Izisekelo Zegunya Elingokomthetho

Inqubo yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo iyisisekelo sendlela eyakhiwe ngayo, isetshenziswe futhi ishintshwe ngayo kunoma yisiphi isimiso somthetho-sisekelo. Umthetho-sisekelo ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, umisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni, imibuso ehlukanisayo, futhi uvikela amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuyindlela lapho izinkantolo, izishayamthetho, izikhulu zezikhulu, nezazi ezingokomthetho zinquma incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-mthetho futhi ziwasebenzise ezimweni ezithile. Ngaphandle kokuqondana ngendlela yokuchaza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, sonke siyaguquguquka futhi siyashintsha. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okunegunya ngendlela engokomthetho, indlela yokuchaza imithetho engokomthetho, nendlela kokubili imithetho elawulwa ngayo, nendlela imithetho nomthetho ngokwayo okungashintsha ngayo phakathi kwesikhathi.

Emnyombweni wayo, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kusebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezimiso ezingekho ngqikalele ezibhalwe emakhulwini eminyaka adlule kanye namaqiniso aqinisekile okubusa kwanamuhla. Uma umahluleli enquma ukuphikisana ngokukhululekile, isishayamthetho simisa umthetho omusha mayelana nokungafihliwe, noma inxusa eliphethe limisa umthetho, umthetho-sisekelo unikeza isisekelo esiphelele. Ngakho ukuqonda izimiso zokuchaza akubalulekile kubameli nabenzi bomthetho kuphela kodwa nakuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo abo negunya likahulumeni zilinganiselwe kanjani.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ezimisweni Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusuka EBill Kuya EMthethweni: Indlela Evamile

Imithetho isungulwa ngenqubo yomthetho ehlelwe ngendlela ehlukahluka phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlukene kodwa ngokuvamile ilandela indlela efanayo. Imithetho iqalwa ilungu lendikimba yemithetho . "noma i-componentson, i-senate, noma i-palamente. Isivumelwano sibe sesihamba ngokuhlola kwekomiti, lapho ochwepheshe bezihloko zemithetho, abazwayo, futhi bahlongoze ukumiswa kwemithetho. Ngemva kwekomiti, imvume, i-revota ixoxwa phansi kwegumbi lomthetho. Izimiso ze-biameral, njenge-United States Congress okanye iPhalamend, womand, womabili amaqembu kumelwe adlulise izinguqulo ezifanayo zemithetho. Uma nje kudluliswe, umbiko unikezwa umphathi (umholi, umbusi omkhulu, noma umbusi) ukuze ivunyelwe umthetho. Isikhulu sesikhulu somthetho singawuvumela ukuba ulwe umthetho, noma sisayinwe, noma sisayinwe, uma singekho, uma sinyuswa, uma sisikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu.

Lendlela eyisisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ehlongozwayo ihlolwa ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokumiswa kwemithetho. Nokho, lenqubo ayipheli lapho umthetho usayiniwe. Imithetho yonke kumelwe ivumelane namalungiselelo nezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho wephula amalungelo ayisisekelo noma udlula amagunya anikeziwe kuhulumeni, ingabekelwa inselele enkantolo futhi ishaywe phansi. Le nqubo yomthetho-sisekelo iyisisekelo sokubukeza kokwahlulela, okuxoxwe ngakho kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Iziyalezo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zokubekwa Kwemithetho

Imithetho-mthetho ibeka kokubili imingcele encishisiwe nengokwesiko ekubekeni umthetho. Imingcele engaphansi ihlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokuthi inkululeko yokuvimbela ukubhaka ibala, ukumisa inkolo, ukuphika isivikelo esifanayo, noma ukubeka isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile. Imingcele yemithetho ichaza ukuthi imithetho kumelwe ibekwe kanjani (ngokwesibonelo, ifuna i-productionrum, ukuvota okubhaliwe, noma ukukhokha kwemithetho ephezulu ehlukahlukene ekwandeni kwemithetho ethile njengentela noma ukumiswa kwezivumelwano. Ngakho abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe bacabange njalo ngemingcele engokomthetho lapho kwenziwa futhi kuxoxwa izikwenziwa. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungaphumela ekubeni umthetho uncipheke eminyakeni ethile kamuva, ukuchitha izimali zezombangazwe nokuphazamisa ukukhokha komthetho.

Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kumisa futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kwesizwe nohulumeni bezwe noma izifunda. Ngokwesibonelo, uChomark Claus we-U.S. uye wachazwa ngo-(kakhulu) ngezinye izikhathi (---(---*tototo) unikeza uKhongolo-mthetho amandla abanzi okulawula umsebenzi wezezomnotho, kuyilapho iSichibiyelo seshumi sigcinela yonke eminye imibuso. Lezimpikiswano zokuchaza umthetho ziyisisekelo sendlela ohlelwa ngayo futhi ubekelwe inselele.

Izincazelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Kufanele banqume kanjani abahluleli nezikhulu ukuthi uyini umthetho - sisekelo? Lombuzo uye waveza imibono eminingana ephikisanayo, ngayinye enendlela yayo yokuhlela nomphumela wokwenza umthetho. Akukho ndlela eyodwa eyamukelekayo emhlabeni wonke, futhi amajaji amaningi asebenzisa inhlanganisela yezindlela kuye ngecala.

Ukusungula Nokubhala Umbhalo Olotshiwe

UbuKhomanisi busekela ukuthi amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo kufanele achazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yokuqala yomphakathi ngesikhathi egunyazwe. Amaphini aphikisa ngokuthi lendlela inqanda ukwahlulela futhi ibhekisele enqubweni yentando yeningi eyamiswa ngayo. u-althemistism incazelo ehlobene kakhulu, ibhekisele embhalweni ocacile wencwadi, incike kumagama acacile, incike ku-dictionscriptions kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. I-Critanism ayisho ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo umiswe ngayo esikhathini esidlule; abaningi abaqalayo bamukela ukuthi ukusebenza kwencazelo yokuqala kungashintsha umphakathi, isikhathi eside njengoba nje okuphakathi kuhlala kuqinile. Abashicile bahlanganisa i-Anton Sclane.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ngokuphambene, umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo uphikisa ngokuthi umthetho-sisekelo uyincwadi enamandla encazelo yayo ishintsha ngezindinganiso zomphakathi nezimo. Abasekeli bakhomba ezinqumweni zezimpawu ezinjengo Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954]], eqede ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga ezikoleni, iphikisa ukuthi ukuqonda kokuqala kweSikhuseli esilinganayo uClaste Clauslee akunakwenzeka. Ngale mbono, abahluleli bachaza izinkulumo ezibanzi ngokuthi “inqubo yokuqala” noma“ isijeziso esingavamile” ngokulula kwezindinganiso zamanje. Abagxeki georalism iyavuma ukuthi iyakuvumela ukuthatha isimiso somthetho womthetho wezomthetho wezwe ngaphansi kwencazelo.

Ukuthenga Nokuchaza Ngokuyisisekelo

Purpositis ifuna ukuveza ukusebenza ezinjongweni ezibanzi ezingaphansi kohlelo lomthetho-sisekelo kunokuba ichaze amagama awo angokoqobo. Ngokwesibonelo, injongo ye Free Speecount Claus ingaba ukukhuthaza ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sentando yeningi, ihola abahluleli ukuvikela ezinye izinhlobo zenkulumo (zezombangazwe) ngaphezulu kunabanye (izentengiselwano noma okuyichilo). ] incazelo engokwezwisayo [[ i-flutrutry] iklago yendlela ebanzi yokwehlukana kwemithetho ye-omfastiki, ihlola nokulinganiswa kwemithetho kuleyo. Impikiswano ingase iphethe ngokuthi uMongameli unamandla angokwemvelo ngenxa yendlela yokwakhelwa kwegunya phakathi kwegatsha, ngisho nokungenakali.

Ukusetshenziswa Okuwusizo: Indlela Izinkantolo Ezikhetha Ngayo

Ngokwesiko, abahluleli abaningi basebenzisa inhlanganisela yalemibono, ngezinye izikhathi ifaka phambili umbhalo, ngezinye izikhathi umlando, ngezinye izikhathi, izenzakalo ezilandelanayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi nemiphumela. Ukukhetha indlela yokuchaza kungawushintsha ngokuyisisekelo umphumela wecala. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo wokuthi iSiphendu sesibili sivikela umuntu ngelungelo lokuba abe nezibhamu waqoshelwa impikiswano isikhathi eside phakathi kwabenzi bezinto zakuqala (abathola ilungelo elinjalo) nabaqondisi bomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (abagcizelela ulimi lwezimpi). Isinqumo seNkantolo ePhakakhulu kuyi- Diversety of Columbia v. Hellar[FLT:] [2001] [2008]))) kakhulu kwamukelwa indlela yokuqala yokuzimela, ephawula ukushintshwa okuphawulekayo komthetho wezibhamu.

Indima Yokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kwe-judicial kungumbuso wezinkantolo ukumemezela imithetho noma izenzo zokuphatha ngaphandle kwemithetho esemthethweni. Okokuqala kusungulwe e-United States Marbury v. Madison [1803] [igunya] [i-democracy] [i-democracy], manje leligunya liyisici esivelele semithetho-mthetho-siseko. I-khankamiso iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izenzo zikahulumeni zivumelana nomthetho-mthetho-siseko, kodwa futhi liphakamisa imibuzo ngendima efanele yabahluleli abangasahluleli abakhethiwe edemocriyo.

Izici Eziwuphawu Nethonya Lazo

Izinqumo eziningana eziphawulekayo zibonisa umphumela ojulile wokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo ekuhlelweni komthetho:

  • [FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT] [1] (103]) – yamisa isimiso sokwahlulela, imemezela ukuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme inegunya lokushaya izenzo zomthetho ophula umthetho.
  • [FLT] Brown v. Board of Education[[FLT] [1954]) – - Izwe lalokho ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwaphula isivikelo sika Claus olinganayo, ukugumbula i-“cle kodwa elingana” imfundiso kanye nokunqanda umbutho wamalungelo omphakathi.
  • [[NTL:0] ROE v.[[FLT]] ) – Ithole ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Cell Programme Claus, isinqumo esabangela amashumi eminyaka empikiswano yezombangazwe nechaza.
  • obergefell v. Hodges (2015) – iwumthetho ofanayo umshado wesixhumi uyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe nguMthetho-sisekelo, usebenzisa kokubili inqubo efanele nezimiso ezilinganayo zesivikelo.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization[FLT] [202] – ngaphaya [ Roe[ [[FLT]] kanye ne-'Act ['Parents'sbood v. Casey[], ibuyisela umbuzo wokukhishwa kwesisu ezimisweni.

Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukuchaza kokwahlulela akuyona into ekhona; kuyashintsha njengoba izinkantolo zishintsha futhi izindinganiso zomphakathi zishintsha.

Izinga Nemingcele Yamandla Okwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela akunamingcele. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zinamathela esimisweni se-stare decisis, ehlobanisa isiqalo futhi ithuthukise ukuzinza. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ngezikhathi ezithile iye yazilawula ngokwayo izenzakalo zayo lapho ithola ukuthi inephutha noma ayisebenzi. Eminye imikhawulo ihlanganisa izimfundiso ezilungile (ukuma, ukuvuthwa komthetho) ezivimbela izinkantolo ukuba zikhiphe imibono ephambene noma zinqume izimpikiswano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagatsha ezombangazwe angaphindisela emuva ngokumelene nezinqumo zomthetho womthetho, adlulise umthetho omusha ohambisana nokubusa kwenkantolo, noma, ezicaleni ezingathi ziwudlulele.

Imishini Yokushintsha Umthetho

Ushintsho loMthetho - sisekelo lungavela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukulungisa okungokomthetho nokuzivumelanisa ngokwethukela nokuqonda ngokuchaza nangokuprakthiza.

Izinhlelo Zokulungisa Izimiso

Imithetho-mithetho eminingi ihlanganisa inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa edinga ukuvunyelwa okukhulu kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile okuthandwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphakamiso V soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sidinga ukuvota okuzingxenye ezimbili-ntathu kokubili eNdlu neSihlalo nokubekwa izithuba ngezindlela ezintathu zomthetho wesizwe. Lomnyango ophezulu uqinisekisa ukuthi ukulungiseka kubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulu futhi akuthathwa kalula. Emlandweni we-U.S., ama-antententente angamashumi amabili nambili kuphela aye agunyazwa, kanye neziyishumi zokuqala (iSishaya-Rhovisi Samalungelo) ezenezelwe ngokushesha ngemva kwemibhalo yokuqala. Amanye amazwe aneminyango ehlukene; iNdiya idinga inani elikhulu eliphindwe kabili endluni yePhalamende ngalinye futhi nezindawo ezithile.

Izinguquko zenqubo ziye zasetshenziselwa ukwandisa amalungelo omphakathi (iminyaka engu - 13, 14, 15, iZichibiyelo ze - 19, 19), ukushintsha izakhiwo zikahulumeni (iSichibiyelo sama - 22 sinqanda izinqumo zobumongameli), nokulawula izinqumo ezithile zeNkantolo Ephakeme (owe - 11, wesi - 26). Ngenxa yokuthi le nqubo inzima kakhulu, ushintsho lomthetho - sisekelo eUnited States luncike kakhulu ekuchazeni kabusha komthetho kunokuba kuncishiswe ekulungiseni.

Ushintsho Oluyiphutha Ngokuchaza Ukwahlulela

Ngokwenqubo, incazelo yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo ingashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngaphandle kokushintsha umbhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chommerce Claus yahunyushwa kancane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, yabe isinwetshwa phakathi ne-New Deal ukuze ivumele imithetho kahulumeni ebanzi, futhi kamuva iqiniswe futhi ezimweni ezinjenge United States v. Lopez [195]. Ngokufanayo, umqondo we- “creel nesijeziso esingavamile” eSigwegwegweni se-8 seNguquko uye wavela ukuze unqande imikhuba eyake yabhekwa njengeyo evumelekile, njengokubulala intsha nencukukhubazeka.

Leli thuba elikhululekile loshintsho liyikho kokubili amandla nokuchayeka. Livumela umthetho-sisekelo ukuba ujwayele ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nobuchwepheshe obungokwenhlalo ngaphandle kwenqubo enzima yokulungisa. Kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi ukumiswa kokwahlulela okukodwa kungasusa incazelo yamalungelo ayisisekelo, kuholele ezimpini zezombangazwe ngenxa yezikhundla zenkantolo.

Indima Yokuqondisa Nokuchaza Ngokusemthethweni

Izinkantolo azizona kuphela izichaza - mthetho. Igatsha eliphethe liwachaza njalo amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo lapho linquma ukuthi lisayine izikweletu, likhipha iziyalezo eziphethe iziphathimandla, noma lithatha isinyathelo sezempi. Ngokwesibonelo, amongameli baye basungula izinkolelo-mbono zamandla alawulayo [ ahlanganisayo [ ukuze lithethelele ukulawulwa okukhulu kwesimiso sombuso kanye nokususwa kwabangaphansi kwamalungu omthetho we- hulumeni. ISishaya - mthetho sichaza futhi umthetho lapho sinquma izinga lamandla aso ngaphansi kwe-Claus Claus ofanele noma imikhawulo yegunya lawo elingumpembeleko. Lezi “zincazelo eziyisisekelo” zingaphikisana nezincazelo zomthetho, zidala izingozi ezinqunywa ngezinye izikhathi ngokuhlehlela kwezombangazwe noma ukuyekelela kwezombangazwe.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekuchazeni Umthetho - sisekelo

Ukucwengisisa Nezinkantolo

Kuyintando yeningi, ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo kuye kwabhekwa njengenqaba kakhulu. Ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuphikiswa kakhulu ngoba umbono owandile wokuchaza izigaba onganquma imiphumela ezindabeni ezishisayo ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, umkhankaso wezezimali, namandla okulawula. Lokhu kukhuliswa kwezombangazwe kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngomthetho wokuhlola kokwahlulela: uma amajaji ebhekwa njengabadlali abaphethe abalawuli babadlali kunokungathathi hlangothi, ukuthembela emphakathini ezicini ezihlukene. Ezinye izazi zisekela izindlela ezicacile zokuchaza, njenge-istrum, ukunqanda ukuqondisa kokwahlulela. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza ngokuchaza ukukhetha kokwahlulela kungasiza umphakathi ukuba ukwahlulela kuqonde ukuthi ukwahlulela akuzona nje izikhali ezingokombazweli.

Ubuchwepheshe Nemingcele Emisha

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe iphakamisa imibuzo emincane echaza umthetho-sisekelo. ISichibiyelo sesine sisebenza kanjani ekuhloleni izinombolo? Isiphi isivikelo iSichibiyelo sokuqala esinemali yemithetho nakumasiteji ezokuxhumana? Ingabe amalungelo ezindawo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi elinamashumi amane adlulela ekuqondiseni ukuhlakanipha okungeyodwa? Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zixhomeke ekufanekisweni kwezenzakalo ezindala, kodwa ukushintsha kwenqubo yezobuchwepheshe kusebenza ngendlela eqinile yezindlela zombhalo nezokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakathi yezenyuko yezenyuziyamu. [FLT] [20] i-Raley v.[FLT] [12] [20] (ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenya ucingo ukuze kuthathwe isenzakalo sokuboshwa kocingo ukuze kudinwe, ukulawulwa kocingo olusebenza kudinga “indlela yokuphatha izinto zomuntu siqu.” kodwa ukuqaphela okungavamile.

Ithonya Lomhlaba Wonke Nencazelo Eqhathaniswa Neyezinto

Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho ziqaphela ngokwandayo umthetho wangaphandle nowezizwe lapho zichaza umthetho-sisekelo wazo. Lomkhuba, ngezinye izikhathi obizwa ngokuthi incazelo engokomthetho-sisekelo [, uphikisa. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuthi izimiso zamalungelo abantu zingowomhlaba wonke nokuthi ukubheka ezinye imibuso elawulwa ngentando yeningi kunganikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo. Abaphikisi baphikisa ukuthi umthetho wangaphandle awunagunya elingokomthetho wentando yeningi kumthetho hlelo lwesizwe futhi ungathola isigwebo sokusekela imiphumela emisiwe. Inkantolo ephakeme i-U. S. iNkantolo ephakeme ihlukene kulendaba, ngezikhathi ezithile iveza imikhuba yangaphandle enjenge RG. v[FLD [F][FF][200]

Isiphetho

Ukuchazwa komthetho-sisekelo akuyona indlela yokusebenzisa imfundo enzima; yinjini elawula indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, esetshenziswa ngayo, futhi eshintshwa ngayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kusukela ekuhlolweni kwesivumelwano sokulawula inselele yayo engenzeka enkantolo, izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zisebenza njalo. Ukuqonda incazelo ehlukene yencazelo ye-(incazelo ye-(productalism), ukusebenza komthetho-mthetho ngokomthetho, i-purposiism, kanye nezinye ("izakhamuzi kanye nabasunguli bomthetho) ngamathuluzi okuhlaziya izinqumo zokwahlulela nezenzo zomthetho ngokuhluzekisa. Izimiso zokulungisa imithetho nezindlela zokuchaza ngokwethukela imibandela ziqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho wemithetho yemithetho ye-sekwenziwasilinganise, kodwa futhi zidala ukungavumelani phakathi kokuzinza nokulawula kwentando yentando yentando yeningi nokuqondisa. Inkathi yokuhlukanisa okukhulu kwezombangazwe nokushintsha kobuchwepheshe, ikhono lomphakathi lokuzichaza ngokuhluzeka nokuthembeka kwezimiso ezingokomthetho zokulawula kahle.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo, hlola [ uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe wezemfundo eMthethweni wase-U.S., uhlole Cornell Information ye-Constitution ye-Constitution ye-, noma ubukeze izinqumo zeSigodlo seNkanto ePhakeme e iproject .