Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Senqubo Efanele: Okudingeka Ukwazi

Umqondo wenqubo efanele uyisisekelo sesimiso se-grands, isivikelo sokuvikela izenzo zikahulumeni eziwubushiqela ezisongela ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka enqubo efanelekile yesiko elingokomthetho, inqubo efanelekile ifakwe eMthethweni womthetho-sisekelo ngeZinguquko zesihlanu nezeshumi nane, zidala isivikelo esihlangeneyo esisebenza kohulumeni abaphethe nohulumeni bezwe. Lesihloko sihlola izisekelo zomthetho-mshicilo zenqubo efanele, silandelela umsuka wawo ongokomlando, sikhiphe amagatsha ayo amabili amakhulu i-— iprocedtural ne-&mdash engaphakathi kwe-evation; futhi sihlola indlela izindaba zeNkanto evelele nezinselele zanamuhla eziqhubeka ngayo zihlela incazelo yayo ekhulwini lama-21.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umbono wokuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele imithetho elungile futhi abeke imithetho lapho egodlela umuntu amalungelo akhe awuzange uvele ePhiladelphia.

IMagna Carta Nesithembiso Sokwahlulela Okusemthethweni

Isenzo esidume kakhulu sokubonakaliswa kwasekuqaleni kwenqubo efanele sivela kuyiMagna Carta ka-1215. Isahluko 39 salowomthetho wokusebenza samemezela: “ akukho muntu okhululekile ozobanjwa noma asuswe amalungelo akhe noma impahla, noma avinjelwe noma athunjwe, noma angabikho ukuma kwakhe nganoma iyiphi enye indlela, noma sithunyelelwe ukumelana naye, noma sithunyelelwe abanye ukuba benze kanjalo, ngaphandle kokuba ngesahlulelo esingokomthetho sabalinganayo noma ngomthetho wezwe. i-&quordo; Le-gardashmash; njalo i-“ inqubo yomthetho-mthetho ka-” futhi kamuva ihunyuselwe enquo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho we-mthetho wamuva we-Inglate; i-&rddatrade; i-Scriptton yabuye iguqulelwe nge-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-

Umthetho Ovamile WesiNgisi Namashadi Ezakhamuzi Zasezweni

Ngemva kweMagna Carta, imibhalo yamuva yesiNgisi engokomthetho yaqinisa isivikelo senqubo efanelekile. Isicelo so-1628 se-Creation Friight ne-Ell of Liberty ka-1689 yezenqabela izijeziso zombili ngaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho. Lapho amakhosi amaNgisi ezinza eNyakatho Melika, ayeletha lezi zimiso. Imithetho yemithetho yesizwe nemithetho kahulumeni yakuqala yayihlanganisa njalo i-&lquo; umthetho wezwe i-” izigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Massachusetts Body of Liberty (1641) uma inikeza ukuba i-“nos ophilayo noma umuntu we-osiglopoip; kodwa ngemithetho yesizwe ethile eveza umthetho we-Coliny.” ”

Lelifa lathonya ngokuqondile amaFramers ngo-1787. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wokuqala wawunesiqinisekiso esimbalwa kuphela, iSichibiyelo seFind 5 — sagunyazwa ngo-1791 njengengxenye yeBill of Rights — ngokuphandle wenqabela uhulumeni ukuba unciphe noma ubani we- “ ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ” ngesikhathi esifanayo, lombhalo waqondwa njengesiqinisekiso se-procracy: uhulumeni kwakumelwe ulandele izinqubo ezimisiwe ezingokomthetho ngaphambi kokujezisa othile. Kodwa incazelo yawo yayizokwanda ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kweMpi Yombango.

UMthetho - sisekelo Uqinisekisa Ngezigwebo Zesihlanu Nezamashumi Amane

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. uqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezifanelekile, ngasinye sinezinga elihlukile kodwa sihlanganyela umsuka owodwa.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nohulumeni Kahulumeni Kahulumeni

IsiHluzi sesihlanu, esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela, sisho ingxenye efanelekile: “ akekho umuntu oyoba u-&helpip; uncishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho i-&helpip;. ” la magama avimbela ngokuqondile iziKhongolo nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. ERepublic yakuqala, ayivamile ukubekwa phansi, kodwa ngemva kweMpi Yombango yaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlasela imibuso ephikisayo.

Isichibiyelo Seshumi Nane Namazwe

Ukubekwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane leminyaka ngo-1868 kwaphawula iqophelo lokushintsha. Ingxenye 1 iyanikeza: i-“ i-&helpip; noma yimuphi uMbuso uyoncisha noma yimuphi umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho. ” lesi sigqebhezana sasebenzisa imfuneko efanayo eyisisekelo yokulawula uhulumeni. Abahlohlisi benjongo ngokuyinhloko yayihloselwe ukuvikela abantu ababegqilaziwe ezindaweni ezingaphansi komthetho wesigebengu. I-&mday; inkululeko yokukhuluma, ukuthwala izikhali, nokuqungamele ukuqulwa kwecala.

Zizonke, iziHlanziso zesihlanu nezeshumi nane zikha ubunye, ziqinisekisa izwe lonke ukuthi ohulumeni kuzo zonke izinga kumelwe benze ngokulinganayo lapho bencisha umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Umbuzo obalulekile, uwukuthi u- “fair ” kusho lokho okusebenza. Lowombuzo uye waveza izimfundiso ezimbili ezihlukene: inqubo efanelekile nenqubo efanelekile.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Iyiphi Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile yenqubo iphathelene ne izinqamu uhulumeni asebenza ngazo. Ibuza: Ngaphambi kokuba umbuso uthathe umuntu i’ ithatha ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, luhlobo luni lwesaziso, ukuzwa, nezinye izivikelo ze-procedtural okumelwe zinikezwe? Impendulo akuyona enye-ubungakanani obufaneleyo, ixhomeke emongweni.

Ukulinganisela IMathews v.

Isimiso sanamuhla senqubo yokulungisa inqubo yamuva samiswa ngo-1976 endabeni ye- Mathews v. Eldiridge (424 U.S. 319). INkantolo yalungisa ukuhlolwa okunezingxenye ezintathu okusetshenziswa izinkantolo namuhla: (1) isithakazelo somuntu siqu esithintelwe yisenzo sikahulumeni; (2) ingozi yokuncishwa okunephutha ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezikhona kanye nenani lezithakazelo ezengeziwe; kanye (3) nenkokhelo kahulumeni u-’ uhlanganisa nezinquisi nokuphatha izivumelwano ezengeziwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), iNkantolo yathi ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa okungacaci ngoba umamukeli u-’ isithakazelo somuntu siqu sokusebenza ngokwendawo yakhe sasiphakeme kakhulu, futhi ingozi yephutha ngaphandle kokuzwa yayibalulekile. Ngokuphikisana, [[FLT]] Amathes ngokwayo], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi izinzuzo zokukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle yomphakathi zingaphela ngaphandle kokulalela ngokugcwele ngenxa yokuthi isithakazelo somuntu siqu sasingathandeki kakhulu futhi inqubo yokuphatha yasesinciphe kakhulu.

Izici Zokubonakaliswa Kobulungisa

Nakuba ukuhlola kweMathews kuvumelana nezimo, ezinye izivikelo zemvelo cishe zidingeka njalo lapho uhulumeni uphuca othile inkululeko noma isithakazelo sempahla esiphawulekayo:

  • Notice:[ Umuntu kumelwe athole isaziso esifike ngesikhathi nesanele sesenzo esihlongozwayo, kuhlanganise nesisekelo esiyiqiniso negunya elingokomthetho.
  • I-Opportunit yokwezwiwa:[ Umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba lokuveza ubufakazi, abize ofakazi, futhi aphikisane necala lakhe phambi komenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi.
  • I-Tribunal: Umenzi wesinqumo kumele angabi nobandlululo noma isithakazelo somuntu siqu emphumeleni.
  • [ Ilungelo elulekweni: Ezimweni eziningi, ikakhulukazi amacala obugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe anikeze ummeli uma umuntu engenakukwazi ukuthenga.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isokudla kubhekene no-'Aspion-spix': Umuntu kufanele akwazi ukubekela ubufakazi obungathandeki nofakazi.
  • Isimo sezizathu:[ Umenzi wesinqumo kumele achaze isisekelo esiyiqiniso nesingokomthetho sesinqumo.

Inqubo Eyinqaba: Ukuvikela Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Inqubo eyisici esiyinhloko eyimfundiso eyimpikiswano kakhulu. Ithi amalungelo athile abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni akanakuwaphazamisa ngokuphelele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo zilungile kangakanani. UMthetho-sisekelo awuwadwebi ngokucacile lamalungelo; kunalokho, izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi umthetho ophikisiwe uwephula yini u-“ u-orderdernity u-” noma usekelwe ngokujulile esizweni i-’ umlando namasiko.

Imvelaphi Yenqubo Engaqondakali

Imbewu yenqubo efanelekile yatshalwa ngekhulu le-19 lapho iNkantolo iqala ukusebenzisa inqubo efanelekile yokushaya imithetho yezezomnotho eyayiphula imithetho ye- “liberty yesivumelwano. ” Ku Lochner v. INew York [190] [190], iNkantolo yaqeda umthetho wezwe ovimbela ukubhaka i ’ amahora okusebenzayo, iphikisa inqubo efanelekile yesivumelwano sokuzithandela. Lenkathi, eyaziwa njengenkathi yeLochner, yagxekwa kakhulu ngenxa yokucukutshelwa kwezomthetho futhi yashiywa ekupheleni konyaka ka-1930.

Maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 leminyaka, inqubo edingayo engaphansi kwe-20 yavuselelwa emongweni ohlukile: ukuzibusa komuntu siqu nelungelo lomuntu siqu. Griswold v.Connecticut (1965), iNkantolo yalahla umthetho ovimbela ukuvimbela ukuvimbela inzalo esetshenziswa yimibhangqwana eshadile, ithola ilungelo elingokomthetho lomuntu siqu emshadweni. Nakuba umbono wancike ku- &lqueo;penbras ” ka-Bill of Rights, kamuva imacala abeka lelilungelo enqubwele enqubweni enqubeni efanelekile.

Indikima zenqubo ezinephutha

Ubukhulu benqubo efanelekile yokuzinqumela iye yachazwa ngokuyinhloko ngesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngomshado, umkhaya, nokuzibusa komzimba.

  • .Roe v. Inkantolo yathi iNkantolo i-&FLT:3] iphethe ukuthi i-&squo; isinqumo sokuqeda ukukhulelwa siyinkululeko eyisisekelo evikelwe yinqubo efanele, ehloniphekile lapho ukukhulelwa kuqhubeka. [FLT] yabekwa i-customs ebekwe phezu kwenqubo ephawulekayo]. Abesifazane i-Inqursstions.[12] Inhlangano yezempilo [[FLT] [202], eyayithiwe ukuthi ukukhishwa kokukhishwa kwesisulo akusekelwe emlandweni futhi ayivikelwe yi-'''''''''i-''''''''''enqulth'; i-'enquit yomthetho.
  • Lawrence v. Texas (2003): INkantolo yachitha imithetho ephazamisa ukuziphatha okufanayo kobuhlobo bobulili, imemezela ukuthi inkululeko evikelwe ngenqubo efanele ihlanganisa ilungelo labantu abadala lokuhlanganyela ebuhlotsheni bobulili ngasese.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi inqubo efanele yenqubo iqinisekisa imibhangqwana enelungelo lokushada, ukuthola ukuthi umshado uyilungelo elibalulekile ekuzilawuleni nesithunzi.
  • Shashington v. Glucksberg (1997): INkantolo yenqaba inselele eyisisekelo ebekelwe ukuvinjelwa kwesizwe ekusizeni ukuzibulala, isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuncane okwakudinga ilungelo lokuba yi-&lquo; ngokujuqu okusekelwe kulomlando nesiko lesizwe. &cquo;

Umehluko phakathi kwezindaba ezinjenge Obergefell [i-[FLT] neGlucksberg [ [ukuphinda i-"i-recument] ubonisa impikiswano eqhubekayo yokuthi izinkantolo kufanele ziwaphawule kanjani amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokuvamile abaxhasi basekela ukusondela komlando, kuyilapho bevumela umbono owengeziwe wenkululeko.

Icala Lenkantolo Eliphakeme Elathonya Inqubo Efanele

Ngaphandle kwalamacala ashiwo kakade, ezinye izinqumo eziningana zeNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zawuthonya kakhulu umthetho ofanele wenqubo.

  • Mira v. Arizona (1966): INkantolo yakholelwa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ’ izishaya ngokomthetho ngokwayo ifuna amaphoyisa azitshele ukuthi anelungelo lawo lokuthula nokuba nommeli phakathi nokuphenywa kwemvume. Lesivikelo se-procedtura manje sidumile njenge-“ Miranda isixwayiso. &quo;
  • HAmdi v. Rumsfeld (2004): emongweni weMpi yephekula, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi isakhamuzi esivalelwe njengesitha sinelungelo lomthetho ngokomthetho enqubeni efanele, kuhlanganise nesaziso sesisekelo esiqotho sokuvalelwa kanye nethuba elibalulekile lokuncintisana naso phambi kwesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi.
  • Timbs v. Indiana (2029): INkantolo yasebenzisa izinhlabo ezingaphezulu kakhulu zeSichibiyelo seNguqulo Sesishiyagalombili ezizweni ngeNguqulo ye 14 yeSikhawulo ’ inqubo efanelekile, ibusa ukuthi inzuzo yomphakathi akumelwe ilahlekelwe ngokungalingani kakhulu.

Imizamo Ekhona: Inqubo Efaneleyo Ekhulwini Lama - 21

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, yenza okufanayo nezinselele zenqubo efanelekile yobuchwepheshe banamuhla, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, nezindlela ezintsha zokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni kuphakamisa imibuzo eqanjiwe yokuthi yini efunwa ukulunga.

Inqubo Nobuchwepheshe Obuhambisana Nezinombolo

Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezokusebenza kuye kwadala imingcele emisha yenqubo efanele. Ukuqapha kukahulumeni, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, nokwenza izinqumo ze-algorithm kungathinta abantu ngabanye i-’ inkululeko nempahla ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezingokwesiko.

  • Isinqumo-sokwenza: Izinhlangano zikaHulumeni zisebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo izimiso ezizihambelayo ukuze zinqume ukuthi zingaba ngcono yini izinzuzo, zihlele izilinganiso zebheyili, noma zibikezele ukuthi i-lifix “ ibhokisi elimnyama ” iziyalezo ziphika abantu ithuba lokuqonda noma ukubekela inselele isisekelo senqubo engafanele. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zaqala ukufuna ukuvela nokucaciswa kwemisebe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imfihlo: ISichibiyelo sesine &squo; isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki sivuselelwe ngezenzakalo ezinjenge Amakharpeent v. iUnited States[ (2018), esekela ukuthi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga isiqinisekiso sokuthola ulwazi lwendawo ye-cellphone. Lesivikelo semfihlo sihlanganiswe nenqubo efanele, njengoba iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abangengaphansi kwemvume kahulumeni.
  • Ku-line Speech noPlatform Modection: Nakuba isichibiyelo sokuqala sibusa imingcele eminingi kahulumeni enqabela ukukhuluma, imibuzo edinga inqubo elindelekile iphakama lapho uhulumeni ngokwakhe evimbela izakhamuzi ekungeneni komphakathi noma ukulandisa kwezezindaba zomphakathi okusetshenziselwa izinjongo ezingokomthetho. Izinkantolo ziphazamisana nokuqinisekisa izinqubo ezilungile lapho izikhulu zikahulumeni zingenela ekuxhumaneni nge-intanethi.

Inqubo Elindelekile Ekuthuthweni Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Uhulumeni unegunya elibanzi ngokufuduka, kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikelela iphikisa ngokuthi abantu abangakholi ngokomzimba e-United States banelungelo lenqubo efanele. Zadvydas v. Davis (2001], iNkantolo iboshelwa ngokunganqamukiyo abafuduki abadingi ukudingiswa, ifuna ukuba ukuvalelwa kuboshelwe ekususweni kwangempela. “ inqubo ye-CAWA ifuna ukuba umuntu anikwe isaziso esinengqondo kanye nokulalela ngokulunga ngaphambi kokuba aphucwe inkululeko, i-” Justice Breyer.

Ezimweni zokuphepha zesizwe, ukucindezela phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko kuhlala kukubi kakhulu. Ukuvalelwa eGuantanamo Bay kwabangela uchungechunge lwezinqumo eziqinisekisa ukuvalelwa kwe-’ inqubo efanele yelungelo i-— kuhlanganise ne-habeas corpus — ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Boumediene v. Bush [2008] [2008] wayekholelwa ukuthi i-Suspension Claus usebenza eziboshweni eziphethweni eGuantamo, i-entictive zifaka inselele ukuva kwazo ukuvalelwa enkantolo yombuso.

Ubulungisa Bobuhlanga Nobezomnotho

Inqubo elindelekile ihlangene nobulungisa bezinhlanga. ISichibiyelo seshumi naneth ngokwaso sasiyimpendulo kumthetho we-covil Black Codes. Namuhla, abasekeli bakhomba ekuthatheni izikhawu zezimiso esimisweni sokwahlulela kobugebengu njengenqubo engafanele.

  • Umkhuba wokubeka ibheyili yemali ungagcina ngokuphumelelayo abamangalelwa abampofu ngaphambi kokuthethwa kwecala ngenxa nje yokuthi abanamali yokukhokha. Ezinye izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwephula isivikelo esifanayo nenqubo efanelekile. O&squo; Donnell v. Harris County [2029], inkantolo yezwekazi eyayaleza i-Texassquo; isifunda esikhulu kakhulu ukubeka isimiso esibheka i-&rsquo ekhass.
  • Plea Barganing ne lungelo lokweluleka: Amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 ecala lobugebengu axazululwa ngokunxusa. Inqubo idinga ukuba izicelo zazi, zizenze, futhi zibe nengqondo. Missouri v. Frye[ (2020]), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi iseluleko sokuzivikela sinesibopho sokuxhumana ngokusemthethweni nesicelo, futhi usizo olungaphumeleli esitejimini sesicelo luphula iSiphendulo Sesithupha, esifakwa ngenqubo efanele.
  • I-mmmony eqinisekisiwe: Imfundiso yezikhulu zikahulumeni ezifanelekayo ezivikelayo ezisemgoqweni wesivikelo empahleni ngaphandle kokuba zeqe i-“ umthetho osungulwe ngokusobala. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba izikhulu zamaphoyisa ziphendule ngokuphulwa komthetho-mthetho, ngaleyondlela ilulaza ithonya elivimbelayo lenqubo emisiwe. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphinde yayiphinda lemfundiso eminyakeni yamuva kodwa ayiyiqedanga.

Inqubo Efanele Ngezikhathi Eziphuthumayo: ICOVID-19 Nezindlu

Isifo se-COVID-19 sahlola inqubo efanele. Izimiso zokugoma eziphoqelelwe, nemithetho evimbela ukugoma, kanye nemingcele emibuthanweni yaphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene nesaziso, ukuzwa, kanye nobukhulu benqubo efunekayo edluliselwe ngaphandle kwecala. i-Alabama Association of Realtors v. UMnyango Wezempilo Nezezinkonzo Zobuntu [201], iNkanto eshayisa i-CDC ’ i-Moratorium, iphethe ukuthi i-Congresssress akuzange kugunyaze i-temperated contmented progated prosortion of remords v. Isinqumo sagcizelela ukuthi ngisho naphakathi nenkinga yempilo yomphakathi, uhulumeni ngeke umise imingcele ngaphandle kokugunyaza imingcele ecacile ngaphandle kokugunyaza umthetho.

Isiphetho

Izisekelo zomthetho-mthetho zenqubo efanele zisabalulekile namuhla njengoba zazinjalo ngo-1789. Uma zisetshenziswa ngokulinganisela ngokunemba inqubo edingayo noma indawo encintiswayo yenqubo efanelekile, isithembiso esiyinhloko siyafana: akekho umuntu oyokhutshulwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngesenzo sikahulumeni esiwumthetho esiwubuwula noma esingalungile. I-Court’ ukuchazwa kwesithembiso kuvela ngokuphawulekayo — ekuvikeleni inkululeko yezomnotho yokuvikela izinqumo zomuntu siqu ezifingqiwe — futhi uyoqhubeka eguqulwa njengobuchwepheshe obusha nezinguquko zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda inqubo efanelekile ayikona nje ukuvivinya imfundo; kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka usebenza kubantu. Ukuhlola okuningi ngokwengeziwe, ukuhlola okuphathelene nokwengeziweyo: [FT][0][5][FT][5]