nesivikelo ekumpontshelweni amangozi amabili. Izinkantolo zingabukhipha ubufakazi obuthola ngokungemthetho, imfundiso eyaziwa ngokuthi “ukubusa kweze-extracolusion.”
  • [ Ukugunyaza nokulungisa: Ngemva kwemvume, abahluleli bafaka imigwebo engase ihlanganise ukuhlawuliswa, ukugcinwa, ukuboshwa, noma izinhlelo ezihlukile njengezinkantolo zezidakamizwa. Ukugwetshwa kwesigwebo kuhloselwe ukulinganisela isijeziso nokubuyiselwa kokulungiswa kwecala, futhi izinkantolo zivame ukuthembela emibhalweni yemvume yangaphambi kwesigwebo elungiselelwe izikhulu eziziphathisi.

Isimiso sokwahlulela sihlanganisa nezinkantolo ezikhethekile njengezinkantolo zemikhaya, izinkantolo zentsha nezinkantolo zempilo yengqondo, ezisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zamacala nezinqubo ezivumelanayo.

Ukugeleza Kwecala: Indlela Umthetho Ophoqelelwa Ngayo Nendlela Yokungenela Kwamacudi

Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nejaji abuyona indlela elula yokukhipha; kuyinqubo eqhubekayo, eqhubekayo ethatha isikhathi sokuphila kwecala. Ukuqonda lokhu kugeleza kusiza ukuba kukhanye kokubili amandla nobunzima besimiso.

Ucwaningo Nobufakazi

Uma kubikwa ubugebengu, ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kuqala ukuphenywa. Abaphathi bavikela indawo, baqoqe ubufakazi obuphathekayo, futhi baxoxe nofakazi. Bangathola nezincwadi zokufuna imvume kumajaji, ezibonisa ukuthi izimbangela zikhona. Inqubo yokugunyaza iyindawo eqondile yokuxhumana: umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi uhlola ubufakazi futhi anqume ukuthi uzogunyaza yini ukuphenywa komthetho. Lebuphathi bomthetho buvimbela ukuhlaselwa okuzenzekelayo kwezindaba zomuntu siqu. Ubufakazi obuqoqiwe kumelwe bubhalwe ngokufanelekile futhi bugcinwe ukuze bugcinwe ikethenjana lalo lokuwinwa kwejele; noma isiphi isiphi isahlulelo singabunikeza ubufakazi obungagunyazwangasekuqulwa ekuqulweni kwecala.

Ukuboshwa Nokubhalisa

Uma abacwaningi bethola okusolwayo futhi besungula imbangela okungenzeka, ukuboshwa kuyaboshwa. Ukusolwa kuyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa sokubhala ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, ukuthatha iminwe, nokuthatha izithombe. Phakathi nokubhala incwadi, amalungelo osolwayo ayaphinda aphinde aqiniswe. Phakathi nenkathi emfushane (ngokuvamile amahora angu-48), ukusolwa kumelwe kulethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze kuvele ukubonakala, lapho betshelwa khona ngamacala nelungelo labo lokunikeza iseluleko. Lokhu kungenye inqubo ebucayi lapho umthetho umthetho usebenza khona kanye nolwembulisa.

3. Ukuqhubeka Kwamacala Nezingodo

Ngemva kokubonakala kokuqala, inkantolo inquma ukuthi umsoli kufanele akhululwe ngebheyili noma ngecala elilindele ukuqulwa. Ukugcinwa komthetho kunganikeza inkantolo isilinganiso sengozi noma umlando wobugebengu. Umahluleli ucabangela ubungangangadala bobugebengu, ingozi yokuhamba ngendiza, nokuphepha komphakathi. Ezimisweni eziningi, izikhulu zezezomthetho (ngokuvamile eziyingxenye yegatsha lokwahlulela) zikhulula abamangalelwa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi zivumelana nezimo ezinjengezimo zokuhlola imishini noma amashekethi.

4. Ukuhlushwa Nokushushiswa

Umshushisi − ummeli omelela uhulumeni .Uhlola ubufakazi obuqoqwe yi-according. Umshushisi unquma ukuthi kufanele abhalise amaphutha angokomthetho, futhi uma kunjalo, okumangalelwayo okumelwe kulethwe. Lesi sinqumo sihilela ukubambisana okuseduze nezikhulu ezihlolayo. Umshushisi angase acele ukuphenywa okwengeziwe noma acele izikhulu ukuba zifakaze phambi kwabasizi abakhulu. Icala lejaji elikhulu liyinqubo yokwahlulela eqinisekisa ukuthi ukhona ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala.

5. Ukuqulwa Kwamacala Nobufakazi

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, izikhulu zomthetho zivame ukunikeza ubufakazi obuyinhloko. Zifakazela ukuphawula kwazo, izinyathelo ezathatha phakathi nophenyo, kanye nochungechunge lobufakazi. Ubufakazi bazo kumelwe bube yiqiniso, bufezeke, futhi bunikezwe ngendlela abahluleli abangayiqonda. Isivikelo sinethuba lokuwela izikhulu ze-prexemine, ezihlola ukuthembeka nokusemthethweni kobufakazi. Le nqubo yokunikeza ubufakazi iyisisekelo seqiniso lesimiso sokwahlulela.

6. Ukugwetshwa Nokukhishwa Kwesigwebo

Uma ummangalelwa eboshelwa, kuqulwa icala elihlukile. Amaphoyisa omthetho angase anikeze izinkulumo noma imininingwane ephathelene nokuziphatha kommangalelwa phakathi nokuboshwa. Izikhulu zezenkantolo (ezisebenzela izinkantolo) zilungiselela umbiko wangaphambi kwemvume ohlanganisa imininingwane yecala, isizinda sommangalelwa, nokutusa. Ngemva kokugwetshwa, uma ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo, kungadingeka ukuba kunikezwe amaxwebhu engeziwe noma ubufakazi ngokuphenywa kokuqala. Inqubo yokudlulisa icala ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka, futhi emacala angandile, inkantolo ephakeme ingayala ukuba kuqulwe icala elisha noma ingalahlwe.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esingokomthetho Iqondisa Ukuphazamiseka

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nejaji kulawulwa yizimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo, nomthetho wecala.

  • Isizathu esifanelekile: ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kube nenkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma ubufakazi bobugebengu bukhona endaweni ethile. Lendinganiso iyisisekelo sokuthola imvume yokuboshwa nemvume yokufuna. ISichibiyelo sesine somthetho-sisekelo sivikela ngokuqondile ekucwaningeni okungacabangekiyo nasekuqulekeni, kanye nokubukezeni ukuthi imbangela ikhona yini.
  • Inqubo elindelekile: Kokubili iziMithendezi zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu ozophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. Lokhu kusho ukugcinwa komthetho nezinkantolo kumelwe zilandele izinqubo ezilungile, njengokunikeza isaziso samacala, ukunikeza icala, nokuvumela ofakazi ukuba babhekane.
  • Umthetho wobuKhomanisi: Ngaphansi kwalomthetho, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wommangalelwa abunakusetshenziswa lapho kuqulwa. Lemfundiso, esungulwe Mapp v. Ohio, yenza isisusa esinamandla sokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhloniphe imingcele engokomthetho. Ijajidiary igcizelela umthetho ngokuvimbela ngokucindezela ubufakazi obungcolile, ngokuvamile iholela ekunqandeni ukunqanyulwa.
  • Amalungelo okuthula: Ku [FT:] Miranda v. Arizona, iNkantolo ePhakeme yafuna ukuba abasolwayo ejele batshelwe ngelungelo labo lokuthula nokuba nommeli abe khona phakathi nokubuza. Imithetho kumelwe inamathele kulemfuneko; uma ihluleka, iziphakamiso ezenziwe zingakhishwa ebufakazini. Isixwayiso sejaji elithi Miranday sinikezwa kahle.

Lezimfundiso zibonisa isimiso esithi “amasheke nama - lance” phakathi kwesimiso sobulungisa: igatsha ngalinye (elivunayo, amajaji aqaphile) liqondisa elinye ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla.

Izinselele Ebuhlotsheni BoMthetho Obuphoqelelwe

Naphezu kwezinhlelo ezihleliwe, ngokuvamile kuba khona izingxabano nezithiyo.

  • Imithombo:[ iminyango yamaphoyisa nezinkantolo zivame ukubhekana nokunqanyulwa kwemali, kuholele ekutheni amaqembu asebenza ngokuncishiswayo nasemadokisini agcwele kakhulu. Ukwephuza ezinkantolo kungabangela ofakazi ukuba bakhohlwe imininingwane noma balahlekelwe isithakazelo, kululaze izinga lobufakazi.
  • Abaqaphi bomthetho badinga imfundo eqhubekayo esemthethweni eshicilelwe, njengokushintsha ukuphenya umthetho . Ngokufanayo, abahluleli bangazuza ekuqeqesheni amasu amasha amasha okuhlola ubufakazi obungokwesayensi. Ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okwanele, ingozi yamaphutha yanda.
  • Ukuthembana kobuPublic kunye nombono: Izenzakalo ezingaphezulu kakhulu zokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa noma ubandlululo lokwahlulela zingaqeda ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Uma umphakathi ubheka isimiso njengesingalungi, izisulu zinganqikaza ukubika ubugebengu, futhi ofakazi bangase bangafuni ukubambisana. Ukwakha kudinga ukubonakala, ukuqondisa komphakathi, kanye nokulandisa.
  • Imithetho eqinile ne-Ambigati: ihlala ikhona, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjenge-inthanethi, ubuphekula, nenqubo yezidakamizwa. Ukugcinwa komthetho nemithetho kudinga ukuvumelana ngokushesha, kodwa izincazelo ezihlukene zingaholela ekuxabaniseni. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungaqondani kwemininingwane yendawo ye-cell [“i-cellfoni] kuye kwaphikiswa ezinkantolo eziningi, kudinga izinqumo ezingokomthetho ezicacisa izindinganiso.
  • Imithetho kanye nemithetho yezenhlalo: Abashushisi nabahluleli abanganganaki bangabhekana nokucindezela kokuba bathathe “nakuba besobugebengu” noma“bathathe izimo ezithathekile”. Izingcindezi ezinjalo zingathonya ukuthatha izinqumo nokugweba, ngezinye izikhathi ngokuphikisana nokusetshenziswa komthetho okunenjongo. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zingabanjwa futhi phakathi kokufuna ukuphepha komphakathi kanye nokuqondene nenkululeko yomphakathi.

Ukusingatha le zinselele kudinga ukubambisana phakathi kwabaqondisi bomthetho, abaphathi bomthetho, izishaya-mthetho, nababambi bemithetho nomphakathi. Izinyathelo ezinjengezinkantolo ezilawula izinkinga (isib., izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zempilo yengqondo) nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha ezihlangene zisiza ekusizeni amabhuloho futhi zithuthukise imiphumela.

Indlela Ubuchwepheshe Obulungisa Ngayo Ukungenela

Ubuchwepheshe buye baguqula kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nokugcinwa kwemithetho kanye ne-jadiary, benza amathuba amasha nemibuzo emisha engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amakhamera e-bodyāworn anikeza umlando wezenzakalo zamaphoyisa, ezingasetshenziswa njengobufakazi enkantolo nasebusweni bengaphakathi. Nokho, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, nokufakwa kwemithetho yokungena kwalendawo, kanye nezimiso zokungena kumele kulinganise ukubonakala yimfihlo. Ngokufanayo, amakhabethe e-layisensi abhaliwe asebenza nge-athonsi aveza imininingwane emikhulu esetshenziswa umthetho ukunikezela imithombo yempahla. Izinkantolo manje ziyaphazamisa ukuthi lamathuluzi angenza ukusola okunengqondo noma okulindelekile, nokuthi abamangalelwa bakhona abanokuqonda kahle ukuhlulwa kwemilingo.

Kumthetho, emaqwembe e-electronic, ama-electronic, ubufakazi obukude, kanye nokulawulwa kobufakazi be-octal sekuyindinganiso. Umqedazwe we-COVID 16) usheshisa ukwamukelwa kwezindlebe, okuqhubeka kusetshenziselwa ukulungiselela ukuhlelwa kwezindaba nezinye izindaba ezingacacisi. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko kanye nesikhathi sokuhamba kodwa kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nokuthola abamangalelwa ngaphandle kobuphini obuthembekile noma amathuluzi. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe manje kube nekhono ekuqoqeni nasekulondolozeni ubufakazi beze-astry, njenge-email, izigcabha zamanani ezokuxhumana, kanye nezindawo zezokuxhumana zokwenza imicimbi yezentengiselwano, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zibe nobuchwepheshe bokulawula ekutholeni kwabo i-injini noma i-interdictivestion.

Ukutadisha Icala: Izinyathelo Zokuboshwa Nje Ziya Ekudluliseleni Amacala

Ukuze babonise indlela abasebenza ngayo, cabangela icala lokuphanga elicatshangelwayo elihlotshisiwe. Ngemva kokuba isitolo esinenzuzo siphangiwe ngesibhamu, amaphoyisa asabela embusweni. Baqoqa ividiyo yokuqapha, baxoxe nonobhala, baxoxe ngendwangu yodwa. Izakhamuzi eziseduze zibika ukuthi zibona imoto esolayo, futhi izikhulu zilandelela ilebula lephepha-layisense umuntu osolekiweyo. Zithola imvume yokufuna indlu nemoto yomsoleki, zithole isibhamu nemali. Umsoli uboshwa futhi uyiswa esiteshini.

Umahluleli uqala ukuvela, ufaka ibheyili engu - R150 000, futhi umshushisi ufaka amacala okuphanga ngezikhali kanye nokuphatha isibhamu ngesikhathi secala. Phakathi nokutholakalela, ummeli ubekela inselele isiqinisekiso sokufuna, ephikisa ngokuthi amaphoyisa awanasizathu. Umahluleli uqulisa icala, lapho isikhulu esihlolayo sifakaza ngamaqiniso. Umahluleli uyaphika ukunyakaza, athole ukuthi isiqinisekiso siyasebenza.

Lapho kuqulwa icala, abamangaleli banikeza ividiyo yokuhlola, isibhamu, nobufakazi obuvela kumphathi nakubaphathi. Iziboshwa ezigwebayo, futhi umahluleli ugweba ummangalelwa iminyaka engu-15 ejele. Ummangalelwa ufaka icala, ethi umahluleli wecala uyenza iphutha ngokunikeza ubufakazi obuthile. Inkantolo ihlola umlando futhi isekele ukumangalelwa. Uma ummangalelwa esakholelwa ukuthi kunephutha lomthetho - sisekelo, angase acele iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Lelicala elenziwe lula libonisa izindawo eziningi lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nezisebenzi zokwahlulela kusebenza khona: ukugunyazwa kwemvume, ukuzwa kwebheyili, ukucindezelwa kwezindlebe, ubufakazi bokuqulwa kwecala, nomlando wendaba. Isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukuqondana nokunamathela ezindinganisweni ezingokomthetho.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke NgoMthetho Ophoqelelwayo - Jodiciary Relations

Nakuba i-United States igxile kulesihloko, amanye amazwe anikeza ukuqhathanisa okufundisayo. Emazweni amaningi e-opulanstralaw (umz., eFrance, eJalimane), ehlola ukuphenywa kwezimantshi, ukuhlanganisa amaphoyisa nemisebenzi yokwahlulela. Lamajaji aqondisa ukuqoqa ubufakazi futhi angafaka izivumelwano zokubopha ngokuzimele. Lesibonelo sihlose ukunciphisa izingcindezi kodwa sigxilise igunya. Ku-Ganglasbes anjenge-United Kingdom, i-Crivestosuitection Service ikhipha izinqumo ezihlukene namaphoyisa, i-Revalgiod with wittel wittel. Imboni ngayinye ifuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho engokomthetho, ukulandisa, ukulandisa nokuthembeka.

Ukuhlola ukuqhathanisa kusiza ekuboneni izindlela ezingcono kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugcizelela kweNorway ekuvuselweni kabusha nakunonolwazi abakhethekile bamaphoyisa i-"%court kuye kwanconywa ngamazinga aphansi okuhlanganisa izigwegwe. Ngokufanayo, isimiso saseJapane “ekubulaweni kwezindawo” sivumela izikhawu zezakhamuzi ukuba zibukeze izinqumo zabashushisi ezingamangali, zifake ungwengwelezo lomphakathi. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukuthi ukusebenzelana phakathi komthetho nomthetho nejaji kungahlelwa ngezindlela eziningi, konke kuhloselwe ukulinganisela, amalungelo, nobulungisa.

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukuqinisa Ubuhlobo

Ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nejaji kuyinto eqhubekayo. Ukutuswa yizinhlangano ezinjengeNational Institute of Justice neNgqungquthela yamaJaji amakhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • [Izinhlelo Zokuqeqesha: Inikeza izikhulu zamaphoyisa inqubo yenkantolo kanye nabahluleli abagibele amahhashi ama-scrand ukuze baqonde izinto ezingokoqobo zobupopu.
  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa: Ukwakha izimiso zemininingwane ezihlanganisayo ezivumela izinkantolo nomthetho ukuba zilandele imiphumela, zibone iminwe yamabhodlela, futhi zilinganise ithonya lezinguquko zenqubo.
  • [ Iproblem_6 Izinkantolo ezijikelezayo: ezihlanganisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile eziletha amajaji, abashushisi, abameli, nokugcinwa komthetho ndawonye ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba eziyisisekelo ezinjengokulutheka noma ukugula kwengqondo.
  • Isivumelwano somshoshaphansi: Izakhamuzi ezihlanganisa amakomiti aqondisayo futhi zisebenzisa izinxushu zokulungisa izigwebo ezihlanganisa kokubili amaphoyisa nabameleli bokwahlulela.
  • [ Izinguquko ezi-Ilegist:[ ihlaziya imithetho ukuze ibonise amaqiniso anamuhla (ngokwesibonelo, icacisa imithetho yobufakazi bemishini nokusekela izimali emahhovisi omphakathi okuvikela ukuze kuncishiswe izimo zezezimali.

Ngokutshala imali kulezici, imiphakathi ingakha isimiso sobulungisa esisabelayo nesinokulingana. Umgomo oyinhloko uwukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukubusa umthetho akuwona nje umqondo ocatshangelwayo kodwa kuyinto engokoqobo yesakhamuzi ngasinye.

Isiphetho

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho akusona isenzo samaphoyisa noma isinqumo senkantolo. Kuyinqubo eshukumisayo, encintisanayo lapho izinhlangano zomthetho eziqaphayo nesimiso sokwahlulela kumelwe zisebenze khona ekhonsathini. Kusukela ekuqaleni ekuhlolweni ngecala, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwetshwa, nokudluliswa kwecala, isigaba ngasinye sincike ekusebenzeni komsebenzi, ubuqotho, nokubambisana nhlangothi zombili. Izinselele ezinjengokulinganiselwa kwempahla, izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe, nokuguquguquka komathemba komphakathi kudinga ukuqhubekela phambili. Nokho, ngokugcina isibopho esihlangene phakathi komthetho nomthetho kanye nomphakathi ohleliwe-jadiary zihlala ziwundala ekhotheni yomphakathi olondekile nohlelekile.

Ukuze ufunde, hlola i- National Institute of Justice ukucwaninga kwezenqubo yamaphoyisa nenkantolo, i-Cornell Legil Information Institute [ ukucaciswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, kanye ne- Criminal Justice Reference Service [ kwezincwadi ze-Calginal Paracment Reference sermes [[FLT:]] yemist yobufakazi .