Kuyini Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela?

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu futhi kunqume ukuthi lezozenzo ziyavumelana yini noMthetho-sisekelo. E-United States, leligunya lisebenza ngokuyinhloko kuhulumeni wejaji, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme isebenza njengomsizi wokugcina wencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha sitholakala singenamthetho-mthetho, inkantolo ingasinciphisa, isenze sibe yize futhi singagunyazi. Lenqubo iyitshe legumbi lokubusa kwaseMelika, isebenza njengomhloli wamanye amagatsha amabili futhi ilondoloze ukuphakama koMthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuqonda ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda izakhamuzi noma umthetho. Kuhlela ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni, kuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, futhi kumisa izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezithonya yonke imikhakha yezimiso zomphakathi. Ngaphandle kokubukeza kokwahlulela, ngeke kube khona indlela engokomthetho yokumelana neningi lemithetho noma ukufinyelela isikhundla esingaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Imvelaphi Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Imfundiso yokuhlola kokwahlulela ayibhalwanga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. Kunalokho, yavela enkantolo evelele engu-1803 Marbury v. uMadison (5.S. 137). Icala lavela esiyaluyalwini sezombangazwe esizungeze ukukhethwa kuka-1800, lapho uThomas Jefferson enqotshwa ngokunqunyelwa John Adams. Ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Adams Precien, i-Frevistic-accorces yakha izikhundla zokwahlulela ezintsha eziningana, futhi u-Adams wamisa amaFederalists ukuba agcwalise. Elinye lalezo zigebethi ze-mastry kwakungu William Marbury, owabizwa ngokuthi ubulungisa bokuthula e-Friclat Coort.

Ikhomishane kaMarbury yasayinwa futhi yabekwa uphawu kodwa ayizange idluliselwe ngaphambi kokuba uJefferson athathe isikhundla. UJefferson wayala unobhala wakhe wezwe, uJames Madison, ukuba abuye angayikhokhi. uMarbury wanxusa iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ikhiphe imvume yemandamus — umyalo ophoqelelayo uMadison ukuba adlulisele ikhomishane — ngaphansi kweSiqeshana 13 soMthetho weJadicary ka-1789, owanika iNkantolo Ephakeme amandla okukhipha izigilayezo ezinje.

Uma uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Marshall ayebhekene nenkinga enzima yezombangazwe. Uma iNkantolo yayiyaleza uMadison ukuba adlulisele le khomishane, uJefferson wayengamane alishaye indiva igunya lejaji. Uma iNkantolo inqaba ukuzwa lelicala, bekungabonakala sengathi iyavuma ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lalingawushaya indiva umthetho. Ngokwenza kanjalo, uMarshall waqinisekisa amandla eNkantolo ukuba ashaye umthetho ophikisana nomthetho, kodwa wamisa isimiso sokuhlaziya.

Umbono kaMarshall wachaza ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe nokuthi “ngokuqinisekile kuyisibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Wacabanga ukuthi uma umthetho ungqubuzana noMthetho-sisekelo, inkantolo kumelwe isekele uMthetho-sisekelo futhi iwushaye indiva umthetho ophikisanayo. Lokhu kucabanga kuye kwaqondisa umkhuba wokwahlulela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Ukuze uthole okuningi emlandweni we [[FLT: 0] Marbury v. Madison, bona [ Oyez ka-'i-heath' yecala'[.

Ukubaluleka Kokubukeza Ukwahlulela

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kufeza imisebenzi ebucayi eminingana esimisweni saseMelika semibuso ehlukene.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa amandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu alinganayo, kodwa awunikezi abahluleli i-arhente ukuhlolwa okuqondile kweSishaya-mthetho noma umongameli ngalé kokungagunyazi namandla. Ukuhlola ukwahlulela kugcwalisa lelogebe. Ngokushaya imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho yemithetho nezenzo zezikhulu, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho noma umphathi wezomthetho ngeke badlule imingcele ebekwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kuhlola kusiza ekuvimbeleni ukunqwabelaniswa kwamandla angalawulwanga, lawo amaFramendo ayesaba ukuthi ayezoholela ekubuseni ubushiqela.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlanganisa isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye — njengaleyo eseBill of Rights — futhi usikisela ukuvikelwa ngesimiso sencwadi ngokwayo. Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuvumela abantu ukuba baphikise imithetho ephula lamalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ukuze ishaye imithetho ephula inkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko engokwenkolo, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, nenqubo efanele. Ngaphandle kwekhono lokudlulisela imvume yokuzimela eqenjini elizimele, lezi zivumelwano zomthetho wemithetho womthetho wezwe ziyoba yize.

Ukuqagela Okungokomthetho Nokungaguquguquki

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuveza izenzakalo eziqondisa izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo zezinkantolo eziphansi nabadlali bakahulumeni. Uma isimiso se sithatha indawo ye-decisis (ukuvumela izinqumo zime) sithuthukise ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela, ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuvumela isimiso somthetho ukuba sishintshe njengoba ukuqonda komphakathi izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kushintsha. Izinqumo ze-partment ukusuka eNkantolo Ephakeme ziba isisekelo somthetho olandelayo, izinqumo zesimiso sezikhulu, kanye nokuzinzisa.

Ukufinyelela Kokugcina Umthetho - sisekelo

Nakuba wonke amagatsha amathathu echaza uMthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwemisebenzi yawo, iNkantolo Ephakeme inegama lokugcina ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo — okungenani ecaleni elikhona. Lendima, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi ukuphakama kokwahlulela, yaphinde yaqinisekiswa [ Cooper v. Aaron [1958], lapho iNkantolo isho ukuthi ukuchazwa kwayo koMthetho-sisekelo kubophekile ezifundazweni nakwamanye amagatsha ombuso. Ngakho ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuxazulula izimpikiswano ngencazelo yoMthetho-mthetho-mthetho, kunikeza ukucaca nokugcina esimisweni esingase singene empikiswaneni engapheli.

Indlela Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Okusebenza Ngayo

Inqubo yokuhlola kokwahlulela ayenzeki entweni engenalutho. Izinkantolo azibukezi imithetho noma izenzo zobukhulu; zilindele ukuba kubekwe icala elifanele noma impikiswano phambi kwazo. Izimfuneko eziningana zenqubo zibusa lapho inkantolo izohlola khona futhi kanjani.

Ukuma NoSue

Ukuletha icala elibekela umthetho noma isenzo sokuphatha umthetho, umkhangisi kumelwe abe nokuma . Lokhu kusho ukuthi umkhangisi kumelwe ukuba wabhekana nokulimala okuqinile nokukhethekile okungalandelana nesenzo esiphikwayo nokuthi isinqumo esihle senkantolo singalungisa. Ukumisa kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zinquma izimpikiswano zangempela kunokuba zinqume imibuzo engacacisi noma izikhalo ezivamile. Ngaphandle kokuma, inkantolo izolikhipha icala ngaphandle kokufinyelela imibuzo engokomthetho.

Imfuneko Yecala Noma Yempikiswano

UMthetho-sisekelo ulinganisela imingcele yenkantolo kahulumeni ephethe “izicathulo” kanye ne-“abaphathi.” Lemfuneko ivimbela izinkantolo ekukhipheni imibono yokuzithethelela noma ukunquma izimpikiswano ezithi (azisaphili) noma ezingakavuthwa (isikhathi esingaphambili). Icala liqala lapho ingozi ivele noma iseduze; liba libi uma impikiswano isixazululiwe noma amaqembu angenaso isigxobo emphumeleni. Lezimfundiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kugcinelwe ikhonkolo, izimpikiswano ze-adversari.

Ukuphangwa Kwamacala Kahulumeni NoCertiorari

Amacala amaningi ahilela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela afinyelela eNkantolo Ephakeme ekuqulweni kwecala elivela ezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni noma ezinkantolo eziphakeme. INkantolo ePhakeme ngokuvamile isebenzisa iziqondiso zokuthi yimaphi amacala okuzwa, inikeza imvume ye izicelo ze-certari lapho okungenani amajaji amane evota ukuba athathe icala. INkantolo ikhetha ukuthi iziphi izindaba eziveza imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zifinyelele izincazelo eziphikisanayo zomthetho kahulumeni. Izinkulungwane zezicelo zibekwa ngokomthetho ngayinye, kodwa iNkantolo izwa amacala angaba ngu-70-80 ngonyaka.

Inqubo Enkantolo

Uma icala selifike eNkantolo Ephakeme, amacala afaka izinkulumo ezibhaliwe nezikhona. Amajaji abese ehlangana engqungqutheleni ukuze axoxe ngecala futhi athathe ivoti yokuqala. Icala elilodwa labelwa ukubhala umbono weningi, ochaza ukucaciswa okungokomthetho nokugcinwa kwecala. Ukuvuma nokuvumelana kwemibono kungabhalwa futhi. Ngemva kokuba umbono usukhululiwe, uba isandulela sazo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi ngaphandle kokuba kamuva zibekwe umthetho noma zithathelwe isikhundla yisinqumo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo noma iNkantolo ephakeme.

Amacala Ayinhloko Enkantolo Athuthukisa Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Nakuba Marbury v. Madison asungula lemfundiso, amacala amaningi alandelayo aye achaza futhi acwengisisa ukusebenza kwayo ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho.

  • Mccolloch v. Maryland (1819): iNkantolo ePhakeme yasekela ukuba ngokomthetho-mthethweni kweBank yesibini yase-United States, imisa ukuthi uMkhandlu uye wasikisela amandla ngaphansi kwe-Inicot ne-Monicle. INkantolo yasekela nokuthi izifunda zentela azinakho ukukhokha intela ngoba “amandla entela ahilela ukubulala."
  • red Scott v. Sandford (1857): Kwenye yezindlela zokwahlulela ezimbi kakhulu, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ama-Afrika ayengezona izakhamuzi nokuthi uMkhandlu wawungenawo amandla okunqabela ubugqila emasimini kahulumeni. Isinqumo kamuva sapheliswa yiMpi Yomphakathi neziNguqulo ze-Reconstructon.
  • [FLT] Plessy v. (1996):[[INkantolo:3] yasekela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso ethi “ehlukene kodwa elinganayo”, isinqumo esasikhona cishe ngamashumi ayisithupha eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba igumbuqelwe.
  • [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakuphula iSivikelo esilinganayo sika Claus weSigqizo seshumi nane nesine, ukugumbuqela i-Alecty[ nokumisa inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze sazise abasolwayo ngamalungelo abo ukuba bangathuli futhi bacelwe phambi kokuphenywa, kuholele ezixwayisweni ezijwayelekile ze-Mirnda.
  • ROE v. Icala [[FLT]] Inkantolo yaqaphela ilungelo lowesifazane lokukhetha ukukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwelungelo lokufihla i-Century Programme Claus, isinqumo esagumbuqelwa [2022] ku- Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization .
  • [FLT][FLT] United States v. Nixon [19974] INkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi uMongameli Nixon wayengenakusebenzisa ilungelo lokulawula ukuze agodle ubufakazi ekuhlolweni kwecala, eqinisekisa ukuthi akekho, kuhlanganise nomongameli, ongaphezulu komthetho.
  • bush v. Gore (2000):[ INkantolo yanquma ngokuphumelelayo ukuvota kukamongameli ka 2000 ngokumisa i-profession yeFlorida, isebenzisa i-Fold Protective Protective Clause. Isinqumo silokhu siphikisana kodwa sibonisa ikhono leNkantolo lokuxazulula izinhlekelele zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) INkantolo yanquma ukuthi imibhangqwana efana ne-FLT:3] inelungelo eliyisisekelo lokushada ngaphansi kweSigqizo seshumi nane, ukwandisa isilinganiso somshado ezweni lonke.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202] [ INkantolo yagumbuqela [[[FLT:]] Roe v. I-Wade[ [[FLT]] ne [[FLT]] i-Casective Monational v. , iphethe ukuthi uMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo awuyifaki ilungelo lokukhipha isisu nokubuyisela impikiswano emazwini. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukubukeza kokwahlulela kungahlenga futhi kundule phambi kwemithetho yemithetho.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngalezi zindaba nezinye, bheka iNational Constitution Center’s Interpactive Constitution.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela Okusebenzayo: Izibonelo Zamuva

Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kuye kwaba umnyombo wezimpikiswano eziningana eziphakeme.

IAfford Care Act (202-2015)

INational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yacabangela ukulawulwa komthetho-mthetho we-Affordal Care Act (ACA), kuhlanganise negunya lomuntu ngamunye elifuna amaMelika amaningi athole umshuwalense wempilo. IJaji eliphethe uJohn Roberts, ngokumangalela, lisekela ukugunya njengokusetshenziswa kwamandla eMkhampathile kaHulumeni, kuyilapho lilahla impikiswano kahulumeni yokuthi intengiselwano Claus yagunyaza imfuneko. Isinqumo esilondolozwe i-AA, kodwa futhi silinganisela izinga lezele lokuhlola intengosi engokomthetho, ukusekela amandla ombuso. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, [FLD.]

Umshado we-Sex efanayo (2015)

Isinqumo sanwetshwa . Hoddell v. Hodges, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho ehlangene noshendeni lomshado kwaphula iNkqubo Efanele neSivikelo sika-Exmente Claus. Isinqumo sanyusela amalungelo omshado emibhangqwaneni e-sobuxwe, isekela imithetho yezifunda eyayichaze umshado njengowendoda nowesifazane. Lesinqumo sibonisa indlela ukuhlolwa komthetho wokuhlola okungaphoqamba ngayo ukuqondwa kwezimiso zemithetho ehlanganisa nokuqondana nentando yelungelo yemithetho enqubweni. Ukuze uqonde izimo ezinkulu. [[FLT:] [FLT:]

Ukuhamba Kuvinjelwa (2017)

Trump v. Hawaii (2017), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isimemezelo sikaMongameli uTrump esivimbela ukuhamba emazweni amaningana amaSulumane. INkantolo yalahla impikiswano yokuthi lesi simemezelo sasiphula uKwahlulelwa ngo Claus ngokususa icala lenkolo. Kunalokho, sahambisana nokwahlulela kobukhokhoma kwesizwe, siphethe ukuthi lesi simemezelo sehlela ngaphansi kwegunya likamongameli elibanzi futhi asilingani nenkolo. Icala libonisa ukuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlehliselwa kwezindaba zegatsha eliphetheyo kwezokuphepha kwesizwe, ikakhulukazi uma umthetho wezwe uzisho ukuthi sibuthakathaka.

Amalungelo Okukhipha Isisu (2022)

Ukuguqulwa kwe Roe v. INkantolo yathi uMthetho-sisekelo awuvikeli ukukhipha isisu, ukudlula eminyakeni engu-50 yesiqalo. Isinqumo sabesifazane sivumela izifundazwe ukuba zilawule noma zivimbele ukukhishwa kwesisu, kuholele ekuthatheni imithetho eqeshiwe kulo lonke izwe. Ukucabanga kweningi okugxile ekuntuleni isiko elingokomlando lokuqaphela ukukhishwa kwesisu njengemfanelo eyisisekelo, iqokomisa inkulumo eqhubekayo yendlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo umthetho - ngokomthetho — noma ngokwezinzuzo zasobala noma ngokwezindinganiso zomphakathi.

Izinselele Zokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Naphezu komlando wayo omude, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunezinhloli nezinselele ezingokoqobo.

Ukucindezela Kwezombangazwe Nokuhlaselwa Yinkantolo

Ngenxa yokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme iyinhlangano yezombangazwe ngomqondo wokuthi izinqumo zayo zinemiphumela emikhulu yesimiso, ngokuvamile zingaphansi kokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Abameli nabaphathi be-sene baye bazama ukulolonga iNkantolo ngokumisa abahluleli abavumelana ngemibono. Eminyakeni yamuva, izicelo zokwandisa ubukhulu beNkantolo — ngezinye izikhathi ezibizwa ngokuthi “ukupakisha inkantolo” — ziye zathathwa njengendlela yokuqeda ukungalingani okucatshangelwayo. Nakuba kungekho nyuswa kwezenzo ezinjalo kusukela ngo-1869, usongo lungathonya izinqumo zeNkantolo kanye ngokomthetho.

Ukuthembana Komphakathi Nokungavumelani

Izinqumo eziphezulu ze-profile zivame ukubangela umphakathi ukuba uphinde ubhekane. Ngemva .[FLT] ., abaphikisi bahlongoza ngokwezombangazwe amashumi eminyaka kwaze kwaba yilapho bephumelela ukugumbuqela. Ngokuphambene, izinqumo ezifana [] Oberge will[[ futhi [[FLT]] [FLT] Brown v. ibhodi lemfundo yajabulela ukusekelwa kwabaningi ngesikhathi esithile kodwa yabhekana nokuphikisa okukhulu. Lapho inkantolo iphikisana nesinqumo, ibeka izingozi zokulahlekelwa ukuthemba komphakathi, okungalulaza igunya layo. Ngokungafani nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, abahluleli bengena amandla emalini noma inkemba; ukuvuma kwabo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuvumeni kwabo emphakathini.

Ukuthatha Icala Ngokwahlulela Kumelene Nemingcele

Impikiswano engapheli igxile ekutheni izinkantolo kufanele zisebenzise ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngamandla noma ngokuzibamba. [[FLT: 0] i-Judicicism [ ichaza ukuzimisela ukuqeda imithetho noma ukwandisa isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, ngokuvamile okugxekwa njengokuqaqa indima yokwahlulela. Ukunqanda ukunqanda komthetho kudinga ukuthatha indiva ukunyulwa kwamagatsha nokufundwa okuncane koMthetho-mthetho, kunamathela eduze embhalweni nasemgomweni wokuqala. Inkulumo mpikiswano ayiyona nje imfundo nje; ithonya indlela izahlulelo ezithinta ngayo izigwebo, amalungelo empatho, amandla empatho, nenkululeko yenkolo. Ukunganyeliswa phakathi kwalamafilosofi kuqhubekela ukubukeza izizukulwane zokwahlulela.

Ukukhohlisa Izinkanyezi Nokugadla Ngokweqile

Enye yezici eziphikiswana kakhulu zokuhlola kokwahlulela ilapho iNkantolo kufanele izilawule ngokwayo. Isimiso se stares decisis[ sikhuthaza ukuhleleka nokubikezela, kodwa iNkantolo ibilokhu igcine ilungelo lokulungisa amaphutha acushiwe, njengoba ibona ku [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [:] [[FLT:]] u-Py [11]] no-[FLT] [FLT] [FLT] [i Foct:] [6] [i] [indlela] [ingamandla] ephakeme kakhulu] (ukuthisahlulo olusekelwe yiNka, iNkathi ewujuqule, futhi isekela inguqulo ngalinye lomthetho ophakeme.[impempempela, isekela ingu engumthetho, futhi isekela ingu enguhlulo enkulu kakhulu. [i enkulu, isekela ingu, ingu-FT]

Isiphetho

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuseyindlela ebalulekile yokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo nokuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Kusukela ekuqalekeni kwawo ku- Marbury v. Madison ezimpikiswaneni zanamuhla zokunakekela impilo, ukulingana komshado, nokukhipha isisu, amandla okumemezela imithetho engavumelani nomthetho, awenzile umphakathi waseMelika ulolonge ngezindlela ezijulile. Nakuba ubhekene nezinselele zokucindezela kwezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, kanye nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngefilosofi yokwahlulela, akunakwenzeka ukuba ziphele.

Kubafundi nabafundisi abafuna ezinye imithombo, i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ekuhloleni kokwahlulela inikeza ukucaciswa okuphelele kwemfundiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo.