Ukuqonda Umkhuba Wokungagwegwesi

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona nje imfundiso engokomthetho; iwuphawu lobulungisa esimisweni somthetho waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu ((_engenayo ingcebo, isikhundla, noma isizinda) uthola ukunyakaza okulungile lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuqeda ukuphila kwakhe, inkululeko, noma impahla. Lesimiso sifakwa endwangwini yomthetho we-U.S. kusuka ezinzimeni ze-Ofith ne-14, ezinqabela uhulumeni ukuba anciphe noma imuphi umuntu walamalungelo “ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.”

Ngenqubo elula, inqubo efanele isho ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele imithetho emisiwe futhi aphathe abantu ngenhlonipho nangobulungisa. Uma leyomithetho iphulwa noma inganakwa, amalungelo akho angase ephulwe. Ukwazi ukuthi ukubona ukwephulwa okunjalo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzivikela.

Ukuhlolisisa Izinhlangothi Ezimbili Zenqubo Efanele

Izingxoxo eziningi zenqubo efanele ziwuhlukanisa ube izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile. Ukuqonda kokubili kukusiza ukuba uqaphele ngokuqondile ukuthi umephule kuphi.

Inqubo Elindelekile: Indlela

Inqubo edingayo ye-procedia igxila kumaprocectes uhulumeni kumelwe alandele ngaphambi kokuba athathe ukuphila kwakho, inkululeko, noma impahla. Iqinisekisa ukuthi uyamukela:

  • Notice: Kumelwe waziswe nganoma yiziphi izenzo zomthetho noma izigigaba ngawe ngendlela efike ngesikhathi necacile.
  • Ukuzwa: Unelungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, ubize ofakazi, futhi uphendule ecaleni likahulumeni.
  • Isinqumo-Menzi-sicaba: Umahluleli noma isikhulu esizwayo kumelwe singathathi hlangothi futhi singakhethi.
  • [[QURT:0] I-Ligal aregistration: Ezimweni zobugebengu, unelungelo kummeli. Ezimweni eziningi zomphakathi, usengaba nelungelo lokwelulekwa.
  • [[UMTH:0] Appal:[ Ithuba elibalulekile lokubekela inselele isinqumo esibi.

Uma noma isiphi salezici singekho noma sesaphulwa, inqubo yokukhomba inqubo ingase iphulwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umninindlu exosha umninindlu ngaphandle kokunikeza isaziso esibhaliwe kuqala nethuba lokuvela enkantolo, lokho kungaba ukwephulwa okufanele.

Inqubo Eyisisekelo Efanele:

Inqubo efanele isebenzelana ne ethatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni] ("FLT:1] noma umthetho ngokwawo ulungile futhi uhlonipha amalungelo athile ayisisekelo. Ngisho noma uhulumeni elandela zonke izinqubo ezilungile, ungabe uphinde wephula inqubo efanelekile uma uphula isisekelo esithathwa njengesokudla. Lamalungelo ahlanganisa:

  • Umshado nobuhlobo bomkhaya
  • Ukuzibusa Kwabantu Ngasese
  • Ukuhamba nokunyakaza
  • Ukuhlela izingane
  • Ukusanhlamvu

INkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States iye yamisa ukuthi inqubo edingayo ewujuqu ivikela lamalungelo ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungenangqondo.

Isizathu Sokuba Inqubo Elindelekile Iqhubeke Ibucayi Namuhla

Inqubo elindelekile ayiyona into yesikhathi esidlule. Ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuphileni kwanamuhla kwaseMelika, kusukela kubulungisa bobugebengu kuya kumacala okuphatha. Cabangela lezi zimo zansuku zonke:

  • [ Ukuqedwa kwezisebenzi zomphakathi: kungaba nesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini futhi kunelungelo lokuqaphela nokulalela ngaphambi kokuba zixoshwe.
  • Izinzuzo zeWelfere:[ Abantu abamukela usizo lukahulumeni abanakususwa izinzuzo zabo ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekile nethuba lokubekela isinqumo inselele.
  • Isiyalo sokuqapha: Abafundi basesikoleni somphakathi ababhekene nokuxoshwa noma ukuxoshwa babolekwa ngokuzwana okungahleliwe ngezaziso zamacala nethuba lokuchaza uhlangothi lwabo.
  • Izinqumo zokunakekela: Iziguli zinganqatshelwa izindlela ezithile zokwelapha ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ikakhulukazi ezimbonini zikahulumeni.

Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, amandla kahulumeni aba yizinqumo. iphoyisa lingakubopha ngenhloso; isisebenzi sezenhlalakahle singasusa abantwana bakho ngaphandle kwencazelo; umahluleli angabusa wena ngaphandle kokukuvumela ukuba ukhulume. Umthetho uxhomeke enqubweni efanelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlolwa futhi wonke umuntu uphathwa njengomuntu, hhayi njengendaba.

Ungafunda okwengeziwe ngomlando nangohlelo lwanamuhla lwenqubo efanele e Cornell Legin Information Institute enikezelwe ye-.

Ukuphambana Okuvamile Kwezwe: Okumelwe Kuqashelwe

Ukwephula inqubo efanele kwenzeka kaningi kakhulu kunokuba abantu abaningi becabanga.

Ukuphikwa Kommelelo Ongokomthetho

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) saqinisekisa abameli babamangalelwa abamangalelwa abanecala elibi. Kamuva isinqumo sanwetshwa kumacala amaningi angafanele lapho isikhathi sokuvalelwa singenzeka khona. Uma uboshelwe futhi umangalelwe ngecala, kumelwe utshelwe ngelungelo lakho kummeli. Uma ungenalo, umbuso kumelwe umise oyedwa. Uma uphoqelekile ukuya enkantolo ngaphandle kommeli, noma ucindezelwe ukuba ulahle lokho okunikezwayo ngaphandle kokuqonda okulungile. Uma ufaka icala elifanele.

AbaHluleli Abanonya Noma Amaphupho

Ukungakhethi kuyisisekelo senqubo edingayo. Uma umahluleli esengozini yomuntu siqu noma yemali ngenxa yomphumela wecala lakho, noma uma ilungu lejaji libonisa ubandlululo, unelungelo lokucela umahluleli ohlukile noma ukubekela inselele ijaji. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibonise ubandlululo. Uma zihluleka ukwenza kanjalo, bonke abantu bahlehliswa.

Akufanelekele Noma Akunakwa

Awunakuzivikela ekutheni ungazi ukuthi ukhona. Inqubo idinga ukuba wamukele isaziso esifanele , hhayi nje uhlamvu olungacacile kodwa isitatimende esicacile samacala, ubufakazi, nosuku lokuthethwa kwecala. Uma inhlangano kahulumeni ikuthumelela isaziso ekhelini elingalungile noma ikunike izinsuku ezimbalwa zokusabela entweni eyinkimbinkimbi, kungenzeka ukuthi ilungelo lakho lenqubo efanelekile liphunyuliwe.

Izinqumo Eziwubala Noma Eziyingozi

Izinqumo zikahulumeni kumelwe zibe nesisekelo esinengqondo esisekelwe ngobufakazi. Uma inhlangano iphika isicelo sakho semvume noma ikhipha ilayisense ngaphandle kokuchaza izizathu noma ukuthembela kunoma yibuphi ubufakazi, lesosinqumo cishe siyawutshengisa. Inqubo efanelekile ifuna isinqumo esicatshangelwe ngokusekelwe embhalweni.

Ukwehluleka Ukunikeza Ukuzwa Okunenjongo

Ukulalela akuyona nje indlela yokulalela. Kumelwe kukuvumele ukuba unikeze ubufakazi, ofakazi ababuzayo, futhi uxabane. Uma ukuzwa kuqhutshwa ngokuphamazela, ngaphandle kokukuvumela ukuba ukhulume, noma ngaphandle kokukunika ithuba lokuthola ubufakazi obukuchaphayo, akunanjongo. Ezindaweni zokuqondisa, njengokukhubazeka kuzuzisa ukuzwa noma ukuzuza imihlangano yebhodi, lokhu kuqambanisa kungaholela ekuphikeni okungalungile.

Isiqondiso Ngenyathelo: Ongakwenza Uma Ubona Ukuphulwa

Uma ukholelwa ukuthi amalungelo akho afanele enqubo aye ophuliwe, ngokuvamile kusuke kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.

Isinyathelo 1: Khuluma Konke

Uma nje usola ukuthi kunenkinga, qala ukugcina irekhodi elibhaliwe. Qaphela izinsuku, izikhathi, amagama abantu abahilelekile, okwashiwo noma okwenziwe, nanoma iziphi izinqumo ezenziwayo. Gcina ama-imeyili, izincwadi, ama-mail, nemiyalezo ye-meset. Uma uxhumana kwenzeka enkantolo noma egumbini lokulalela, cela ikhophi ye-rekhodi noma i-copyd. Le mibhalo iyoba isisekelo sanoma ikuphi ukusho okungokomthetho.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Thola Ukuthi Yikuphi Okufanele Okuphulwe

Zibuze: Iyiphi inqubo efanelekile ekhona noma engaphansi kwe-octracted enqatshiwe? Yalashwa? Ukuzwa, umenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi, ummeleli ongokomthetho? Bhala phansi ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni sahluleka kanjani. Ukuchaza ngokuqondile kuyokusiza wena nommeli wakho ukuba uhlele impikiswano engokomthetho.

Isinyathelo 3: Bheka I - athoryney

Inqubo iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngokuvamile idinga ukubekwa kwemithetho-siseko. Funa ummeli osebenza ngokusemthethweni elungelweni lomphakathi, umthetho womthetho-mthetho, noma umthetho wokuphatha. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo olungokomthetho nezingazuzi nzuzo, njenge-'ACLU’s Process Process, inikeza imithombo noma izikhombo. Ukuhlola kokuqala kuvame ukukhululeka.

Isinyathelo 4: Umbombo Wesikhalazo Sangaphakathi Noma Ukhange

Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinezinqubo zomphakathi ezicatshangelweyo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikole somphakathi sephula inqubo efanelekile yengane yakho ngesikhathi sokuthunjwa, ungakwazi ukudlulisa isikhalo ebhodini lesikole. Uma inkampani kahulumeni ikwenqaba ukuzuza ngaphandle kokuzwa kahle, ungacela ukubukezwa.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Cabangela Umthetho Ofanelekile

Uma amakhambi angaphakathi ehluleka, kungase kudingeke ukuba udlulisele icala ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. .1998, okuvumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe isifundazwe nezikhulu zendawo ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, ungaletha icala ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokuqondile kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Ummeli angakusiza ukuba unqume indlela engcono kakhulu engokomthetho.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Ezathonya Umthetho Ofanele

Incazelo yenqubo efanele iye yathuthukiswa phakathi namashumi eminyaka esinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme. Lamacala abonisa ukuthi izigxobo zingaba zikhulu kangakanani nokuthi iNkantolo iye yasebenza kanjani ukuze ivikele amalungelo abantu ngabanye.

UGideon (1963)

UClarence Gideon wayeyisigebengu esimpofu esiboshelwe ukugqekeza ihholo lechibi. Wayengenamali yokuthenga ummeli, futhi isifundazwe saseFlorida senqaba ukumisa i-.INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ilungelo leSithathu lokunikeza iseluleko liyasebenza kuhulumeni omangalelwa ngeSiphendulo Seshumi Nane. Lesi sinqumo sashintsha isimiso somthetho wobugebengu baseMelika futhi sihlala siyitshe lesisekelo lenqubo efanelekile.

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

U-Ernesto Miranda waboshwa futhi wavuma ukuthi uthumba futhi wadlwengulwa ngemva kwamahora amabili ephenywa amaphoyisa, ngaphandle kokutshelwa ukuthi unelungelo lokuthula noma lokuba nommeli. INkantolo Ephakeme yathi ukuphenywa kwezingane kumelwe kuhlanganise izixwayiso eziqondile zokuvikela ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ekuzichaseni. Manje “Izixwayiso zeMiranda” ziwumphumela oqondile wenqubo efanele.

UKelly (1970)

Leli cala landisa inqubo yokuvikela elungiselelweni kwabamukelwa abahlala kahle. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi iNew York City ayinakuziqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle yomuntu ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala langaphambi kwesikhathi. Isinqumo sathola ukuthi ngisho nalapho izinzuzo zikahulumeni zisengozini, abamukelayo banelungelo lokuqaphela, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi, kanye nomenzi wesinqumo ongakhethi.

Rochin v. California (1952)

Amaphoyisa angena ekhaya likaRochin, avula umlomo wakhe ngempoqo, futhi ampompa isisu sakhe ukuze athole ubufakazi. INkantolo Ephakeme yalahla ukuziphatha ngokuthi “kuwukujezisa nokucasula” futhi yathi kuphambene nenqubo efanele. Lelicala libonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwamaphoyisa okungalungi noma okushaqisayo kungaba ukwephulwa okungafanelekile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinqubo ngokwazo zalandelwa.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Inqubo elindelekile ibhekana nezingcindezi ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21.

Ubufakazi Bezinombolo Nenani

Uhulumeni usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini yezemishini yezemishini, ukuqaphela ubuso, ukumba imishini yezimayini .Ungathinta inqubo efanele. Uma uhulumeni eqoqa ubufakazi ngaphandle kwemvume noma ehluleka ukuveza indlela athola ngayo ukwaziswa kobuchwepheshe, abamangalelwa bangancishwa ithuba elihle lokubekela ubufakazi inselele. INkantolo Ephakeme iqale ukusingatha lezi zimo ezinjengale Carpeter v. United States (208), eyayithi uhulumeni ngokuvamile udinga imvume yokuthola amarekhodi e-parters.

Izinkantolo Zokufuduka Nokuqothulwa

Imicimbi yokuthuthwa kwezwe ngokuvamile ayinazo izivikelo ezigcwele ezifanele zenqubo yenkantolo yobugebengu. Abantu abangakhokhi bangavalelwa izinyanga eziningi ngaphandle kwesibopho, ukungatholi mvume yokukhipha iseluleko somthetho esikhululekile, noma ukudingiswa ngaphandle kokubona umahluleli ongakhethi. Imibiko yokuzwa ngokuphamazela nokufinyela kolimi olulinganiselwe iye yaphakamisa izinhlabamkhosi. Amaqembu amaqembu obugebengu ayaqhubeka esunduzela ukubuyisela izinguquko ukuze kubuyiselwe inqubo efanele esimisweni sokufuduka.

Isiyalo Sabafundi Nesiqu SaseCampes IX Siyaqhubeka

Amakholiji namayunivesithi kumelwe alinganise ukuphepha kwe-olleji kanye namalungelo abafundi abamangalelwa. Izenzakalo eziphezulu ezisemfazaneni ziye zaholela ezinguqulweni endleleni izikole ezisingatha ngayo izinsolo zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili. Ukubusa koMnyango wezemfundo ka-2020 Isihloko IX kuqinisa ilungelo lokuzwa nokuhlola okuphilile, okubonisa izimiso ezifanele. Nokho, izimpikiswano ziyaqhubeka phezu kwezinga lenqubo elanele ezifundweni zemfundo.

Indlela Imfundo Engaqinisa Ngayo Amalungelo Okuqhuba Afanele

Lapho izakhamuzi ziwaqonda amalungelo azo, ziyoqaphela ukuthi zikhohliswa futhi zifuna ukulandisa.

Imfundo Eyizinhlamvu Ezikoleni

Imfundo ehambisana nezincwadi zomphakathi kufanele ihlanganise iSigqizo seMikhathi yamalungelo abantu, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane nezenzakalo ezifanele zenqubo. Abafundi abafunda nge Gideon kanye nama-Marnda[ esikoleni esiphakeme bahlonyiswe kangcono ukuqinisa amalungelo abo njengabantu abadala. Izifunda eziningi manje zidinga izivumelwano zokuhlolwa, kodwa eziningi zingagcizelelwa ukuze kugcizelelwe ulwazi olusebenzayo lwenqubo efanelekile yokubiza.

Izikhungo Zomthetho Zomphakathi

Izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo nama-bar ngokuvamile zinamashabhu ehholo mahhala kumalungelo abaqashi, umthetho womkhaya, nokusebenzelana namaphoyisa. Ukuya emicimbini enjalo kungakusiza ukuba ufunde izisekelo zenqubo efanele ezimweni zansuku zonke. Amaqembu anjenge- Services Services isekela izinhlelo ezinjalo ezweni lonke.

Imithombo yezincwadi neziqondiso zobudoda

I-ACLU, i-National Lawers Guild, nezinye izinhlangano zinikeza iziqondisi ezikwazi ukukopishwa ngenqubo efanele yezenzakalo ezithile . njengokuthi yini ongayenza uma umiswa amaphoyisa, noma ukuthi ungalifaka kanjani igalelo lokuphika okuzuzisayo. Izincwadi ezithembekile futhi ziwahlanganyele nomkhaya nabangane.

Isiphetho

Inqubo ayiyona inqubo edingayo, kodwa isivikelo kuhulumeni ophathwe kabi. Kusukela elungelweni ukuya kummeli kuya elungelweni lobulungisa, lezi zivikelo ziqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso somthetho siphatha wonke umuntu ngesithunzi nangobulungisa. Ukuqaphela lapho lezozivikelo zenziwe yisinyathelo sokuqala sokubeka uhulumeni icala.

Uma usola ukwephulwa komthetho, wenze ngokushesha: bhala yonke into, thintana nommeli ofanelekayo, futhi uphishekele ukudluliswa kwezicelo zangaphakathi noma isinyathelo esingokomthetho njengoba kudingeka. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho nokukhuluma lapho enyathelwa phansi, usiza ekulondolozeni inqubo efanele kuwo wonke umuntu.