Table of Contents

Lezi zakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zibusa yonke into kusukela emalungelweni omuntu ngamunye kuya ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke, zilololonga indlela imiphakathi egcina ngayo ukuhleleka, ixazulule izingxabano, futhi ivikele izakhamuzi zayo. Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho ezinikeza ngayo ukuqonda okubalulekile ezicini ezenza imiphakathi ihlale iqinile futhi ilungile.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi, uchwepheshe, noma uyisakhamuzi esinelukuluku lokwazi, ukuqonda izisekelo zezimiso zomthetho kukunika amandla okusebenzisa kangcono imithetho elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Kusukela kumagumbi okumiswa kwemithetho lapho kuzalwa khona imithetho ezinkantolo lapho isetshenziswa khona, isici ngasinye sesimiso somthetho sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka komphakathi nasekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Siyini Isimiso Esingokomthetho?

Isimiso somthetho sihlanganisa uhlelo olubanzi lwezinhlangano, izinqubo, nemithetho umphakathi oyisebenzisayo ukuze udale, uchaze, futhi uphoqelele imithetho. Simelela okungaphezu nje kweqoqo lezimiso; sisakhiwo esiphilayo, esilungisa izindinganiso zomphakathi, umlando, nezinto eziza kuqala. Izimiso ezingokomthetho zinikeza isisekelo sokubusa, ukumisa indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo futhi asetshenziswa ngayo ngaphakathi kwezwe.

Ekujuleni kwayo, isimiso somthetho sifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile. Simisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha, sigcine ukuhleleka, sixazulule izingxabano, futhi sivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye namalungelo akhe. Lezi zimiso futhi zisiza ekushintsheni kwezenhlalo ngokunikeza izimiso ezingavuselelwa ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ikhona izidingo nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ukuphumelela kwesimiso somthetho ngokuvamile kunquma ukuzinza nokuchuma komphakathi esiwusebenzelayo.

Izimiso zomthetho zihluka kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, zibunjwe intuthuko engokomlando, amasiko, nezindlela zefilosofi zokwahlulela. Ezinye izimiso zigcizelela imithetho ebhaliwe nezimiso, kuyilapho ezinye zithembele kakhulu ezibonelweni zokwahlulela nasemithethweni yecala. Naphezu kwalokhu kungafani, zonke izimiso zomthetho zihlanganyela umgomo ofanayo wokunikeza indlela ehleliwe yokubusa nobulungisa.

Inqubo Yomthetho: Indlela Imithetho Eyenziwa Ngayo

Ukwakhiwa kwemithetho kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, eneziteji eziningi eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucubungula nokuthatha isinyathelo sentando yeningi. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zehluka ngokwezwe nangegunya, izimiso eziningi zentando yeningi zilandela izimiso ezifanayo ezisezimisweni zazo eziyisisekelo zomthetho.

Imvelaphi Yemibono Yomthetho

Imithetho iqala njengemibono, futhi okokuqala, ummeleli uxhasa umthetho. Noma yiliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho lingabhala umthetho, futhi lemibono ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma kuzakhamuzi zansuku zonke nakumaqembu abusayo. Lesi sisekelo sentando yeningi siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ungavela emithonjeni eminingi, ubonise izidingo nezinkathazo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolokazi elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "i-sponsor," kuyilapho amanye amalungu asekela lesi sikweleti ebizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Isimiso sokuxhasa ukumiswa kwemithetho sivumela abamisi-mthetho ukuba bakhe imifelandawonye futhi babonise ukusekela okukhulu umthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba ungene enqubeni engokomthetho yemithetho.

Isabelo Sesingeniso Nesekomiti

Uma ummeleli eyisixhasi, isambathiso sisungulwa eNdlu, futhi uma iSenator engumxhasi, isambathi sethiwa eSigeqeni. Imali yabelwa inani elikhethekile lokuhlukanisa, eligcinwa kuzo zombili iziqephu ze-Congress yamanje. Lesimiso sokubala sisiza ekuhleleni umthetho olandelanayo phakathi nohambo lwaso futhi sinikeza ikhomba elingaguquki kubo bonke ababambisi bemigoqo.

Imali inikezwa ikomiti yokuhlola. Mhlawumbe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho yisenzo samakomiti. Amakomiti akhonza njengemikhakha ekhethekile enolwazi ezingxenyeni ezithile zezimiso, evumela ukuhlolwa kwemininingwane yomthetho ohlongozwayo. I House of Declaimers ihlukanisa umsebenzi wayo phakathi kwamakomiti ahlala njalo angaphezu kwamashumi amabili, ngalinye ligxila ezindaweni ezithile njengezezimali, izindaba zangaphandle, noma izindaba zejaji.

Ukubukeza Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Ngokushesha lapho kukhishwa isikweleti, kubhekiselwa ekomitini, futhi kokubili iNdlu Nezigele zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo ngokukhethekile ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe. Isigaba sekomiti simelela inqubo ebucayi yokuhlunga lapho umthetho ohlongozwayo ucutshungulwa khona ngokujulile.

Ikomiti ingakhetha ukuba ibambe icala ukuze iqonde kangcono incazelo yecala, futhi ukuqulwa kwecala kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, kanye nabaphikisi bomthetho ozoqoshwa. Lezi zikhalo zinikeza ukubonakala futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi icatshangelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuthuthuke umthetho.

Izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwamakomiti zihlelwe ngaphansi kwamakomiti futhi ziphinde zihlonyiswe ngesihloko esithile, futhi ngokuvamile, amakomiti athumela izikweleti ekomitini elingaphansi ukuze atadishe futhi athole ukuzwa kwazo. Lendlela ecushiwe ivumela ukuhlolwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, nochwepheshe bezindaba abanikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqondile kwamalungiselelo akhethekile.

Uma ikomiti ingathathi hlangothi esikweletini, isambati sibhekwa njengo "sifile". Lokhu kugcizelela amandla amakomiti enqubo yomthetho, njengoba ephumelela ukusebenza njengabagcini bamasango besinqumo sokuthi iziphi iziphakamiso ezicatshangelwa ngokwengeziwe.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma ikhishwa yikomiti, izimali zifakwa ekhalendeni ukuze zivotelwe, ziphikiswane noma zilungiswe. Isigaba sengxoxo yasesitezi sinikeza wonke amalungu endikimba yemithetho yokushaya umthetho ithuba lokuxoxa ngezimfanelo nangeziphazamiso zemithetho ehlongozwayo. Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukulungisa kungahlongozwa futhi kuvotelwe, mhlawumbe kushintshe okuqukethwe yimali ngokuphawulekayo.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha, kuyilapho imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo kuvumelana nokucabangela isenzo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza izikhulu ngayinye inzuzo ephawulekayo. Lokhu kungafani kwemiqondo kubonisa izindima ezihlukene zomthetho - sisekelo wegumbi ngalinye futhi kuthonya indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo ngeSishaya - mthetho.

Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), imvume ihamba iye eSigeqeni. Le mfuneko enkulu iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usekelwa kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba uqhubekele esigabeni esilandelayo senqubo.

Ukucabangela I - Bidameral

Ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokwehlukana nencwadi efanayo ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe uMongameli. Lemfuneko ye-bidamal isebenza njengenye i-cheke engeziwe emandleni omthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ithola imvume ezimisweni ezimbili ezihlukene ezinezinqumo ezihlukene kanye nezici ezihlukene.

Uma umlomo udlula ekamelweni, uthunyelwa kwenye indawo, lapho udlula khona ngendlela efanayo (ukucabangela ngokusemthethweni kulandelwe impikiswano kanye nokuvota). Igumbi lesibili lingase lisamukele isikweleti njengoba sibhaliwe, silenze, noma silenqabe ngokuphelele. Lapho kwenziwa ukulungisa, lenqubo iba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Uma izinguqulo zendlu neSigele zemali zinezinto eziningi eziphawulekayo nezingafani, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ngokomthetho ukuze ivumelanise umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo ezimbili ngesikhokhelo esisodwa. Uma isivumelwano sifinyelelwa, umbiko wengqungquthela ulungiselelwa ukutusa kwamalungu ekomiti ngezinguquko, futhi kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kuvumele umbiko wengqungquthela.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Imali ebhaliwe ithunyelwa kuMongameli ongase asayine isilinganiso emthethweni, asifake futhi asibuyisele eMkhandlwini, masebe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayina, noma ekupheleni kwesiqephu, ingena ephaketheni. Indima kaMongameli enqubweni yomthetho imelela isheke elibalulekile emagunyeni ombuso.

Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa abe ngumthetho, futhi uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu usesiqenjini, umthetho uvele ube umthetho. Lo hlelo oluzenzekelayo luvimbela uMongameli ukuba abambe umthetho ngokungenasiphelo.

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto, futhi uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa umthetho ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto ilawulwa, futhi umthetho waba umthetho. Lenqubo edlulileyo iqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ugcina igunya eliphethe lomthetho uma usahlonipha indima yomthetho-mthetho kaMongameli.

Indima Yegatsha Eliphethe

Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo iyiSishaya - mthetho, uMongameli ngokwakhe unethonya enqubweni yemithetho, futhi uMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Lelithonya eliphethe lihlela uhlelo lwemithetho kanye nezinto eziza kuqala, ngisho noma uMongameli engenakuwumisa ngokuqondile umthetho.

Amandla omthetho weveto angathinta okuqukethwe yizindleko ezidluliswa yiKhongolose, futhi njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho umiswe phezu kweveto kamongameli, iSishaya-mthetho ngokuvamile kumelwe sivumelane nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo. Lokhu kudala isimiso sokuxoxisana nokuhlehla phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nesikhulu.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho: Ukuvumelana Nokuhleleka Okuwusizo

Ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi, izinhlangano nochwepheshe abasebenza ndawonye ukuze basekele izindinganiso zomthetho futhi bavikele ukulondeka komphakathi.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zisebenza emazingeni amaningi kahulumeni, kusukela eminyangweni yamaphoyisa endawo kuya ezigungwini zikahulumeni ezihlolayo. Lezizinhlangano zinecala lokuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuphenya, ukuthumba abasolwayo, nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi.

Ezingeni likahulumeni, izinhlangano ezikhethekile zisingatha izinhlobo ezithile zokwephulwa. I-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ihlola ubugebengu obukhulu kanye nokusongela kwesizwe, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge-Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) ne-Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firemongs and Explosives (ATF) zigxila ezinhlotsheni ezithile zobugebengu. Lokhu kuveza intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe nokugcinwa kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ngempumelelo.

Izinhlangano eziqondisayo zifeza nendima ebalulekile yokuphoqelelwa, nakuba izindlela zazo zihlukile kwezokugcinwa komthetho okungokwesiko. Izinhlangano ezinjenge - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), i - Secrities and Exchange Commission (SEC), ne - Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ziqondisa ukuvumelana nemithetho ezindaweni zazo ezihlukene, ukuhlola, ukuveza imimemezelo, nezijeziso ezinkulu zokuphula.

Isimiso Sokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela sisebenza njengendawo lapho izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zixazululwa khona futhi amacala obugebengu enziwa khona ngokuphikiswana. Izinkantolo zichaza imithetho, zinqume amaqiniso, futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho ezimweni ezithile. Isimiso senkantolo sisebenza esimisweni sobucukubhene, lapho izinkantolo zisingatha izinkantolo zokuqulwa komthetho kanye nezinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zezecala.

Abameli bavikela amalungelo abamangalelwa futhi baqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yamacala iphathwa ngokufanele. Abahluleli baqondisa izikhalo, banqumela abamangalelwa ngemibuzo engokomthetho, futhi kwezinye izimo banqume isigwebo sabo ababekwe icala.

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala inikeza indlela ehlelwe kahle yokunquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Ubufakazi bunikezwa, kufakazelwa, futhi kuqulwa izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho phambi kwamajaji noma abahluleli. Lesimiso sokukhipha iziphakamiso, esivame emasikweni amaningi angokomthetho, sincike ekuncintisaneni phakathi kwezinhlangothi eziphikisanayo ukuze kwembulwe iqiniso futhi kuqinisekiswe ubulungisa.

Izikhala Nokulungisa

Lapho abantu betholakala benecala lokwephula imithetho, izijeziso ezihlukahlukene zingabekwa kuye ngobukhulu bobubi nezinye izici.

Isijeziso esivamile sihlanganisa izinkokhiso, ezibangela izindleko ezingokwezimali kwabaphula umthetho; ukuqulwa kwecala, okuvumela izaphulamthetho ukuba zihlale emphakathini ngaphansi kokuqondisa; nokuboshwa, okususa abantu abayingozi emphakathini. Izijeziso ezihlukile njengenkonzo yomphakathi, ukuhlawuliswa, nokugada ngemishini kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezingase zifaneleke kakhulu emacaleni athile noma ezephulweni.

Isimiso sokulungisa silawula abantu abagwetshwayo, ukusebenza emajele isikhashana futhi amajele esigwebo eside. Izinguquko zanamuhla zigcizelela ukuvuselelwa kwesimilo kanye nesijeziso, ukunikeza izinhlelo zemfundo, ukuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi, nezinkonzo zokwelapha eziklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuboshwa kwesigwebo futhi zisize izaphulamthetho ukuba ziphinde ziphinde ziboshwe ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini.

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Ezingokomthetho Emhlabeni Wonke

Ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengezimiso ezinhlanu zomthetho emhlabeni namuhla: umthetho wezwe, umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesiko, umthetho wezenkolo, nezimiso zomthetho ezixubile. Isimiso ngasinye sibonisa intuthuko engokomlando ehlukene, izindlela zefilosofi, nezindinganiso zamasiko, okuguqula indlela ubulungisa obusetshenziswa ngayo nemithetho esetshenziswa ngayo.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Izinsuku zomthetho ovamile eziqanjwe ngombuso wasendulo wamaNgisi lapho izinkantolo ziqala ukuqoqa nokunyathelisa izinqumo zomthetho, futhi kamuva, lezo zinqumo ezinyathelisiwe zasetshenziswa njengesisekelo sokunquma amacala afanayo.

Kumthetho ovamile, izenzakalo zomthetho zangaphambili noma izahlulelo zokwahlulela zisetshenziselwa ukunquma amacala akhona. Isimiso somthetho esivamile sigxile kakhulu esibonelweni sokwahlulela, ekubukeni, nasekubuseni umthetho. Isimiso sokubuka, esisho "ukuma ngezinto ezinqunyiwe," sidinga izinkantolo ukulandela izenzakalo ezimisiwe ezicatshangelweni zangaphambili lapho kunqunywa izindaba ezifanayo.

Amazwe alandela isimiso somthetho esivamile yilawo ayeyizakhamuzi zaseBrithani, kuhlanganise ne-United States, i-Canada, iNgilandi, iNdiya ne-Australia ngokuvamile abhekwa njengamazwe omthetho ovamile ngoba wonke ayeyizikhonzi noma amakoloni eGreat Britain, futhi ngokuvamile ayegcina isiko lomthetho ofanayo.

Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, izinqumo zokwahlulela ziyabopha, futhi izinqumo zenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ngokuvamile zinganqotshwa yileyonkantolo eyodwa noma umthetho. Lokhu kudala ukuzinza nokubikezelwa kwezimiso zomthetho, njengoba amaqembu ngokuvamile engabheka indlela izinkantolo ezizobusa ngayo ezinqumweni ezidlule ezicathulweni ezifanayo.

Izimiso zoMthetho ezivamile ziwumthetho ongokwemvelo, futhi ukuqulwa kwamacala kuhilela amacala amabili aphikisanayo anikeza amacala awo phambi komahluleli ongakhethi, futhi kwezinye izimo, ijaji elisingatha izindaba.

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zivela esikweni elingokomthetho lamaRoma. izazi - mlando zikholelwa ukuthi amaRoma asungula umthetho wezakhamuzi cishe ngo - 600 C.E., lapho umbusi uJustinian eqala ukuhlanganisa imithetho engokomthetho, futhi kwavela imithetho yamanje yomthetho engokwesiko kaJustinian yokuhlanganisa imithetho emelene nemithetho engokomthetho.

UMthetho wombango uyahlanganiswa, futhi amazwe anezimiso zomthetho wezakhamuzi anemithetho ebanzi, ethuthukisiwe ecacile echaza zonke izindaba ezikwazi ukulethwa phambi kwenkantolo, inqubo esebenzayo, nesijeziso esifanele ngecala ngalinye. Lemithetho ebanzi ihlose ukunikeza isiqondiso esicacile cishe kuzo zonke izimo ezingokomthetho ezingase zivele.

Umthetho wamacala uthatha umthetho we-partial futhi ungaphansi komthetho womthetho. Kumthetho wesizwe, umthetho awusekelwe esakhelweni sokwahlulela, futhi izinqumo zangaphambi kwenkantolo azibopheki ezinqumweni zesikhathi esizayo; kunalokho, umthetho wesizwe usekelwe emithethweni engokomthetho. Lomehluko oyisisekelo usho ukuthi abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi abanawo amandla atheni okuhlela umthetho ngezinqumo zabo.

Esimisweni somthetho wezwe, indima yomahluleli iwukuthola amaqiniso alelicala nokusebenzisa amalungiselelo emithetho esebenzayo, futhi nakuba umahluleli evame ukuletha amacala angokomthetho, aphenye lendaba, futhi anqume ecaleni, usebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso esimiswe yimithetho ehleleke kahle, evumelanayo.

Amazwe omthetho ahlanganisa wonke aseNingizimu Melika (ngaphandle kweGuyana), cishe wonke aseYurophu (kuhlanganise iJalimane, iFrance, neSpain), iChina neJapane). Ukusetshenziswa kwezimiso zomthetho womphakathi okwandile kubonisa ithonya lamasiko amaRoma angokomthetho futhi kamuva izinhlangano zokwakha iYurophu.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ongokwenkolo

Izimiso ezingokwenkolo zezomthetho ziyizimiso lapho umthetho uvela emibhalweni noma emasikweni angaphansi kwesiko elingokwenkolo elinikezwe, futhi izizwe eziningi zamaSulumane zinezimiso zomthetho ezisekelwe ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye kuyiQuran.

Umthetho wamaSulumane, noma iSharia, umelela isibonelo esivelele kakhulu somthetho wezenkolo ezweni lanamuhla. Asihlanganisi nje kuphela imithetho engokomthetho kodwa futhi nesiqondiso sokuziphatha nesokuziphatha esithathwe kuyiQuran ne-Hadith (amazwi nezenzo zomprofethi uMuhammad). Izazi ezingokomthetho zamaSulumane, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-ulama, zichaza le mithombo ukuze kutholakale izimiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenza ezimweni zanamuhla.

Amanye amasiko angokwenkolo ahlanganisa umthetho wamaJuda (uHalakha) nomthetho weCanon eSontweni lamaKatolika.

Amanye amazwe asebenzisa umthetho ongokwenkolo ezicini ezithile ezinjengomshado, isehlukaniso, nefa kuyilapho esebenzisa umthetho wezwe ekuhwebelaneni ngezentengiselwano nezindaba zobugebengu.

Izimiso Zemithetho Ezingokwesiko

Izimiso zemithetho ezingokwesiko zisekelwe ezindleleni zokuziphatha (noma amasiko) esezamukelwa njengezimfuneko ezingokomthetho noma imithetho yokuziphatha ezweni elithile, futhi imithetho yezimiso ezingokwesiko zezomthetho ngokuvamile ayibhalwa futhi ngokuvamile ikhishwa abadala, idluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.

Lezi zimiso zibonisa imikhuba engokwesiko nezimiso zomphakathi wendabuko nezizwe. Umthetho osemthethweni uvame ukubusa izindaba ezinjengokusetshenziswa kwezwe, ubudlelwane bomkhaya, izinqumo, nokubusa komphakathi. Imithetho ivela emikhubeni emidala emidala elandelwa futhi eyamukelwa njengebophayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ngokuvamile, imikhuba yomthetho yamasiko ingatholakala emagunyeni ezimiso zomthetho ezixubene, lapho ihlangene khona nomthetho wesizwe noma wesizwe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuvumela imiphakathi engokwesiko ukuba ilondoloze imikhuba yayo yamasiko kuyilapho ihlanganyela ezimisweni zesizwe ezibanzi zomthetho.

Umthetho ongokwesiko ubhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele ezweni lanamuhla, kuhlanganise nemibuzo ephathelene nendlela yokubhala nokulondoloza amasiko angabhalwanga, indlela yokulinganisela imikhuba engokwesiko nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu, nendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana ekusetshenzisweni kwayo emiphakathini ehlukahlukene. Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, amazwe amaningi ayakuqaphela ukubaluleka komthetho ongokwesiko ekulondolozeni isizinda samasiko nokunikeza izimiso zokuxazulula impikiswano ezingokwesiko ezifanelekile.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Ezixubile

Izimiso zomthetho ezixubene zibhekisela ezimisweni zomthetho lapho ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zisebenza khona ndawonye. Lezi zimiso ezixubile zibonisa intuthuko eyinkimbinkimbi yomlando, ngokuvamile ebangelwa ukwenziwa kwamakoloni, ukunqoba, noma imizamo yokuguqula ngamabomu engokomthetho eyahlanganisa izici zamasiko ahlukahlukene.

Nokho, amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso zomthetho ezithonywe yikho kokubili umthetho wesizwe novamile; ngokwesibonelo, iNingizimu Afrika neSri Lanka anezimiso zomthetho ezisekelwe emthethweni wesizwe wakudala waseHolland ongagunyaziwe, ukuxhumana kwawo isikhathi eside neBrithani kusho ukuthi umthetho wawo wasobala nezimiso zenqubo yenkantolo kuhlobene kakhulu nomthetho ofanayo.

ILouisiana iwukuphela kwezwe lase-U.S. elimthetho walendawo osekelwe kakhulu emithethweni yemithetho ye-fulentshi ne-Spanishi, ngokuphambene nomthetho wesiNgisi, futhi eLouisiana, umthetho wangasese wafakwa eLouisiana Civil Code. Lesimo esiyingqayizivele sibonisa umlando weLouisiana njengekoloni laseFrance nelaseSpain ngaphambi kokuba lijoyine i-United States.

Izimiso ezixubile zingaba nezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izifunda ezihlukene zisebenzisa amasiko ahlukene angokomthetho ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ukusebenzisa umthetho we-comments ezindabeni zomuntu siqu nomthetho ovamile womthetho womphakathi. Ezinye zihlanganisa izici eziningi zamasiko endaweni engokomthetho efanayo, zidala izindlela ezixubile ngempela zemibuzo engokomthetho.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla: Amagovu Nokulinganisela

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho wentando yeningi zanamuhla zihlanganisa isimiso sokuhlukanisa amagunya, ukuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugxiliswa kwamandla nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

E-United States, imibuso yemithetho kahulumeni − ikhono lokucabangela izikweletu nokumisa imithetho − ukubusa neSigele sase-US neNdlu yabameleli. Igatsha lomthetho lisebenza njengendikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho, ukuguqula ukukhetha kwezimiso zomphakathi kube imithetho engokomthetho ebophayo.

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, izishaya-mthetho zenza eminye imisebenzi ebalulekile. Zifanelekela izimali zemisebenzi kahulumeni, ziqondisa izinhlangano eziphethe, ziqinisekisa ukumiswa kwezikhundla eziyinhloko, futhi kwezinye izimiso, zinamandla okususa izikhulu ngokuzigunyaza. La mandla aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha lemithetho lilondoloza ithonya emisebenzini kahulumeni ngisho nangemva kokuba kumiswe imithetho.

Izinkampani eziphethe umthetho zifeza nemisebenzi emelelayo, zinikeza izikhungo lapho imibono ehlukene ingavezwa khona futhi iphikiswane. Ngezinkulumo zokuqulwa kwekomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, nezinkonzo zomkhandlu, abashaya izishayamthetho bahlanganisa izakhamuzi nohulumeni futhi baqinisekise ukuthi imibono eminingi inikeza izinqumo zezimiso.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lisebenzisa futhi liphoqelele imithetho edluliswa yisishaya-mthetho. Le gatsha liqondiswa umongameli, undunankulu, noma omunye umphathi omkhulu, lilawula imisebenzi yohulumeni yansuku zonke, liqhuba isimiso sakwelinye izwe, liyala amabutho, futhi lengamele imishini emikhulu yokuphatha yezwe lanamuhla.

Izinhlangano eziphethe zihumusha imiyalo emikhulu yemithetho ibe yiziqondiso eziqondile nezinhlelo. Lezi zikhungo zisebenzisa izindaba eziwuchwepheshe abamisa imithetho eningiliziwe elawula yonke into kusukela ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile kuya ekulondekeni emsebenzini.

Igatsha eliphethe lifeza indima futhi enqubweni yokushaya umthetho ngamandla eveto nekhono lokumisa umthetho. Lokhu kuhileleka kuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhalo ezingokoqobo zicatshangelwa lapho kwenziwa umthetho futhi kunikezwa okunye ukuhlola ngamandla omthetho.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, lixazulule izingxabano, futhi ezimisweni eziningi, linamandla okubukeza ukufaneleka komthetho - sisekelo wezenzo zomthetho nezokubusa. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengabameli abangathathi hlangothi, zisebenzisa izimiso ezingokomthetho emacaleni athile futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nokulinganiselwa komthetho - sisekelo.

Inkululeko yokwahlulela imelela isici esibalulekile sezimiso zomthetho eziphumelelayo. Abahluleli kumelwe bakhululeke ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe nasekuphazanyisweni ukuze benze izinqumo ezingakhethi ezisekelwe emthethweni nasebufakazini.

Ngokuhlolwa kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingachitha imithetho noma izenzo eziphethe eziphula amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwezimiso Zezomthetho

Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho ezihlukene kusiza ekucaciseni indlela imiphakathi ehlukahlukene esingatha ngayo ubulungisa, ukubusa, nokubusa komthetho.

Imithombo Yomthetho

Umehluko phakathi kwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezivamile nezivamile uvela emthonjeni womthetho, futhi izimiso zomthetho ovamile zibhekisela kakhulu ezimisweni, kodwa amacala okwahlulela abhekwa njengomthombo obaluleke kakhulu womthetho. Lomehluko oyisisekelo uhlela indlela ochwepheshe bezomthetho abacwaninga ngayo, indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amacala, nendlela imithetho eshintsha ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, abameli kumelwe bangacwaningi nje kuphela ngemithetho ehlobene nendaba kodwa futhi bacwaninge ngomthetho omkhulu wecala ukuze baqonde indlela izinkantolo eziye zachaza futhi zasebenzisa ngayo lezo zimiso. Izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zivame ukucaphuna izenzakalo ezidlule, futhi ukuqamba amanga okuthonyayo ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuhlukanisa amacala angemahle noma ukubonisa ukuthi izenzakalo ezinhle zilawula isimo esikhona.

Ngokuphambene, izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zigxile kakhulu emithethweni engokomthetho. UMthetho woMdabu uncike kakhulu emibhalweni ebhaliwe nasemithethweni, futhi imithetho engokomthetho, emiswe ama-padsworth, ihlanganisa izimiso zomthetho eziningi, kusukela ezivumelwaneni nasempahlani kuya ezitotini nasemthethweni womkhaya. Ukucwaninga okungokomthetho kulezimiso kugxile ekutholeni nasekuchazeni amalungiselelo emithetho ahlobene.

Indima YabaHluleli

Emthethoni ovamile, abahluleli banendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho ngezincazelo nangemithetho yabo, futhi nakuba umthetho usewumthombo obalulekile womthetho, ngokuvamile usebenza ekugcwaliseni imingcele eMthethweni Ovamile kunokuba unqume imiphumela engokomthetho.

Abahluleli ezimisweni zoMthetho woMphakathi banendima elinganiselwe kakhulu ekuchazeni nasekusebenziseni umthetho, njengoba kulindeleke ukuba izinqumo zabo zivumelane eduze nencwadi nenhloso yemithetho. Lomehluko ubonisa umbono ohlukile ngokuyisisekelo wamandla okwahlulela kanye nobuhlobo obufanele phakathi kwezinkantolo nezishaya - mthetho.

Izimiso zoMthetho wangaphakathi ngokuvamile ziwukuqulwa kwecala, futhi umahluleli uthatha indima ekhuthele ngokwengeziwe ekuhloleni amaqiniso alelicala futhi anqume umthetho osebenzayo, ngokugcizelela ukudalula iqiniso kunokuthembela kuphela ekunikezeni ubufakazi obuqand ’ ikhanda. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu empikiswaneni ethathwa abahluleli ezinqubweni zomthetho ezivamile.

Ukubikezela Nokubikezela

Isimiso soMthetho Ovamile siyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho Ovamile, futhi izinkantolo ziboshelwa izinqumo ezenziwa ezicaleni zangaphambili, ikakhulukazi lezo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme; lesi simiso sinikeza izinga lokubikezela nokungaguquguquki emiphumeleni engokomthetho, njengoba kulindeleke ukuba amacala afanayo aphumele imiphumela efanayo.

UMthetho wangaphakathi awugcizeleli kakhulu izenzakalo ezidlule, futhi nakuba izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo eziphakeme zingase zibhekwe njengezithonyayo, azibophi; abahluleli banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuchaza umthetho osekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile aleli cala, ngaphandle kokuboshwa ngokuqinile yizahlulelo zangaphambili.

Lomehluko uthinta indlela izimiso zomthetho eziguquka ngayo futhi zizivumelanise nezimo ezishintshayo. Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile zikhula ngokuqashelwa ngezinqumo zokwahlulela, futhi izinkantolo zinweba noma zilinganisele izimiso ezisungulwe ezicaleni zokuqala. Izimiso zomthetho wombango zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo somthetho ukuze kwenziwe izinguquko ezinkulu, nakuba incazelo yokwahlulela isafeza indima ekusebenziseni izimpawu ezimweni ezintsha.

Umthetho Ovumelana Nenkululeko Yokuzivumelanisa

Ambalwa amalungiselelo ashiwo esivumelwaneni ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho esivamile, ngakho kubalulekile ukumisa wonke amalungiselelo alawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamalungu esivumelwaneni ngokwaso.

Kunamalungiselelo amaningana ashiwo esivumelwaneni ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho womphakathi, futhi ngokuvamile akubalulekile kangako ukumisa wonke amagama alawula ubuhlobo phakathi kwamaqembu esivumelwaneni ngokwaso njengesivumelwano sokuhluleka noma ukungezwani okungaxazululwa noma okungaxazululwa ngokusebenza komthetho; ngokuvamile lokhu kuyophumela ekubeni isivumelwano sibe sifushane kunoyedwa ezweni elivamile lomthetho.

Lokhu kungafani kunemiphumela ewusizo ezinkonzweni zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Izingxenye ezivela ezikhungweni zomthetho ezivamile ngokuvamile zikhetha izivumelwano eziningiliziwe ezilindele izingxabano futhi ezichaza amakhambi, kuyilapho lezo ezivela ezizindeni zomthetho wombango zingase zikhululeke ngezivumelwano ezimfushane ezithembele emalungiselelweni emithetho ukuze kugcwaliswe amagebe.

Indima Yochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho zincike kochwepheshe abaqeqeshiwe ukuze baphumelele. Abameli, abahluleli, abashushisi nabanye ochwepheshe basemthethweni baqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanele, amalungelo ayavikelwa, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Izindima nokuqeqeshwa kwalezi zingcweti kuyahlukahluka phakathi kwamasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene.

Abameli Nabameleli

Ezimisweni Zomthetho Ezivamile, abameli banendima eyinhloko ekukhuthazeni amakhasimende abo; banikeza ubufakazi, ofakazi abaphambanayo be - astamine, futhi baphikisa amaphuzu angokomthetho phambi kwamajaji nabahluleli, futhi ngokuvamile umsebenzi ongokomthetho uhlukaniswa ngabameli, abasebenza enkantolo yokuphatha izigebengu, nabameli, abasingatha izindaba ezingokomthetho ngaphandle kwenkantolo.

Abameli bafeza imisebenzi eminingi ngaphandle kokugunyaza inkantolo. Baluleka amakhasimende ngamalungelo omthetho nezibopho, izivumelwano zezivumelwano nezinye izincwadi zomthetho, ukuxoxa, nokusiza ekuqondiseni izimfuneko eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuqondisa. Ezimisweni eminingi, abameli bafeza indima ebalulekile kwezentengiselwano, ukuhlelwa kwezindawo, nezinye izindaba ezingahlelwanga.

Imfundo engokomthetho ilungiselela izifundiswa zomthetho ezizofeza lezi zindima ezihlukahlukene. Emazweni avamile, isikole somthetho silandela imfundo ephansi futhi sigcizelela ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali, ukuqiniswa komthetho, namakhono okulawula uhulumeni. Izinhlangano zomthetho womphakathi zivame ukuhlanganisa imfundo engokomthetho nezinhlelo eziphansi, zigxile kakhulu ekuqondiseni amalungiselelo emithetho nemfundiso engokomthetho.

AbaHluleli NamaMagistst

Abahluleli banezikhundla eziyinhloko kuzo zonke izimiso zomthetho, kodwa ukukhetha kwabo, ukuqeqeshwa, nezindima zabo kuyahluka kakhulu. Ezimisweni zomthetho ezivamile, abahluleli ngokuvamile bangabameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho abamiswe noma abakhethwe ebhentshini ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokusebenza. Baletha okuhlangenwe nakho okuwusizo ezindimeni zabo zokwahlulela futhi ngokuvamile banokuhlakanipha okukhulu ekuqondiseni amacala nasekuchazeni umthetho.

Izimiso zomthetho womphakathi zivame ukubheka ukwahlulela njengendlela ehlukile yomsebenzi. Abantu bangangena ejajini ngokushesha ngemva kokuqeda imfundo engokomthetho, bethola ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile eminyangweni yokwahlulela. Bahamba ngesimiso sobucukubhede, bethola okuhlangenwe nakho nomthwalo wemfanelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lesisibonelo sekhono sokwahlulela sibonisa umbono ohlukile wendima yezomthetho wezwe emasikweni omthetho.

Izimiso zokwahlulela kanye nokuzimela kusebalulekile kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isiphi isimiso somthetho. Abahluleli kumelwe bagweme izingxabano zesithakazelo, balondoloze ukungakhethi, futhi bamelane nokucindezela kwezombangazwe.

Abamangaleli Nabavikeli Bomphakathi

Ezimisweni zokwahlulela zobugebengu, abashushisi bamelela uhulumeni ekuletheni amacala abantu abamangalelwayo. basebenzisa ukuqonda okukhulu ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amacala okumelwe alandelwe, ukuthi iziphi izikhalo okufanele abekwe, nokuthi yini ezokhomba izikhalo.

Abavikeli bomphakathi neseluleko esimiswe inkantolo siqinisekisa ukuthi abamangalelwa abakhohlisiwe bathola ukumelelwa okungokomthetho. Ilungelo lokwelulekwa emacaleni obugebengu liyisivikelo esiyisisekelo ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho, siqaphela ukuthi ukuzivikela okuphumelelayo kudinga usizo olungokomthetho olusemthethweni. Amahhovisi abalweli bomphakathi aqasha abameli abanikezelwe ukuba bamelele labo abangakwazi ukukhokha iseluleko sangabodwa.

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabashushisi nabameli bavikelayo buhlela indlela amacala obugebengu aqhubeka ngayo. Ezimisweni zomthetho, labameli basebenza njengabameleli abaphikisayo, ngamunye enikeza icala lekhasimende lakhe kumenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Ezimisweni zokuqulwa kwamacala, izindima zingaba yize, kokubili kusebenza ngaphansi kokuqondisa kokwahlulela ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaqiniso.

Umthetho - sisekelo Namalungelo Abantu

Umthetho womthetho-sisekelo umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuhlelwa kukahulumeni nokusebenza. Imithetho-sisekelo ichaza isimo sikahulumeni, ihlukanisela amagatsha namazinga kahulumeni ahlukene, futhi ivikele amalungelo omuntu ngamanye ngokuphula uhulumeni. Le mibhalo yesisekelo imisa yonke eminye imithetho nezinqubo ezingokomthetho.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho - sisekelo

Ezimisweni ezinemithetho-sisekelo ebhaliwe, amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile anegunya eliphakeme kakhulu lomthetho. Yonke eminye imithetho kumelwe ivumelane nezimfuneko zomthetho-sisekelo, futhi izinkantolo zingaqeda umthetho noma izenzo zokubusa eziphula imithetho engokomthetho. Lokhu kuphakama komthetho-sisekelo kuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo ezimisweni ezinkulu zezombangazwe zesikhashana.

Izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile zidinga izinqubo ezikhethekile ezingaphaya komthetho ovamile, njengamavoti amakhulu noma ukuhlawuliswa amaqembu esizwe. Lezi zimfuneko ezikhudlwana ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho oyisisekelo ushintsha kuphela ngokuvumelana okukhulu, kunikeze ukuqina namalungelo amancane.

Amanye amazwe asebenza ngaphandle kwezincwadi zomthetho - sisekelo ezibhaliwe, kunalokho ethembele emihlanganweni, ezimisweni, nasezinqumweni zokwahlulela ukuze achaze izakhiwo zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo namalungelo. IUnited Kingdom ibeka lendlela, njengoba umthetho - sisekelo wayo ungabhalwanga ngezincwadi eziningi kuhlanganise nezincwadi ezingokomlando, izenzo zephalamende, nemikhuba emisiwe.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Imithetho-sisekelo yanamuhla ihlanganisa izindleko zamalungelo noma amalungiselelo afanayo okuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Lezisivikelo zihlanganisa inkululeko eyisisekelo enjengokukhuluma, inkolo, ukuhlangana, nenqubo efanele. Amalungelo oMthetho-sisekelo asebenza njengemingcele emandla kahulumeni, iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho emisiwe yedemocratic ayinakwephula isivikelo esithile esiyisisekelo.

Isivikelo samalungelo sihlanganisa amalungelo ezenhlalo nawezombangazwe namalungelo ezenhlalo nakwezomnotho emithethweni eminingi.

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uthonya ngokuqhubekayo izimiso zomthetho zasekhaya. Izivumelwano ezinjenge - International Covel Common and Political Rights ne - European Convention on Human Rights zakha izibopho ezibophekayo ezindaweni ezisayinwayo. Ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zasekhaya zibhekisela ezindinganisweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke lapho zichaza amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo, zidala izingxoxo phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho wezwe nezomhlaba wonke.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuhlolwa kokwahlulela kunika izinkantolo amandla okuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho - sisekelo kwezenzo zomthetho nokwezikhulu.

Ezinye izimiso zigxilisa ukubukezwa komthetho - sisekelo ezinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-sisekelo, kuyilapho ezinye zivumela zonke izinkantolo ukuba zicabangele imibuzo engokomthetho-mthetho. Ukubukeza okusekelwe emthethweni ophakathi, okuvamile emazweni omthetho wezwe, kudlulisela izindaba zomthetho ezicatshangelwe yizinkantolo ezingochwepheshe abanegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni ezinjalo. Ukubukeza okuvamile, okuvamile ezimisweni zomthetho, kuvumela noma iyiphi inkantolo ukuba icabangele imibuzo engokomthetho ukuba ivele ezicatshangweni ngaphambi kwalokho.

Ubunzima bokuhlola imibandela buphakamisa inselele eyisisekelo yokubukezwa kokwahlulela: amajaji angahlelwanga angazigumbuqela kanjani ngokomthetho izinqumo ezenziwa izishaya - mthetho ezikhethwe ngedemokrasi? Imibono ehlukahlukene izama ukuthethelela ukubukezwa kokwahlulela, igcizelela indima yezinkantolo ekuvikeleni amalungelo amancane, ukumisa izibopho zomthetho-sisekelo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza ngaphakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho.

Umthetho Womhlaba Wonke Nezimiso Zezomthetho Zembulunga Yonke

Njengoba izwe lihlangana ngokwandayo, umthetho wezizwe zonke unendima ekhulayo ekuqondiseni ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso nokusingatha izindaba zezizwe ngezizwe.

Umthetho Womphakathi Wezizwe Zonke

Umthetho womphakathi wezwe lonke ubusa ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibuso ezimele nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Izivumelwano zimelela umthombo oyinhloko wezibopho ezingokomthetho zomhlaba wonke, zidala izibopho ezibophayo lapho zithathwa amazwe azimele. Umthetho wezizwe zonke, osuthathelwe ekusebenziseni okungaguquguquki okuhambisana nomuzwa wesibopho esingokomthetho, unikeza omunye umthombo obalulekile wemithetho engokomthetho yomhlaba wonke.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene zisiza ekusebenziseni ukubambisana futhi zithuthukise umthetho wezizwe zonke. UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha weUN ungagunyaza ukugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, kuyilapho izinhlangano ezikhethekile zikhuluma ngezindaba ezithile zempilo, izisebenzi, nempahla yolwazi. Izinhlangano zesifunda ezinjenge European Union zisungula izimiso zazo ezingokomthetho ezibopha amalungu ezwe.

Izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke nezinkantolo ziphikisana phakathi kwezizwe, futhi ngokwandayo, phakathi kwezizwe namaqembu azimele. INkantolo yezizwe zonke yeJaji isebenza njengelungu eliyinhloko lokwahlulela leZizwe Ezihlangene, kuyilapho izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisingatha izimpikiswano zokuhweba, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, nobugebengu bomhlaba wonke.

Umthetho Wamanye Amazwe

Umthetho wangaphandle wezwe lonke, obizwa nangokuthi ukungqubuzana kwemithetho, ukhuluma ngezindaba zomthetho ezihilela imibuso ehlukahlukene. Uma amaqembu avela emazweni ahlukene engenela izivumelwano, eshada, noma ehileleka ezingozini, kuphakama imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi yimuphi umthetho wezwe osebenza nanoma yimuphi umthetho ogunyaziwe. Umthetho wezizwe zonke unikeza imithetho yokuxazulula lemibuzo.

Ukukhethwa kwemithetho kunquma ukuthi yimuphi umthetho ongaphansi olawula izimpikiswano ezithile. Lemithetho iyahluka ngokwezimiso zomthetho nangezindaba, kodwa ngokuvamile icabangela izici ezifana ne-domicale yeqembu, lapho kwenziwa khona izivumelwano, nalapho kwenziwa khona amathoyizi. Ngezinye izikhathi amapali angakhetha ukuthi yimuphi umthetho olawula ubuhlobo bawo ngamalungiselelo esivumelwano.

Imithetho yokumangalela inquma ukuthi yiziphi izinkantolo ezingalalela amacala ahilela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Izinkantolo zicabangela izici ezifana nendawo abamangalelwa abahlala kuyo, indawo enempahla, nalapho izenzakalo ezihlobene nenzeka khona. Imihlangano yezizwe igcina imithetho elawulayo ivumelanisa izingxabano, inciphisa izingxabano nokuthenga izinto ezithengwayo.

Izindaba Ezingokomthetho Ezihlanganisa Izizwe Zonke

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kudala izinselele ezingokomthetho ezidlula imingcele yezwe.

Izentengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe zinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano ezinqamule imingcele yemingcele yezentengiselwano ngaphandle kwezimiso zezwe. Amadili ayavuma ukubeka izimpikiswano kubaqondisi abangathathi hlangothi abasebenzisa imithetho nezinqubo ezivunyelweyo. Amaza e-Arbitral angaphoqelelwa emazweni amaningi ngaphansi kwe-New York Convention, okwenza ukuthengiselwana kwezizwe zonke kukhange.

Imizamo yokuvumelanisa izama ukunciphisa umehluko phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho zesizwe, ifaka imvume kwezohwebo nezokubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-UNCITRAL ziveza imithetho yesibonelo nemihlangano ekhona, zisungula ukuvumelana okukhulu ezindaweni ezinjengezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke, ukuhwebelana, nezobuchwepheshe. I-European Union iphishekela ukuvumelana okujule kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda ezingamalungu, idala izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezivamile ezindaweni eziningi.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nezinguquko Ezingokomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho zibhekene nezinselele eziningi ezweni lanamuhla, kusukela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe kuya ekususeni izindinganiso zomphakathi. Izimiso eziphumelelayo zomthetho kumelwe zizivumelanise nalezinselele kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuqina nokuvikela izimiso eziyisisekelo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nomthetho

Intuthuko esheshayo yezobuchwepheshe idala imibuzo ewulwazi ekhona enzima ukuxazulula. Izindaba ezifana nezindaba zokwaziswa, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, ukuqashelwa, nokungaqiniseki kobuphekula kudinga ukusabela okungokomthetho okulingana nokusungulwa okuhambisana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo nezithakazelo zomphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zisungule imithetho emisha lapho zivumelanisa izimiso ezikhona nezobuchwepheshe.

Ubufakazi bezemishini nobuchwepheshe bubekela inselele izinqubo ezingokwesiko eziklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa izincwadi ezingokoqobo nokusebenzelana. Izinkantolo kumelwe zimise imithetho yokuqinisekisa ubufakazi obuphathekayo, ukuthatha inqubo ekude, nokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kweze-inthanethi. Imithetho imisa imithetho emisha ekhuluma ngemisebenzi ye-inthanethi, kusukela kuyi-ecommerce kuya kumthetho wezokuxhumana.

Umthetho wezakhiwo okhokhelwayo ubhekene nezinselele ezithile zobuchwepheshe. Ukukhiqizwa kwemishini kwenza ukukopisha kungabi namzamo, kube yinselele. I-biotechnology ne-software kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuthi yini engagunyazwa. Izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zilinganisele ukuvikela izisusa ezintsha ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi uthola ulwazi nemisebenzi yamasiko.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Ukunikeza ukufinyelela okunenjongo ezimisweni zomthetho kuseyinselele ephikelelayo. Icala elingokomthetho lingabiza, lixake, libangele ukuba izakhamuzi ezivamile zibe nemingcele. Abantu abaningi abanakukwazi ukuthenga abameli, ukuzama ukuqonda izinqubo zomthetho, noma ukubhekana nezithiyo eziwusizo ekuphishekeleni amalungelo abo.

Izinhlelo zosizo ezingokomthetho zizama ukuxazulula le migoqo ngokunikeza izinkonzo zomthetho zamahhala noma ezincishisiwe kulabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko sangasese.

Ezinye izinqubo zokuxazulula impikiswano njenge-mediast progatection noku-arbitation zinikeza izindlela ezingcono zokuxazulula izingxabano. Lezi zinqubo zingaba ezisheshayo, ezishibhile, futhi ezingekho emthethweni kunemithetho engokwesiko. Ama-intername coption plat ahlanganisa lezi zinzuzo nge-athom, avumela amaqembu ukuba axazulule izingxabano ngaphandle kwemihlangano engokoqobo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zibhekene nokushintshwa kobulungisa ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba ezinjengokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga, nokungathuthuki kwezimiso zokulungisa isimo.

Ukuthatha izinqubo zobulungisa ezilandelanayo kunikeza ezinye izindlela ezisetshenziswayo ezingokwesiko zokuqondisa, ukugcizelela ukuphulukisa, ukulandisa, nokuphatha komphakathi. Lezinhlelo zihlanganisa iziboshwa, izisulu, namalungu omphakathi ukuze zibhekane nokulimala futhi ziveze ukusabela okufanele. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuba ukubuyisela ubulungisa kunciphe ukuvuselelwa kwesijeziso futhi kunikeze ukwaneliseka okukhulu ezisulwini.

Inguquko yemithetho yezidakamizwa imelela enye ingxenye enkulu yoshintsho lobulungisa bobugebengu. Imibuso eminingi icabangela ukuthathwa kwezidakamizwa ngobugebengu, ukuhlola izindlela zokwelapha eziqondiswe ngokunganaki nokuthatheka komthetho. Lezinguquko zibonisa ukukhubazeka kokuluthwa njengendaba yezempilo kunokuba kube yindaba yobugebengu.

Umthetho Wendawo Ezungezile Nokuzinziswa

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu nokuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kudinga ukusabela okungokomthetho okungaxazulula izinselele zesikhathi eside, zembulunga yonke. Umthetho wendawo ezungezile uye wakhula kakhulu, walawula ukungcola, wavikela imvelo, futhi wakhuthaza ukuqina. Izimiso ezingokomthetho kumelwe zilinganisele ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuthengwa okunzima.

Izivumelwano zendawo ezungezile zomhlaba wonke zakha izinqubo zokusingatha izindaba zendawo ezungezile nezembulunga yonke. Izivumelwano ezinjengesiVumelwano saseParis esiphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu zimisa izibopho nezindlela zokubambisana kwezizwe ngezizwe. Ukusebenzisa lezi zivumelwano kudinga izinguquko ezingokomthetho zasekhaya nezinqubo zokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Izindaba zobulungisa zendawo ezungezile ziqokomisa indlela ukulimala kwendawo ezungezile okuvame ukuyithinta ngayo ngokungenakulinganiswa imiphakathi eswele. Izinguquko ezingokomthetho ziqhubeka zilungisa lezi zimo ezingafani, ziqinisekisa ukuthi yonke imiphakathi ithola isivikelo sendawo ezungezile futhi ihlanganyele ngokugcwele ekwenzeni izinqumo zendawo ezungezile.

Ikusasa Lezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Ukuqonda izimo zamanje kusiza ekulindeleni intuthuko nezinselele ezizobhekana nezimiso zomthetho.

I - divergence

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kubangela ukucindezela kokuhlangana okungokomthetho njengoba amazwe ethatha imithetho efanayo ukuze enze kube lula kwezohwebo nezokubambisana. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke, imithetho yezezimo, nemikhuba emihle kakhulu isakazeke ezindaweni ezihlukene, kunciphise ukungezwani phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho. Umthetho wezentengiselwano, izifundiswa, nemithetho yezimali ibonisa ukuhlangana okukhethekile.

Nokho, umehluko omkhulu uyaqhubeka futhi ungase ukhule ngisho nako kwezinye izindawo. Izindinganiso zempucuko, amasiko angokomlando, nezimiso zezombangazwe ziyaqhubeka zihlela izindlela ezingokomthetho ezizosingatha izindaba ezinjengomthetho womkhaya, ubulungisa bobugebengu, namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo. Izimiso ezingokomthetho zingamukela ngokukhethayo izinhlelo zakwamanye amazwe kuyilapho zilondoloza izici ezihlukile ezibonisa izimo nentando yendawo.

Ubuhlobo phakathi komthetho ovamile nezimiso zomthetho womphakathi bubonisa kokubili ukuhlangana nokuphikelela kokungefani. Nakuba lezizimiso zihlala zihlukene, zibolekana ngokuqhubekayo. Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi zinikeza isilinganiso esikhulu sesandulela, kuyilapho imibuso yomthetho evamile isebenzisa izinhlelo zomthetho ezibanzi. Nokho umehluko oyisisekelo esikweni somthetho nezimiso uhlala njalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Nomkhuba Ongokomthetho

Ukuhlakanipha nomshini owenziweyo kuguqula umkhuba ongokomthetho. Izimiso ze-Al zingabukeza amabhukwana, zibikezele imiphumela yezocawa, futhi zikhombe izenzakalo ezihambelanayo ngokushesha kakhulu kunabameli abangabantu. Lezi zinkonzo zobuchwepheshe zithembisa ukwenza izinkonzo zomthetho ziphumelele futhi zifinyeleleke, kodwa ziphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nezindima zobuchwepheshe nendlela yokucabanga engokomthetho.

Ubuchwepheshe be-blockchain bunikeza izinhlelo ezingase zisetshenziswe ezimisweni zomthetho, kusukela ezivumelwaneni ezihlakaniphile ezizenzakalelayo lapho izimo zihlangane ukuze zihlanganise amarekhodi aqinile angokomthetho. Lezi zinqubo zinganciphisa izindleko, zinyuse ukukhanya, futhi zenze izindlela ezintsha zobuhlobo obungokomthetho.

Izinkantolo ze-inthanethi kanye nama-plugit communitor andisa ukufinyelela ezimisweni zomthetho ngokuvumela ukuthatha isinyathelo esikude nokulandelana kwezimiso zomthetho. Umqedazwe we-COVOID-19 washesha ukwamukelwa kwezindlebe ezikude ne-electronic eqophelweni le-octal, izinguquko ezingase zishintshe unomphelo owenziwe ngezimiso zomthetho. Le ntuthuko ithembisa ukuphumelela okukhulu nokutholakala kodwa kumelwe ikhulume ngokuhlukanisa nokulunga kwe-gebe-geome.

Amalungelo Nezivikelo Ezixazululayo

Izimiso zomthetho ziyaqhubeka zandisa futhi zicwengisisa isivikelo samalungelo ngokusabela ekususeni izindinganiso zomphakathi nasekuphikiseni izinselele ezivelayo. Amalungelo abantu avumelanisa nomongo we-tecs, ukuqoqwa kokwaziswa, ukuqashelwa, nokwenziwa kwemithetho elawulayo. Amalungelo endawo aqapheleka njengoba izimiso ezingokomthetho zivuma ukubaluleka kokuvikelwa kwemvelo ukuze kuhlalwe inhlalakahle yabantu.

Amalungelo amaqembu ahluliwe athola ukunakwa okwengeziwe njengoba izimiso zomthetho zikhuluma ngokucwasa okungokomlando nokungalingani. ILGBTQ+ amalungelo okukhubazeka, namalungelo abomdabu kuye kwanda kakhulu emikhakheni eminingi.

Ubuchwepheshe obuxubile buphakamisa imibuzo emisha. Ingabe abantu kufanele babe namalungelo okuchaza izinqumo ze-algoriths ezithinta bona? Ingabe abantu banelungelo lokukhohlwa kuyi-intanethi? Umthetho kufanele ubeke imvume ekhululekile ngokuvikela ekuhlukunyezweni yi-inthanethi? Izimiso zomthetho zixabana nale mibuzo, zithuthukise uhlelo olusha lokuvikela amalungelo ezimo-mcimbini.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Izimiso Zezomthetho

Izimiso zomthetho zimelela umzamo womuntu wokwakha i-oda, imiphakathi elawulwa yimithetho kunokulawulwa amandla azimele. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zimiso ezisebenza ngayo − indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, ichazwe, futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi futhi zivikele amalungelo azo.

Izimiso zomthetho ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke zibonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okungokomlando okuhlukile, izindinganiso zempucuko, kanye nezinqubo zokuhlela umphakathi. Kusukela ekugcizelelweni komthetho ovamile ezimisweni zomthetho womphakathi ezibanzi, kusukela ezisekelweni ezingcwele zomthetho ezingokwenkolo kuya emikhubeni yesiko yomthetho, isimiso ngasinye sinikeza ukuqonda ngendlela imiphakathi engahlela ngayo igunya elingokomthetho futhi iphishekele ubulungisa.

Njengoba izwe lihlangana futhi libhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwandayo, izimiso zomthetho kumelwe zivumelane kuyilapho zilondoloza imisebenzi yazo eyinhloko yokuvikela amalungelo, ukuxazulula izingxabano nokugcina ukuhleleka.

Kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo izimiso zomthetho, kunemithombo eminingi. I- Libertary ye-Congress inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngenqubo yomthetho wase-U.S., kuyilapho izinhlangano ezinjenge iBhange leWorld[ inikeza izimo ezilinganiselwe ezimisweni zomthetho emhlabeni wonke. Izinhlangano zokucwaninga ngokomthetho zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwemithetho ethile nezinselele zamanje.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi oqala ukuhlola umthetho, uchwepheshe osebenza ngaphesheya kwezindawo, noma isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda imithetho ebusa umphakathi wakini, ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho lunikeza amathuluzi abalulekile okuqondisa umphakathi wanamuhla. Ngokuqonda indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo futhi iphoqelelwe ngayo, ungasekela kangcono izithakazelo zakho, uhlanganyele ezimisweni zentando yeningi, futhi unikele ekuziphendukeleni okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zomthetho ezifeza ubulungisa nokuchuma kwabantu.