Liyini Igatsha Lokwahlulela?

Igatsha lokwahlulela limi njengensika yesithathu kahulumeni, lilingana namagatsha aphetheyo nawamagunya emithetho. Indima yalo eyinhloko ukuchaza imithetho, izimpikiswano eziphikwayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokungaguquguquki futhi ngokungakhethi. Ngaphandle kwemithetho eqinile nezimele. Ukubusa komthetho kungantengantenga, futhi amalungelo omthetho angaze angabi nasivikelo esinokwethenjelwa. Igatsha lokwahlulela linikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula, lihlola uhulumeni okhohlisekayo, futhi lisekela izimiso zomthetho. Ukuqonda isakhiwo salo, izinqubo, nezindinganiso zesisekelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela yokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza kokubili emazingeni ombuso nawombuso, ngalinye lizimele. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisingatha amacala ahilela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imithetho kahulumeni, izivumelwano, nezingxabano phakathi kwemibuso noma izakhamuzi zemibuso ehlukene. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziphatha izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokumangalelwa komthetho womthetho, umthetho womkhaya, izimvume, nezingxabano zempahla.

Isakhiwo Segatsha Lokwahlulela

Isimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika sibucukubhede, siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuchazwa okungaguquguquki komthetho kuyilapho sivumela ukudluliswa. Ngezinga likahulumeni, isakhiwo sinezinhlalo ezintathu eziyinhloko: iNkantolo Ephakeme, iziNkantolo zezifunda Zokudlulisa, neZinkantolo zeSithili. Izimiso zenkantolo zibonisa lesisigaba kodwa zihluka ngamagama nangenhlangano ethile.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

INkantolo Ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni. Inegunya eliphelele emibuzweni engokomthetho nasemthetho kahulumeni. Imiswe yiSiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo, iNkantolo okwamanje inamaJaji ayisishiyagalolunye (iJaji elilodwa) namaJaji angu-8 ahlangene. AmaJaji amiswa nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswa yiSigele, asebenza ukumiswa kokuphila konke ukuze awavikele ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe. Lokhu ukuzibusa kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo zokungakhethi ezindabeni eziphikisanayo.

INkantolo ithatha inani elilinganiselwe lamacala ngalinye, cishe angu-70 kuya ku-80 ezinkulungwaneni zezicelo. Ikhetha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo kahulumeni ebalulekile, ahlanganisa izinqumo zesifunda eziphikisanayo, noma izindaba zamanje ezibaluleke kakhulu kwesizwe. Izinqumo zenziwa ngevoti eningi, futhi imibono ibhalelwe ukuchaza ukucaciswa okungokomthetho. Isinqumo seNkantolo siba isibonelo esibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinkantolo Ezizimele

Ijaji likahulumeni lihlanganisa iziNkantolo zeSigodi ezingu-94, ezisebenza njengezinkantolo zezenkantolo zesifunda zecala likahulumeni. Abahluleli besifunda baqondisa kokubili izikhankaso zomphakathi nezezobugebengu, banqume amaqiniso futhi basebenzise umthetho. Icala le Jury lenzeka emacala amaningi eNkantolo Yesifunda. Ngaphezu kweziNkantolo zeSithiliyo i-13 zeZikhankalo zamacala, ezihlelwe zabangu-12 zesifunda kanye ne-Federal Friarly. Lezinkantolo zezehlolo zibukeza izinqumo zeze izinkantolo zeSithilini kanye nezinhlangano ezithile zezokuphathwa kweziphathimandla, zigxile emacaleni amaningi angokomthetho kunokuba zigxile emacaleni angokomthetho. Isifunda ngasinye sinolwazi oluphakathi kwamajaji abayisithupha nama-29, futhi kuzwakala izinkantolo ezintathu ezintathu ezintathu, kanye nokuvinjelwa ngezikhathi ezithile ngokubukezwa kwesifunda sonke.

Kukhona nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezikhethekile, njengeNkantolo Yezizwe Zonke YeTrade Yase - United States, iNkantolo Yase - United States Yeziphakamiso Ze - Federal, neNkantolo Yentela yase - United States.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso

Umbuso ngamunye ulondoloza isimiso sawo siqu senkantolo, esihlanganisa izinkantolo eziqulwayo zegunya elilinganiselwe (isik., izimoto, iziphakamiso ezincane) nezinkantolo zokubusa okuvamile (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme noma zezigodlo zesifunda). Izikhalo ezivela ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala ziya ezinkantolo ezilandelanayo, futhi ezinye izikhalo zingafinyelela enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni, ngokuvamile ezibizwa njengeNkantolo Ephakeme. Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zingaba igunya lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho wezwe, nakuba izindaba zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo zingadluliswa enkantolo ephakeme ye-U.S.

Abahluleli benkantolo yoMbuso bakhethwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: ukumiswa umbusi, ukukhethwa ngokhetho olugcinwayo, noma ukhetho oluyiqembu nolungenayo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kubonisa izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisela ukuzimela kokwahlulela nokulandisa kwentando yeningi.

Indima YabaHluleli Nabezobulungisa

Abahluleli bangabasizi abayinhloko egatsheni lokwahlulela. Bengamele izinkantolo, babusa ngezenzo, bafundise izigila-mthetho, futhi bakhiphe izishaya - mthetho. Isibopho sabo siwukusebenzisa umthetho ngokungathathi hlangothi, ngaphandle kobandlululo noma umusa. Ukungakhethi akuyona nje izifiso; kuyimfuneko engokomthetho-sisekelo nengokokuziphatha. Abahluleli kumelwe bashiye izinkolelo zabo siqu nemibono yezombangazwe lapho benza izinqumo.

Ukumisa Nokwehlisa Ijubane

Abahluleli beNkantolo Yesifunda, kuhlanganise nabahluleli beNkantolo Yesifunda, namajaji eSifunda, bamiswa nguMongameli futhi baqinisekiswa yiSigele. Basebenza phakathi nokuziphatha okuhle, okusho ukuphila ngokuphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba bahlolwe futhi basuswe yiSishaya-mthetho. Lesi sakhiwo saklanywe abaQaphi baso ukukhulula abahluleli ezingcindezelweni zemijikelezo yezekhethelo nempindiselo. Ngokungafani, abahluleli bamazwe babhekana nokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile noma amavoti, okungadala ukungenwa phakathi kokuziphendulela nokuzimela. Ukucwaninga kubonise ukuthi abahluleli abakhethiwe bangazwela kakhulu embonweni yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezicikweni eziphakeme ezihilela ubugebengu noma izimpikiswano zezenhlalo.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela

Abahluleli bachaza imithetho noMthetho-sisekelo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene zefilosofi. I-lixript, esekelwa uMahluleli wamuva u-Antonin Scalia, isekela ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo ngesikhathi sokuzalisa. Indlela ephilayo yoMthetho-sisekelo, ehlobene noMahluleli William Brennan, iphikisa ukuthi izimiso zoMthetho-sisekelo ezibanzi kufanele zishintshe ngezinguquko zesocietal. Ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa ukubhalwa kombhalo (ukugxilisa umbhalo we-statory) kanye ne-pragmatism (imiphumela ebanzi). La mafilosofi athonya ezimweni ezihilela ukukhuluma ngenkululeko, amalungelo empatho, amandla empatho, amandla omthetho womthetho. Nakuba abahluleli balindeleke ukuba bangakhethi, ukuthatha kwabo izinhlelo zabo ngokuzenza ngokungenakugwetyelwa.

Inqubo Yokwahlulela Ngokuphelele

Indlela icala elithatha ngayo kusukela ekufakeni icala kuya ekunqumeni kokugcina ihlanganisa izigaba eziningana, ngayinye eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kuphelele. Le nqubo ihluka ngandlela - thile phakathi kwamacala omphakathi namacala obugebengu, kodwa isisekelo sawo sisafana.

Izici Zomphakathi Nezesigebengu

Amacala angaphakathi ahlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ababodwa − abantu ababophule umthetho, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano (imali, impahla, noma amalungelo omuntu siqu). I-altiff iletha icala, ifuna imbuyiselo noma imvume. Amacala obugebengu alethwa uhulumeni (ukubulawa) nommangalelwa omangalelwe ngokuphula umthetho. Indinganiso yobufakazi iyahluka: ezimweni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngecala "ongabazi" (cishe bahlulele ubufakazi"; emacaleni obugebengu, ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi unecala "lokungabaza ngokunengqondo," umnyango ophakeme."

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukukhononda Noma Ukusola

Icala lomphakathi liqala lapho ummangalelwa efaka isikhalo enkantolo, eveza amaqiniso kanye nezikhalo ezingokomthetho. Ummangalelwa unikezwa futhi kumelwe aphendule, ngokuvamile ngokufaka impendulo noma isenzo sokuxosha. Emacaleni obugebengu, inqubo iqala ngokumangalelwa yijaji elikhulu noma isikhalo secala esidluliswa umshushisi. Ummangalelwa umangalelwa, utshelwa icala, futhi ucelwa ukuba angene esivivinyweni.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Intuthuko Yangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, inkantolo ithatha izingqungquthela ukuze iqondise icala. Ukuthola ukuthi womabili amacala avunyelwe ukudlulisela ubufakazi, ukuthatha izimali, nezincwadi zokucela. Izicelo zingagcinwa ukuze kuxazululwe izindaba ezingokomthetho − njengokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela ubufakazi emacaleni obugebengu noma ukuthatha isigwebo esifingqiwe emacaleni omphakathi. Amacala amaningi ahlala noma aphendulwe kulelizinga. Emacalani obugebengu, ukuncedwa kuvamile: ummangalelwa unxusa icala eliphansi ukuze athathe isigwebo esilula.

Isinyathelo 3: Kuvivinywe Uvivinyo

Uma icala lingaxazululwa, liqhubekela ecaleni. Ecaleni lejaji, ijaji linquma amaqiniso; ijaji linquma izimpikiswano zomthetho. Uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izitatimende zokuvula, izimemezelo, izimemezelo, izimemezelo zokubonisa, nokuziphatha okunqamule. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, ijaji liyayala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo. Khona - ke likhipha isinqumo. Ebhentshini, ijaji lenza izindima zombili, lisebenza njengomlandeli weqiniso.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukukhanga

Iqembu elilahlekelwayo linelungelo lokudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona inkantolo ephambili; zigxila ekutheni inkantolo yecala yenza amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela. I-appellate ihlola umbhalo wecala, ifunda izincazelo ezibhaliwe, futhi izwe izimpikiswano zomlomo. Ingaqinisekisa, ibuye idlulise icala, noma iphinde idlulise icala. Ezimweni ezingavamile, icala lingase lidluliselwe enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni noma eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.

Inqubo yokukhipha isigwebo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola enkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala, iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki ekuchazeni okungokomthetho nasekulungiseni amaphutha, futhi ivumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba zithuthukise futhi zithuthukise izimfundiso ezingokomthetho.

Izimiso Zokungakhethi

Ngaphandle kwalezi zinqubo, ukuthembela komphakathi okubalulekile ehutsheni elisebenzayo kungaphela.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza ukwahlulela kungamandla ezinkantolo okumemezela izenzo zomthetho noma zezikhulu ezingavumelani nomthetho-mthetho. Imiswe ku Marbury v. Madison (103] [1803], leligunya livumela ijaji ukuba lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livikele uMthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho uphikisana noMthetho-sisekelo, kungumsebenzi wejaji ukusho kanjalo futhi unqabe ukuwasebenzisa. Lesimiso siyisisekelo ekuhlukaniseni imibuso yaseMelika futhi siye samukelwa yimibuso eminingi ebusayo emhlabeni wonke.

Ukukhohlisa Kwesithako

I-Latin ngokwe-"loma ngokwezici ezinqunyiwe," ukubuka kuyimfundiso izinkantolo okufanele ziyilandele ngaphambi kwezandulela. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuzinza, ukubikezela, nokulingana komthetho. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshwe ngezinqumo zezinkantolo eziphakeme ezisebusweni bazo. INkantolo Ephakeme ingagumbuqela izenzakalo zayo, kodwa yenza kanjalo futhi ngenxa yezizathu eziphoqelelayo kuphela, njengalapho isinqumo sangaphambili singasebenzi noma sinephutha. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [[FLT:] (1196] [196], ebusa "esinye kodwa esilinganayo] imfundiso engenakusebenza.[FLT]

Ukuziphatha Kwabahluleli

Abahluleli abaphethe amajaji baqondiswa Ikhodi Lokuziphatha Kwamajaji e-United States, elimisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezihlanganisa ukungakhethi, ukukhuthala, nokugwema ukungaphathi kahle. Abahluleli kumelwe bazibeke emacaleni lapho ukungakhethi kwabo kungangatshazwa ngokunengqondo khona (ngokomzekelo, uma benobandlululo lomuntu siqu, isithakazelo sezimali, noma ubuhlobo obuseduze neqembu elithile. Ingqungqungquthela yamajaji ye-United States yezokuqondisa, futhi ikhononda kungabekwa kumajaji ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi.

Ukungena Komphakathi Nokubona Ingaphandle

Izinkantolo zivulekele umphakathi, futhi izindaba ziyindaba yomphakathi. ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuya emacaleni obugebengu, futhi lesi simiso sidlulela nasemithethweni eminingi yomphakathi. Ngenkathi yobuchwepheshe, izinkantolo eziningi zinikeza umnyango we-inthanethi wokungena edokisini, emibono, nasemabhukwini. I-Public Accesssion to Court Electronic Records [PACR] isimiso sivumela noma ubani ukuba abheke izincwadi zenkantolo ezingokomthetho. Ukubonakala okukhanyayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela akusebenzi ngemfihlo, futhi kuhlala kuthembekile kubantu.

Izici Eziwuphawu Nethonya Lazo

Lezi zinqumo zibonisa amandla ezinkantolo okuvikela amalungelo nokuvumelanisa umthetho nezimo ezishintshayo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Kulesi sinqumo esihlanganyelwayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi ubandlululo lobuhlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi lwephula i-Uncile Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo seshumi nane. INkantolo yalahla imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo", imemezela ukuthi izikole ezihluzekile azilingani ngokwemvelo. Brown yakhuthaza inhlangano yamalungelo omphakathi futhi yaholela ekususweni kwesimiso esingokomthetho sokwahlulelwa eUnited States. Ihlala ingesinye sezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zesenzo segatsha lokwahlulela ukuze kuqhutshelwe ubulungisa nokulingana.

URade (1973)

INkantolo Ephakeme yaqaphela ilungelo elingokomthetho lokuvikela isinqumo sowesifazane sokukhipha isisu, silinganisele ukukhishwa kwesisu ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni empilweni kamama nokuphila okungase kuqhubeke. Isinqumo sabangela amashumi eminyaka empikiswano yezombangazwe nengokomthetho. Sathi ekugcineni sabekwa umthetho kumaDobbs v. INhlangano yezempilo yabesifazane [ [202], eyabuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezimisweni. Impikiswano ephakathi kwezimiso zomthetho nezomthetho. [FLT] [FLT]] ne[FLT:] iqokomisa [FLT] iziqu [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT] [FLT:]] indima ehambisana nendima ephakathi kwesigaba se-judiary echaza amalungelo ephethe nephakathi kwezimiso zomthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Esinqumweni esingu-5-44, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaveza ukuthi imibhangqwana efanayo engokobulili obufanayo inelungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokushada ngaphansi kwe-Access and Amement Protection Clauss. Isinqumo saqeda ukuvinjelwa kombuso emshadweni oxubile ezweni lonke. Saphawula ukunqoba okukhulu kweLGBTQ + amalungelo futhi sabonisa indlela igatsha lokwahlulela elingawavikela ngayo amalungelo amancane ngisho nalapho iziphathi ezinkulu zemithetho zinqikaza. Umbono kaMenziswa-Anthony Kennedy wagcizelela isithunzi sokhetho lomuntu siqu nokuqonda inkululeko.

Lamacala, kanye namanye amaningi, agcizelela ikhono lomahluleli lokuphendula imibuzo enzima yezenhlalo. Igatsha alixazululi izingxabano kuphela kodwa lilungisa nezindinganiso zesizwe futhi libeke imingcele kwamanye amagatsha.

Indima Yegatsha Lokwahlulela Embusweni Wentando Yeningi Nokubusa KoMthetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela libalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo sobuningi. Liqinisekisa ukuthi akekho onegunya elinamandla kakhulu noma elikhulu kunawo wonke ($_*) elingaphezulu komthetho. Izinkantolo zivikela abantu ezinyathelweni zikahulumeni ezizimele, eziphoqelelayo, futhi zinikeze indawo yokulungisa izingxabano ngokuthula. Isimiso sokuzimela sokwahlulela siqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji anganquma ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa noma ukuvunyelwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ijaji lisebenza njengesehlo ekuhlolweni kwemithetho nesikhulu. Ngokuhlola kokwahlulela, izinkantolo zingashaya imithetho ephula amalungelo omthetho noma idlule amandla agunyaziwe. Lesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekubuseni nasekulondolozeni ukwahlukana kwemibuso. IFEDAL Judicial Center inikeza imithombo emikhulu yemali ebonisa ukuthi lokhu kulinganisela kusebenza kanjani.

Ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyinto eyigugu kakhulu emalini yamajaji. Uma izakhamuzi zikholelwa ukuthi izinkantolo zilungile futhi azikhethi, zamukela izinqumo ezingezona ezobulungisa futhi zivumelana nemithetho yasenkantolo. Uma ukuthembana kuncipha, ngenxa yokubheka ukucwasana, ubandlululo, noma inkohlakalo, [1] cishe sonke isimiso somthetho siyahlupheka. Yingakho ukubonakala kahle, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, nezimiso zokulandisa kulokhu kuqiniswa.

Isiphetho

Igatsha lokwahlulela aliyona indawo yokuxazulula ukumangalelwa. Lingumgcini woMthetho-sisekelo, umvikeli wamalungelo abantu, nomsekeli wokubusa kwentando yeningi. Ngokuchaza imithetho, ukulungisa izingxabano, nokuhlola amandla kahulumeni, izinkantolo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ubulungisa abuyona nje into enengqondo kodwa buyinto engokoqobo yansuku zonke. Njengoba isizwe siqhubeka sihlola isimo, izinkantolo zihlala zisemgangathweni lapho imibuzo eyisisekelo yenkululeko, ukulingana, nokulunga nemithetho ibekwa esinqunyelwe.

Kulabo abafuna ukufunda okwengeziwe, i-website e-Official yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States [ inikeza imibono, izimpikiswano, nemisebenzi yemfundo. U.S. izinkantolo zinikeza imithombo yemali esemthethweni equlweni lejaji likahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemibiko yezezibalo. Lamathuluzi asiza noma ubani ukuba ahlole umsebenzi oqhubekayo wegatsha lokwahlulela mathupha.