Isingeniso

Ukuqonda indlela elandelayo kusukela ekusolweni kwecala lobugebengu kokuqala kuya ekunqumeni kokugcina kubalulekile ekuqondeni isimiso sobulungisa baseMelika. Lolu hambo lulawulwa yimithetho eqinile ehloselwe ukulinganisela amandla amakhulu ezwe kunamalungelo ayisisekelo omuntu. Umqondo wenqubo efanelekile uqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uphathwa kahle kuzo zonke izinyathelo. Isigaba ngasinye, kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala ukuya ekudluliseleni izicelo zokugcina, sifeza umsebenzi okhethekile futhi sinikeza isivikelo esingokomthetho esikhethekile. Nakuba lesimiso sibhekene izinselele eziqhubekayo ezihlobene nokufaneleka, ukuphumelela, nokulunga, isisekelo saso siqinisekisa ulwazi kubafundi, abafundisi, izakhamuzi eziboshelwe izakhamuzi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza amabala agcwele ezindlela ezinkulu zokudluliswa komthetho, ukucacisa indlela yokusebenza kobulungisa.

Isicaba 1: Ukuhlola

Isakhiwo sonke secala lobugebengu sisodwa esisekelweni esibekwe phakathi nophenyo. Ukugcinwa komthetho kuqala lesi sigameko lapho besola ukuthi ubugebengu busuke bukhona. Injongo eyinhloko iwukuqoqa ubufakazi obanele, obunokwethenjelwa bokuthola imbangela yokuboshwa. Uphenyo lwanamuhla luyinkimbinkimbi, lusebenzisa uhide lwezindlela zokuhlola ezizohlolwa zobufakazi nokuhlola ukucubungula.

Ukuqoqwa Kobufakazi Nokulondolozwa Kwakho

Ubufakazi bungahlukaniswa kakhulu ngezindlela eziqondile nezihlukile. Ubufakazi obuqondile, njengendaba yofakazi bokuzibonela noma ukuvuma izono, bufakazela ngokuqondile iqiniso. Ubufakazi obuyi-corstant, njenge-DNA etholakala esigcawini sobugebengu, budinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlanganisa isiphetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kubuqoqe ngokucophelela, bugcine, futhi bugcine ubufakazi bezincwadi ukuze kugcinwe ubuqotho bayo kamuva enkantolo. Iketanga lokuwinwa kwejele kumelwe libhalwe ngokuqiniseka ukuthi livimbela ukuphazanyiswa noma ukungcoliswa.

ISichibiyelo Sesine Nomthetho Wokuqeda

Impoqo engokomthetho egxekayo phakathi nophenyo yiSichibiyelo sesine, esivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Ukusesha ikhaya, umuntu, noma impahla, amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume ekhishwa umahluleli ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka. I-Excususionary Sounce[, emiswe yiNkantolo ePhakeme e [FLT], ethola ubufakazi bokuphulwa kwezenziswa kwezehlakazo zesine]. Lokhu kudinga umthetho onamandla [[[FLT] futhi kusetshenziswa ezizweni [[FLT]] v. [FLT] V., kukhipha ubufakazi obutholayo ekungeneni kwezenzweni kwezehlakalo olune. Lokhu kusebenza ngokuhlola komthetho osemthethweni, futhi kuhlola ngokungenamthetho womthetho.

Funda okwengeziwe nge [[QL:0] Umthetho wobuhlakani eCornell Law School's Legal Information Institute [[FLT: 1].

Isicathulo 2: Ukuboshwa

Ukuboshwa kusho ukuphamba okungokomthetho komsolwayo nokunyuselwa okukhulu enqubweni yomthetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho kungabopha ngesiqinisekiso esikhishwa umahluleli noma, ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso uma bebona ubugebengu busenziwa noma benesizathu esingase sikholwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye bavela. Indinganiso ye engenakungatshazwa imbangela edinga inkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni, ukuthi umuntu uye wenza noma ucishe wenze ubugebengu.

Inqubo Yokubhala

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uthuthelwa esiteshini samaphoyisa ukuze athole incwadi. Lenqubo yokuphatha ihlanganisa ukuqopha ukwaziswa kosolwayo, ukuthatha iminwe nezithombe, ukwenza isheke lemuva, kanye nohlu lwempahla yomuntu siqu. Okusolwayo ngokuvamile kubekwa esitokisini silindele ukubukeka kwenkantolo.

Amalungelo Emiranda

Ngokwe-computer, kuleliqophelo, abasolwayo kumelwe baziswe ngamalungelo abo omthetho-sisekelo, aziwa ngokuthi amaMaranda amalungelo. Ukusebenzisa ku-[FLT]] imanda v.[Folt][Flut] [[66], lamalungelo ahlanganisa ilungelo lokuhlala buthule, isixwayiso sokuthi noma yini abathi ingakwazi ukuyisebenzisa enkantolo, futhi ilungelo lommeli, ngisho noma bengenakukwazi ukunikeza oyedwa. Injongo yesixwayiso iwukuvikela ilungelo lokuzilungisa lokuzilahla ngokwalo. Umthetho kumelwe uyeke ukubuza uma usola lamalungelo. Noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezishiwoyo zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuncitshiswa kwecala phakathi nokuqulwa kwe-Mirr.

Isitezi 3: Ukuklebhula

Uma kuqoqwa ubufakazi futhi kusolwa ukuthi i-baton iboshwe, i-baton idluliswa isuka emaphoyiseni iye kumshushisi. Umshushisi uhlola imibiko yokuhlola ukuze athole ukuthi bukhona yini ubufakazi obanele obusemthethweni bokubhala amacala angokomthetho. Lesi isigaba sokuqapha okukhulu nokwenza izinqumo ezihlelekile.

Ukuhlakanipha Okuhambisana Nokumangalelwa

Umshushisi anganquma ukuqupha amafayela amacala, alahle ukuqulwa (okwaziwa ngokuthi prosequi ), noma athumele icala kumphathi omkhulu wejaji ukuze ahlole ngokunamandla. Izici ezithonya lesi sinqumo zihlanganisa amandla obufakazi, ubuqatha bobugebengu, umlando wobugebengu osolwayo, ukuthembeka kofakazi, kanye nokutholakala kwemithombo yemali. Abashushisi futhi bahlola inzuzo yobulungisa futhi bangabheka ezinye izinhlelo njengezinto ezingenziwa ngokuzincisha umthetho.

Izinhlungu Ezinkulu Nezindlebe Eziqanjiwe

Kumacala amakhulu kahulumeni kahulumeni, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sidinga ukubekwa icala okukhulu. i-grand count iyiqembu lezakhamuzi ezizwa ubufakazi bomshushisi futhi zinqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kukholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu benziwe. Kuyisizathu esiqhubekayo; ukuzivikela akunikezi ubufakazi, futhi isisulu sokuhlola asiveli lungelo lokuvela. Okanye, izigaba eziningi zisebenzisa imvume yokulalela , indawo evulekileyo lapho ijaji lizwa ubufakazi kuzo zombili (ukuze kulinganiselwe) ukunquma ukuthi icala alikho yini elifanele liqhutshwe. Umbuzo ozandulelayo uveza ithuba lokuzivikela.

Hlola [[QLT:0] i-count count count jamp eMnyangweni woMahluleli.

Ukudla Egabheni Elibohliwe

Izingxoxo ze-Plea ngokuvamile ziqala phakathi nale ngxenye. Ummangalelwa angase anikeze ummangalelwa ithuba lokumangalela icala elincane noma kwelinye lamacala amaningana ngenxa yokucela icala. Cishe amacala obugebengu angu-90-95 e-United States axazululwa ngokufaka isicelo kunokuba aqulwe icala, okwenza lokhu kube yisici esibaluleke kakhulu senqubo engokomthetho.

Isigaba 4: Ukubekwa Kwamacala

Icala liyicala lokuqala lommangalelwa ukuvela phambi kwenkantolo equlwa icala. Icala liyisikhashana kodwa libaluleke kakhulu. Umahluleli ufunda amacala angokomthetho aqulwe ekwahlulelweni noma ekwazisweni, aqinisekise ukuthi ummangalelwa uyawaqonda amacala abamangalelwa ngawo. Ummangalelwa ube esecelwa ukuba angene esicelweni.

Ukhetho

  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uphikisana namacala futhi afune icala. Lokhu kulondoloza wonke amalungelo nezinketho ezingokomthetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukwenza icala. Lokhu ngokuvamile kunyakazisa icala ngokuqondile esigabeni sokugweba.
  • Akukho ngqungquthela (Nolo Mucopere): Ummangalelwa akavumi icala kodwa ukwamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Inzuzo eyinhloko iwukuthi lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa njengemvume yokuvuma icala enkantolo yomphakathi ehlobene nalokhu.
  • [ Asinacala ngesizathu sobuhlanya: Isikhalazo esivamile esibeka isimo sengqondo esicazululayo.

Ibhayile Nokukhululwa Kwama - computer

Inkantolo futhi ikhuluma ngecala iboshelwa noma ukukhululwa kwezenkantolo. Umahluleli ucabangela ingozi yokundiza nengozi ummangalelwa ayinayo emphakathini. ISichibiyelo Sesibhozo siyayinqabela "ibheyili ye-evolution," kodwa abamangalelwa ngecala elingathi sína noma elinobudlova bangabekwa ngaphandle kwebheyili (ijele eliboshiwe). Umza wenguquko wanamuhla ucubukisise ukusetshenziswa kwemali, uveza ukuthi iholele ekuboshweni kwangaphambi kwesigwebo sabamangalelwa abaphansi ngenxa yokuthi abamangalelwa abangenamandla, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi abanakukho ukukhokha ukukhokha imvume yokukhulula kwabo.

Isiteji 5: Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nokutholakala Kwayo

Inkathi ephakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala isikhathi esimatasa emaqenjini aphikisanayo angokomthetho. Lesi simo sihlanganisa izinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukuthola nokuthatha isinyathelo. Ngokuvamile kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuzivikela, ngoba kusekela ubufakazi obuzotholakala lapho kuqulwa icala.

Inqubo Yokuthola

Isimiso sokufihla iyinqubo engokomthetho okuvunyelwa ngayo ukushushisana komshushisi kanye nokuvikela ukwaziswa nobufakazi. Umshushisi unomsebenzi womthetho-mthetho, osungulwe Brady v. Maryland, ukudalula noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokudlulisa isigwebo, okuvumelanayo nommangalelwa nento enecala noma isijeziso. Ukuzivikela ngokuvamile kumelwe kunikeze isaziso sesivikelo esithile, njenge-alibi noma isinxulumano. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nemithetho etholayo kungaholela ekubopheleleni, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa kobufakazi noma ngisho nokukhishwa kwecala.

Ukuhamba Okuvamile Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Izenzo zangaphambi kwecala ziyizicelo zomahluleli ukuba enze isinqumo esingokomthetho esithile ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa icala.

  • Ukuthatha ukucindezela: Kaningi] kuyisinyathelo esinzima kakhulu. Isivikelo siphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi obuthile, njengokuvuma izono, ukubona kwafakazi bokuzibonela, noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo, butholakale ngokungemthetho futhi kufanele bukhishwe ekuqulweni kwecala. Ukunyakaziswa kwempumelelo kungalilimaza icala lomshushisi.
  • Umjovo woshintsho lweVenue: Isivikelo siphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwemithombo yezindaba noma ubandlululo lomphakathi kwenza kube nzima ukwamukela ukuqulwa ngokulunga kwezwe lamanje.
  • Motion in Limine: Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ilawule ekungaqinisekini kobufakazi obuqondile ngaphambi kokuba kukhulunywe phambi kwabasizi bejaji. Lokhu kuvimbela ukwaziswa okunemibono ephambene ukuba kungamenyezelwa.
  • Ukukhipha: Isivikelo siphikisa ngokuthi umshushisi uhlulekile ukusho iphuzu, ukuthi kunokwehluleka okuyisisekelo okungokomthetho ecaleni, noma ukuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa asheshayo aphulwe.

Isicathulo 6: Ukuqulwa Kwamacala

Icala liyisigaba esibonakala kakhulu secala lobugebengu, isigaba somthetho-sisekelo lapho umbuso kumelwe ufakazele khona icala lawo " ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo" ekutholeni iqiniso elingathathi hlangothi +oother ijaji (ukuqulwa kwecala) noma ijaji. Icala ngokuyinhloko liyi-adversarial eqhubekela phambili eklanyelwe ukuvivinya amandla obufakazi bamacala abashushisi.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Inqubo yokukhetha ijaji yaziwa ngokuthi inzima kakhulu. Umahluleli nabameli babuza ukuthi iziphi iziphi izinselele ezingase zivulwe zejaji ukuze zivulwe. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunenani elingenamkhawulo lezinselele "ngesizathu" (umz., ihubo livuma ukuthi abanakuba abangakhethi noma abazi ufakazi) futhi inani elilinganiselwe lezinselele zokuhlehla, ezingadingi isizathu esishiwo (nakuba azinakusetshenziswa ngokwezinhlanga noma ubulili njengoba zisungulwe Batson v.). Umgomo womabili amajaji uyoba akholelwa ukuthi alungile.

Isisekelo Secala

  1. Izinkulumo ezivulayo:[ Zombili izinhlangothi ziveza amaqiniso ezifuna ukuwafakazela. Lokhu akuwona ubufakazi kodwa imephu yejaji.
  2. Umthetho wokwethula icala-in-Chieef: Ukushushisa ubufakazi futhi kunikeza ofakazi. Ukuzivikela kunelungelo lokuthola iexamine [ ufakazi ngamunye, ilungelo elibalulekile lokuhlola ukuthembeka kobufakazi.
  3. [ Icala lohlobo lweDefense: Ukuzivikela kunikeza ubufakazi bawo siqu nofakazi. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokungafakazeli, futhi abahluleli bayayalwa ukuthi abanakukwazi ukuvala lokho kuthula ngokumelene nabo.
  4. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa ukuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele bathole ummangalelwa enecala noma enecala.
  5. Imiyalo: Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ohlobene nokuthi kumelwe basebenzise emaqinisweni. Amagama aqondile alezi ziyalezo avame ukuncintiswa kakhulu abameli.

Imithetho Yobufakazi

Icala libuswa imithetho eqinile yobufakazi, njengeFederal Rules of Unigment. Lemithetho iveza ukuthi yibuphi ubufakazi nemifanekiso enganikezwa abahluleli. Iphuzu eliyinhloko nguMthetho 403, ovumela umahluleli ukuba akhiphe ubufakazi obubalulekile uma inzuzo yalo ehambisana nomthetho ikhutshazwe kakhulu ingozi yokucwasa okungalungile, ukudida izimpikiswano, noma ukudukisa amajaji. Lena isenzo esiwubuhlakani umahluleli oqulile abhekana nesikhathi sangempela.

Hlola inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala e-United States Courts.

Isifungo 7: Isigwebo

Ngemva kokwamukela iziyalezo ezivela kumajaji, abahluleli bathatha umhlala-mzilela egumbini labahluleli ukuze baphumele ekusithekeni. Kumele bafinyelele isinqumo esihlanganyelweyo esiya enkantolo ngayinye ukuze babuye bakhiphe isinqumo. Uma abahluleli behluleka ukufinyelela isinqumo esivumelanayo, kubizwa ngokuthi i- "hung comvin," futhi ijaji lingase likhiphe icala elingafanele. Uma kunjalo, umshushisi angakhetha ukuzama ukuzama icala uma bekholelwa ukuthi ijaji elihlukile lingase lifinyelele umphumela ohlukile.

Uma isinqumo si "singenacala," ummangalelwa ukhululwa ngokushesha emacaleni, futhi umbuso awukwazi ukuzilawula ngenxa yesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ku- ingozi ephindwe kabili[. Ukutholwa "ukungalungi" kunyakazisa icala esigabeni esilandelayo: isigwebo.

Ukuquliswa Kwecala 8: Ukugwetshwa

Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyicala elihlukile ecaleni ngokwalo, okuvumela inkantolo ukuba icabangele ukwaziswa okuningi okuhlukahlukene abahluleli okungenzeka abazange bakuzwe.

Ukuboshwa Kwezindlebe

Phambi kokumisa isigwebo, ijaji licabangela umbiko wophenyo owenziwe ngaphambi konyaka nowangaphambili (PSI) olungiselelwe isikhulu sezeluleko. Lo mbiko uchaza ithonya lobugebengu ezisulwini (izinkulumo zemiphumela ye-victim), isizinda somkhaya, umlando womkhaya, imfundo, umsebenzi, nanoma yimuphi umbhalo wobugebengu wangaphambili. Ukuzivikela nokushushisa kunethuba lokuphikisa umgwebo osekelwe ekwamulweni okusekelwe ekutholeni kwe-PI.

Ukuthutha Nezici Ezikhulayo

Ijaji lizohlola [ izici ezithatha indawo (izinto ezenza ubugebengu bube bungathi sína, njengesisulu esingavikelekile, indima yomholi ebugebengwini, noma ukuthatha ubugebengu ukuze uqashe) kunoma izici ezihlukanisayo[ (izinto ezinciphisa ukulahlwa kommangalelwa, njengokuntula umlando wobugebengu, ukusebenza ngaphansi kwezigwegwegwe, noma ukubonisa ukuda).

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

  • Isivumelwano:[ Ummangalelwa udedelwa emphakathini oqondiswa, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ezinjengokuhlolwa kwemilaliso noma imithetho yezikhathi.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isijeziso se-Monetary [[FT:1] izijeziso ezikhokhwayo kumbuso (amahle) noma ngokuqondile kuyisisulu (umbuso) ngenxa yokulahlekelwa kwazo.
  • Ukufakwa ejele: Isigwebo sokugqunywa ejele (ngokusho isigwebo secala) noma ijele (ngenjongo yephutha).
  • I-Actern Sences:[ ukubopha indlu, ukugada ngemishini, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ukuhlanganyela esimisweni sokwelapha.

I-Federal Sentensing Guidelines inikeza uhlelo lokubala imisho, nakuba manje isiyikhombisa kunokuba ibopheke ukulandela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku- United States v. Incwadir [2005].

Bheka i- United States Sevending Commission yeziqondiso ezingokomthetho nemininingwane.

Isiteji 9: Ukukhanga

Isigaba sokuqulwa kwecala yithuba lommangalelwa lokubekela isigwebo noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme inselele. Ukudlulisa icala akulona ikhambi elisha; ukubukeza umlando wecala owenziwe ngokungemthetho okungenzeka ukuthi uthinte umphumela ngokungafanele.

Izisekelo Zokukhanga

Ummangalelwa (manje eyi-] appantant) kumelwe aphawule iphutha elikhethekile elingokomthetho elenzekile. Izizathu ezivamile zihlanganisa ukukhipha okunephutha ngomahluleli ophethe ubufakazi noma iziyalezo zomahluleli, akwanele ukusekela isinqumo, usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko, noma ukuziphatha okubi komshushisi. Indinganiso yokudlulisa icala okuphumelelayo iphakeme; umshushisi kufanele abonise ukuthi iphutha alikho "elingenangozi" futhi cishe lithinte isinqumo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo zokudlulisa amacala zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngendaba. Iziphetho ezingokomthetho zibukezwa " devo" (intsha), okusho inkantolo ye-appelte ayinikezi thuba lokungaqondi incazelo yomahluleli womthetho. Lezindinganiso zibukezwa ngephutha elicacile. " ` izinqumo ezicatshalelwe [[FLT]] izinqumiso ze-sulelo ze-qhinga" zokwahlulela. [FLT]]

IHabeas Corpus

Ngemva kokuba ukudluliswa kwamacala kuphelile, ummangalelwa kahulumeni angase afake isicelo se-chret ye- corpus enkantolo kahulumeni, ephikisa ngokuthi amalungelo awo omthetho-sisekelo wezwe aphulwa. Lokhu kuwumshushisi oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nobekelwe imingcele. Izinkantolo ze-Freve azinakuzwa amazwi ashiwoyo angafanele enkantolo yezwe, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa angabonisa imbangela nobandlululo, noma ukushiywa kobulungisa okuyisisekelo.

Understand the writ of habeas corpus at Cornell Law School's Legal Information Institute.

Isiphetho

Indlela yecala lobugebengu inqubo eklanywe ngokucophelela engokomthetho eklanyelwe ukuvikela abangenacala kuyilapho kuqinisekiswa ukuthi abanecala banecala ngezinqubo ezilungile. Kusukela ekunqabeni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuqala ekuphenyeni kuya ekutheni kungenzeka yini kwesicelo se-habeas corpus, isigaba ngasinye sisebenza njengesivikelo esingokomthetho ekuvikelweni okuzimele kukahulumeni. Nakuba lesi simiso singaphelele futhi sibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo ezihlobene nokulunga nokuphumelela, ukuqonda lesisimiso kugcizelela isimiso esiyisisekelo sobulungisa baseMelika: isifundazwe kumelwe sifakazele icala laso ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ngisho nalabo abamangalelwa ngezenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína banelungelo lokuvikelwa ngokugcwele kwenqubo efanelekile.