Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izikhalo: Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Enkantolo

Inqubo Yokudlulisa Izikhalo: Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho Enkantolo

Ikhono lokudlulisa isinqumo senkantolo liyinsika eyisisekelo yesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika. Linikeza ukuhlola okugxekayo egunyeni lokwahlulela futhi liqinisekisa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho, ukuphambuka kwecala, noma imiphumela engalungile ingalungiswa yinkantolo ephakeme. Uma ucabangela ukudluliswa kwendaba yomphakathi, ukuqulwa kwecala, noma ukubusa, ukuqonda inqubo yokunxusa namalungelo akho ngaphakathi kuyo kubalulekile. Lesiqondiso sinikeza ukuwohloka okuphelele, okulandelana kwendlela umsebenzi wokudlulisa, izisekelo ezingokomthetho ezidingekayo, amalungelo akho, nezihibe ezivamile ozigwemayo.

Ukubukeza Okungokomthetho Kukhangani?

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kuyisicelo esingokomthetho enkantolo ephakeme (inkantolo ephakeme) icela ukubukeza nokuguqula isinqumo senkantolo ephansi (inkantolo yamacala). Akusicala elisha. Izinkantolo amacala aqulwayo azibuzwi ubufakazi kofakazi noma zamukela ubufakazi obusha ngendlela efanayo nenkantolo equlwayo. Kunalokho, zibukeza umlando wezikhangiso zokuqala − ukuhlanganisa izingcezu, imiboniso, futhi zidlulisele imifushanesho.

Inqubo yokudlulisa ifeza izinjongo eziningana: ikhuthaza ukusebenzisa umthetho ngendlela efanayo, ukulungisa amaphutha enziwe abahluleli becala, futhi inikeza indlela yokuthuthukisa izimiso zomthetho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ilungelo, kodwa ayizenzakaleli kuzo zonke izimo. Ezimisweni eziningi, ilungelo lokudlulisa isicelo liqinisekisiwe, kodwa okunye ukunxusa okuqhubekayo (umz., enkantolo ephakeme yesifunda noma eNkantolo ePhakeme) kuyisinqumo.

Izindawo Zokudlulisa Izicelo: Ungasibekela Nini Inselele Isinqumo?

Akuzona zonke iziphetho ezingafanele eziyisimanga, kodwa ukuze uphumelele, kumelwe ubonise isisekelo esingokomthetho esiqinile sokuba inkantolo ephakeme ingenele.

Amaphutha Angokomthetho Enziwa Inkantolo Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Uma umahluleli wecala enza iphutha ekusebenziseni umthetho (ngokwesibonelo), efundisa ngokungeyikho ngabasizi ngemithwalo yobufakazi, evuma ubufakazi bokuthi kwakufanele kukhishwe ngaphandle, noma athathe umthetho ngokungeyikho, noma athathe ngokungeyikho ukudlulisa icala (ukudlulisa) kungenzeka ukuthi linesizathu. Iphutha kumelwe libe eliphawulekayo ngokwaneleyo ukuthi cishe lithinta umphumela wecala, hhayi nje i-procedal.

Ubufakazi Obunganele Obungasekela Lesi Siqalekiso

Inkantolo yokudlulisa icala ingasigumbuqela isinqumo uma ubufakazi obunikezwa ngokomthetho bebunganele ukusekela isinqumo. Lokhu kuyindawo ephakeme: inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo ibheka ubufakazi ngokukhanyayo kakhulu eqenjini elikhona, kodwa uma kungekho bahluleli abanengqondo ababengafinyelela leso siphetho, kungase kwenzeke ushintsho.

Amaphutha Angokwemvelo Angathandeki

Ukuphulwa kwemithetho yenkantolo noma amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kungakha isisekelo sokudlulisa icala. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukukhetha okungafanele kwabasizi, ukuhluleka ukunika ummangalelwa ithuba lokunikeza isivikelo, noma ubandlululo lomahluleli olwavimbela ukuqulwa komthetho.

Ubufakazi Obusanda Kutholakala

Uma ubufakazi butholakala ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala obungenakutholakala ngokuzikhandla okunengqondo ngaphambi kwesinqumo, nokuthi ubufakazi cishe babungashintsha umphumela, bungaba isisekelo sokukhanga.

Usizo Olungenamiphumela Lweseluleko (Izimo Zobugebengu)

Esidlulisweni sezelele, isizathu esivamile ukuthi iseluleko sokuvikela sasinikeza ukumelela okungekuhle komthetho kangangokuthi ummangalelwa wanqatshelwa ngokuphumelelayo iSichibiyelo sesithupha ukuba athole iseluleko. Lokhu kudinga ukubonisa kokubili ukuthi umsebenzi wommeli wawungahambi kahle nokuthi ukushiyeka kommeli kwakumcwasi.

Ukuhamba Kwenqubo Yokukhanga

Nakuba inqubo yokuthola izinhlungu ihlukahlukahluka, ukuyiqonda kahle isigaba ngasinye kuyokusiza ukuba ulungiselele futhi ugweme amaphutha abizayo.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuphawula Ukukhanga

Lesi isinyathelo esizwela kakhulu isikhathi. Izinkantolo eziningi zibeka isikhathi esiqinile − ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 kusukela ngosuku lwesahlulelo sokugcina − ukubhala isaziso sokudlulisa icala. Ukungasitholi lesi sivumelwano kuvame ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa izicelo ngokuphelele. Isaziso siyincwadi elula echaza inhloso yakho ukufuna ukubukezwa, kodwa kumelwe igcinwe enkantolo efanelekile futhi ikhonze kuwo wonke amaqembu.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukulungisa Umlando Ngokukhanga

Inkantolo ephethe idinga umbhalo ophelele walokho okwenzeka enkantolo equlweni lenkantolo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqulwa kwecala (igama-lombhalo wezenzakalo zonke), zonke izikhalo, imiboniso, ukuhamba, nemithetho yamajaji. I-apulant (iqembu elifaka isikhalo) linecala lokuqinisekisa ukuthi umbhalo uqoqiwe futhi ufakazelwe. Amaphutha asemarekhodini angaphazamisa ukunxusa, ngakho kudingeka ukunakekela okucophelela.

Isinyathelo 3: Ukufaka Imibhalo Emifushane Elotshiwe

Amafiji ayinhloko wempikiswano. Umdwebi unikeza indinyana evuliweyo echaza imininingwane yamaphutha angokomthetho nokuthi kungani isinqumo kufanele siguqulwe noma silungiswe. I-appelle (iqembu eliphikisayo) bese ifaka impendulo emfushane. U-applent angafaka impendulo emfushane ukuze anikeze impendulo ebhekiswe emaphuzuni amasha aphakanyisiwe. Amaphutha kumelwe alandele imithetho eqinile yokuhlela nokudwebela, ikakhulukazi ikhomba umbhalo nomthetho ophathelene nendaba.

Isinyathelo 4: Izinkulumo Ezikhulumayo (Ezicini Eziningi)

Akuzona zonke izikhalo eziphikiswayo ngomlomo. Uma inkantolo inikeza impikiswano ngomlomo, uhlangothi ngalunye lunemizuzu engu-15 kuya kwengu-30 yokunikeza amaphuzu ayinhloko futhi luphendule imibuzo evela kubahluleli. Impikiswano engokwengcaphuno ayiyona impikiswano emfushane; kuyithuba lokucacisa izindaba ezididayo futhi ixoxe ngezikhalo zabahluleli ngokuqondile. Ezinye izinkantolo zinquma amacala ngokucubungula.

Isinyathelo 5: Isinqumo Senkantolo

Ngemva kokubukeza irekhodi kanye namafingqi (futhi kubekwe impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo), i-applate project inikeza umbono obhaliwe. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa (ithathe isinqumo senkantolo ephansi), ibuye iguqule (iyiguqule), ibuye ibuye (ilungise icala emuva ngenxa yezehlakalo eziqhubekayo), noma ilungise umphumela. Umbono uba yisici esibophayo phakathi kwalelo gunya.

Isinyathelo 6: Bukeza Ngokuqhubekayo (Uma Kuqondakala)

Uma ulahlekelwa enkantolo ephakathi, ungase ucele ukubukezwa yinkantolo ephakeme, njengenkantolo ephakeme yezwe noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. lezizicelo ziqashelwa futhi azivamile ukunikezwa (izinombolo ezicishe zibe yingxenye eyodwa kuphela yezicelo eziya eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.) Izindinganiso zokubukeza ziphakeme, ngokuvamile zidinga umbuzo obalulekile ongokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Izinhlobo Zokudlulisa Izicelo: Umphakathi, Isigebengu, Umqondisi, Nomthetho Womkhaya

Uhlobo lwecala lakho eliyinhloko lufuna uhlobo lokukhanga ofakela kulo. Isigaba ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu esekelwe ku-octed nezindinganiso zokubukeza.

Ukukhanga Komphakathi

Ukudlulisa izikhalo zomphakathi kuvela ezimpikiswaneni phakathi kwamaphathi azimele − ukuphambana, ukumangalelana komuntu siqu, izingxabano zempahla, noma izenzo zesigaba. Icala ngokuvamile kumelwe libonise ukuthi iphutha elingokomthetho lithinte umphumela. Izikhungo zezimali ngokuvamile ziqhubekisa lezi zikhalo, kodwa ezinye zihilela izimiso ezibalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ingadlulisela isinqumo esikhulu sejaji esisekelwe ekulibaziseni okweqile noma eziqondisweni ezingafanele zenqubo yomphakathi, i-Cornell Leginformation Institute inikeza ukucubuthwa okucuthayo.

Ukukhanga Kwezigebengu

Abalweli ababoshelwe emacaleni obugebengu banelungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo sabo somthetho-mthetho noma sona. Isigebengu sidlulisela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-mthetho (jengesibonelo, ukuphenywa nokuthatheka okungekho emthethweni, ukuphika ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ukuqulwa komshushisi) noma amaphutha ezinqumweni zomahluleli. Umthwalo kumajaji unzima: kumelwe ubonise ukuthi noma iliphi iphutha lali "lihle""""h, okusho ukuthi, empeleni lithonye isinqumo sabahluleli. .S. U. U. Umnyango wesiqondiso sokwahlulela kumacala obugebengu uchaza inqubo yombuso ngokujula.

Ukukhanga Kwezisebenzi

Imishini enjenge-Social Security Administration, i-Nzalo-bumelo-Mgangatho, noma i-Evironmental Protection Agency, noma amabhodi okungatholi misebenzi kahulumeni akhipha iziphakamiso. Le nqubo ngokuvamile iqala ngokuqulwa kwecala lenhlangano, bese idlulela enkantolo yokwahlulela yezwe noma ye-omkhandlu kahulumeni, futhi ikwazi ukuya enkantolo e-Appellate. Indinganiso yokubukeza ngokuvamile i-"i-"bitryry and replument," isho ukuthi inkantolo ibuza ukuthi i-acatettery ingenza ngaphandle kwesisekelo esinengqondo. [[FLT:] Incazelo ye-American Bat'inte meotation yezindinganiso ze-albactation

Umthetho Womkhaya Uyakhanga

Icala lomthetho womkhaya ($divoce), ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukunakekelwa kwabantwana, ukusekelwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa kwezingane, ingxabano engokomzwelo neyinkimbinkimbi ngokomthetho. Izindaba ezikhangayo zihlanganisa ukwahlukana kwempahla, ukusekelana komkhaya, amalungiselelo okunakekela abantwana, namalungelo okuhambelana nabo. Ngenxa yokuthi amajaji ahlulele ngezindlela ezibanzi ezindabeni zomkhaya, ukukhanga kwemvume yabantwana kuyinselele kakhulu. Umehluleli kumelwe abonise ukuthi umahluleli usebenzise kabi lokho kwahlulela, hhayi nje ukuthi umphumela ohlukile ufinyelelekile.

Amalungelo Akho Phakathi Nenqubo Yokukhanga

Njengomuntu oqavile noma oyisigubhu, ulondoloza izivikelo ezithile ezingokomthetho ezibalulekile ekubukezeni okufanelekile.

Ilungelo Lokumelela Ngokomthetho

Unelungelo lokuqasha ummeli osebenza ngomthetho owephula umthetho. Emacaleni obugebengu, uma ungakwazi ukuthenga ummeli, uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze iseluleko esiqondile ukuze kudluliswe isikhalo. Ezimweni zomphakathi, akukho lungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokunikeza iseluleko, kodwa izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho noma izinhlelo ze-probono zingasiza abangenisi bemali ephansi.

Ilungelo Lokubukeza Ngokufanele Nokungakhethi

Amajaji aqanjiwe alindeleke ukuba abukeze icala ngaphandle kobandlululo. Uma usola umahluleli unenkinga yesithakazelo noma ubonise ubandlululo, ungafaka icebo lokuququzelela. Iqembu le-appellate livame ukuba namajaji amathathu, anciphisa ithuba lobandlululo lomahluleli oyedwa olunquma umphumela.

Ilungelo Lokukhuluma Ngaso Manje (I - Writte Ne - oral)

Ummeli wakho unelungelo lokunikeza impikiswano ebhalwe kafushane enikeza izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokugcwele. Ezinkantolo eziningi, nawe unethuba lokucela impikiswano ngomlomo. Nakuba zingaqinisekisiwe kukho konke ukudlulisa icala, izinkantolo eziningi zikuvumela emacaleni akhona anikeza izimpikiswano ezintsha noma eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imithetho yempikiswano yomlomo iqinile, kodwa ummeli wakho angasebenzisa leso sikhathi ukuze anxenxe amajaji ngokuqondile.

Ilungelo Lokwamukela Isinqumo Esilotshiwe

Izinkantolo eziqulwayo kumelwe zinikeze umbono obhaliwe ochaza isisekelo sesinqumo sazo. Lombono uba ingxenye yomlando womphakathi futhi ungakhonjwa njengesibonelo ezicabeni zesikhathi esizayo. Umbono unikeza imininingwane yamaqiniso ahlobene nawo, umthetho osebenzayo, nokucabangela okusebenzayo ukuze ufinyelele umphumela. Uma inkantolo ishaya umthetho ngokumelene nawe, umbono ungakusiza ukuba uqonde isisekelo esingokomthetho futhi unqume ukuthi ufuna yini ukubukezwa ngokuqhubekayo.

Ilungelo Lokucela Ukuphinda Sibukeze

Uma inkantolo ethatha icala ikhipha isinqumo ngokumelene nawe, ngokuvamile unesikhathi esilinganiselwe (futhi izinsuku ezingu-14 kuya kwezingu-30) sokufaka isicelo sokuzwa noma sokuzwa i-enn enisin (phambi kwenkantolo egcwele). Lesi akusona isicelo sesibili kodwa isicelo enkantolo efanayo sokuhlola isinqumo sayo esisekelwe ephutheni elicacile noma ukunganaki ukulawula igunya. Uma unqatshiwe, unganxusa inkantolo ephakeme ukuze uhlole isinqumo.

Izinselele Ezivamile Nendlela Yokuzinqoba

Ukudlulisa le nqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo kugcwele izithiyo ngisho nabameli abangomakad ’ ebona okumelwe bazilawule ngokucophelela.

Izenzakalo Ezifa Kakhulu Nezikhathi Ezingahlelekile

Ukweqa isikhathi sokubhala isikhathi sokuthola isaziso sokudlulisa icala ngokuvamile kuyabulala. Izinkantolo azivamile ukunikeza indiva, futhi okungavelele ukuthi okuwukuphela kwento engekho yikho okuthi "ukunganaki okungathetheki," okungasetshenziswa kancane. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, phawula ikhalenda ngokushesha ngemva kokuba inkantolo ingenile ekwahluleleni kokugcina. Ummeli wakho kufanele aqinisekise isikhathi esimisiwe, njengoba eminye imithetho kahulumeni ihlukile emithethweni kahulumeni.

Izindinganiso Eziyinkimbinkimbi Zemithetho Nezindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo ze-appellate zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene zokubukeza kuye ngendaba. Imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa i-novo (entsha), okusho inkantolo ethatha isigwebo akumelwe ibekezelele incazelo engokomthetho yenkantolo engokomthetho. Imibuzo yeqiniso ibukezwa ngaphansi kwendinganiso ebekezelekayo "ngokucacile". Imibuzo exutshwe njengokuthi ingabe amaqiniso anelise indinganiso engokomthetho //ingawela esisekelweni esiphakathi. Ukungaqondisisa lezindinganiso kungaholela ekudlulisweni okulahlwayo kusukela ekuqaleni. Ummeli wakho kufanele acacise indinganiso eqondile ngendinganiso ecacile.

Ukukhanga Okulinganiselwe: Ukulondoloza Amaphutha

Imibuso eminingi ifuna ukuba umelane nephutha elingokomthetho lapho uzama ukulilondoloza ukuze lidluliselwe. Uma ummeli wakho ehlulekile ukuphikisa lapho ubufakazi buvunywa ngokungafanele noma lapho umahluleli enikeza isiyalo sabahluleli esinamaphutha, lena iyakulahlwa. Lena yimpoqo "impikiswano yephutha" umthetho. Ukunqoba lokhu, ukuqungaqunga icebo kumelwe liphaphamele ukuphikisana ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Izindleko Eziphakeme Nomthwalo Ongokwezimali

Izikhalo ziyabiza. Ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yabameli, kumelwe ukhokhele amarekhodi aqulweyo, izindleko zokukhokha izimali, izindleko zokunyathelisa, futhi ngokuvamile isibopho sokuhlala usebenza kokwahlulela. Izikhalo zezephulamthetho zingaxhaswa ngokwengxenye uhulumeni kubamangalelwa abangalawuleki, kodwa ukunxusa komphakathi kudinga izindleko ezinkulu. Abanye abaxhasi bahlola amalungiselelo okukhokhela angokomthetho noma amalungiselelo okukhokha imali, kodwa lezi zizinto azivamile emsebenzini.

Ukuvuvukala Okungokomzwelo Nokungokwengqondo

Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo ingaqhubekela phambili izinyanga noma iminyaka. Ukungaqiniseki komphumela, kanye nokucindezeleka okungokwezimali, kubangela ukucindezeleka okukhulu ngokomzwelo. Kubalulekile ukulondoloza amathemba angokoqobo, okunxenxa okuningi akuphumeli ekushintsheni. Ukuba nenhlangano esekelayo nokuqhubeka ukhulumisana ngokukhululekile nommeli wakho kungasiza ekulawuleni ukucindezeleka.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda inqubo yezikhalo namalungelo akho akuwona nje umehluko phakathi kwesahlulelo sokugcina esingesihle nethuba lesibili lobulungisa. Ukusuka ekuboneni izizathu eziqinile zokunxusa ukuba uvumelane nemithetho engokomthetho nezikhathi ezimisiwe, zonke izinyathelo zidinga ukulungiselela ngokucophelela nesiqondiso esingokomthetho esinolwazi. Uma ukhanga isinqumo somphakathi, ukuqiniseka komthetho, noma isinqumo sokuphatha, ukwazi ukuthi yini ongayilindela nokuthi unamaphi amalungelo onayo kuzokukunikeza amandla okuhamba kulendawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho ngokuqiniseka. Uma ucabangela ukudlulisa isikhalo se-asethi esihlola icala lakho, ululeka ngempumelelo, futhi ukuqondisa ngenqubo kusukela ekuqaleni ukuya esinqumsweni sokugcina.