Table of Contents

Uma izinkantolo zihlola amacala okukhuluma ngenkululeko, zingenela inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi elinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokumelene nezithakazelo zikahulumeni. Lolu hlelo lwesinqumo luye lwavela emashumini amaningi eminyaka echaza umthetho-sisekelo, ludala umthetho oyinkimbinkimbi onqumayo ukuthi inkulumo ithola nini isivikelo futhi lapho uhulumeni engase abeke imingcele ngokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo lezi zinkantolo ezidinga ukuhlola izindinganiso ezingokomthetho, izimiso zomthetho, nezimiso zomthetho eziqondisa ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela ekwamungenisweni kokuqala.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sesivikelo Sokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sivikela "inkululeko yokukhuluma," kodwa lesosivikelo asisona esiphelele. I-Free Speech Clause ngokuyinhloko inqanda umthetho kahulumeni wenkulumo yangasese. Lesivikelo esiyisisekelo sisebenza njengesisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sisiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziveze imibono, zigxeke izenzo zikahulumeni, futhi zihlanganyele enkulumweni yomphakathi ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela kukahulumeni.

Imingcele yokukhuluma ebekwe yizinhlangano ezizimele, futhi imingcele kahulumeni enkulumweni yayo, ngokuvamile ayidingi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kuyagxeka: ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela abantu ekucushweni kukahulumeni, hhayi emiphumeleni ebekwa abaqashi abazimele, amapulatifomu ezenhlalo, noma abanye abadlali abangewona ababusi. Isivikelo somthetho ngokomthetho sisebenza ngokuqondile ekuthatheni isinyathelo sikahulumeni, umbuso, noma endaweni.

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sanamuhla siveza umthetho wecala owenziwe iNkantolo Ephakeme iminyaka engaphezu kwengu - 80, kanye nezinqumo ezingamakhulu ezithinta imibono, ukuhlukana, nomthetho ezisebenza ezinkantolo ngezinselele zokukhuluma ngenkululeko namuhla. Le ndikimba enkulu yesibonelo yenza uhlelo olucacile izinkantolo okumelwe zilusebenzise lapho zihlola ukuthi isithiyo esithile senkulumo siphula isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Umsebenzi Ovamile: Ukunquma Ukuthi Yimuphi Umkhakha Ongokomthetho Ovamile

Akukho kuhlola okukodwa okunesilinganiso sokunquma ukuthi umthetho wokukhuluma uhambisana yini neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Kunalokho, izinkantolo kumelwe zisebenze ngochungechunge lwemibuzo yemivuzo engokomthetho ukuze kutholakale ukuthi isiphi indinganiso esebenzayo ecaleni elithile. Uma i-ligigant iphakamisa isiphakamiso sokuqala noma isivikelo enkantolo, ukuhlaziya okuningi kwenkululeko yokukhuluma kuqondiswe ekunqumeni ukuthi izindinganiso ezifanele zomthetho ezibekelwe inselelekile noma isenzo sikahulumeni. Lokho kuhlaziya ngokuvamile kusebenza ngemibuzo ejwayelekile, kuhlanganise nalena: Ingabe uhulumeni uqondisa noma ukuziphatha okungekucindezelayo? Inkulumo evikelwe noma engavikelwa? Intengo? Intembe noma intelekelelo?

Izimpendulo zalemibuzo zinquma ukuthi isilinganiso sini sokuhlola kokwahlulela esisebenzayo, ngokuvamile esinquma umphumela wecala. Ukukhetha izinga lokuhlola kuyaqhubeka kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela wecala. Lokhu kwenza ukuhlelwa kokuqala kwenkulumo nokwenziwa kwemithetho kahulumeni kube okubaluleke kakhulu kulokhu kuhlola.

Ukuvikelwa Nokungavikelwa Kwenkulumo

Sekuyisikhathi eside iNkantolo Ephakeme ichaza i-Clause njengelula kakhulu ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni yenkulumo "evikelwe" (kuhlanganise nezinye izinhlobo zokuziphatha okubonisayo) kuyilapho inikeza uhulumeni inkululeko enkulu yokulawula izigaba ezimbalwa ezilinganiselwe iNkantolo eye yazibheka njengezingavikeleki kakhulu. Lendlela ecacile iveza umnyango wokuqala: izinkantolo kumelwe kuqala zinqume ukuthi inkulumo ehambisana nempikiswano ingena phakathi kwenkulumo engavikelekile.

Ngokuvamile iNkantolo ichaza lezizigaba njengezenzo ezihlazisayo, ukuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, ukugqugquzela, amazwi okulwa, izinsongo zeqiniso, inkulumo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuziphatheni kobugebengu, nasezithombeni ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana.

Indlela yamanje yeNkantolo Ephakeme yokukhuluma ayicacile ngokuphelele. Okusho ukuthi, ngenxa nje yokuthi umthetho uhlanganisa inkulumo evikelekile akusho ukuthi umthetho uwephula ngokuzenzakalelayo i-Free Speecolas. Ngokufanayo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala singanikeza izizathu zokubekela inselele umthetho wokulawula inkulumo engavikelekile. Lendlela ecacile isho ukuthi ngisho noma inkulumo ingena esigabeni esingavikelekile ngokwesiko, izinkantolo zingahlola ukuthi uhulumeni uyilawula kanjani leyo nkulumo.

Isekelwe ekuqukethe ngokuqhathaniswa nemingcele yokungathathi hlangothi

Enye yezindlela ezivelele kakhulu zokuhlukanisa phakathi kokuhlaziya inkululeko yokukhuluma ihlanganisa ukuthi umthetho ulawula ukukhuluma okusekelwe ekuqukethe noma ngendlela engekho emthethweni. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi imithetho evimbela noma eshukumisayo esekelwe ekuqukethe inamandla okukhipha imibono ethile noma imibono empikiswaneni yomphakathi. INkantolo ibheka imithetho enjalo "yokungavumelani nomthetho osekelwe ekuhlonishweni" njenge "ukungavumelani nomthetho ongokwesiko"."

Isithiyo esisekelwe ekuqukethe umthetho noma umthetho obheke izigijimi noma izinkolelo ezithile, kunokuba ubheke phambili endleleni yokuxhumana. Ngamanye amazwi, iphatha izinhlobo zenkulumo noma amazwi ngendlela ehlukile, kuye ngesigijimi sayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenqabela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zikahulumeni kodwa uvumele ukudunyiswa kungasekelwe ngoba uhlukanisa phakathi kwemiyalezo ehlukene esekelwe endabeni yazo.

Umthetho ohlukanisayo osekelwe embonweni lapho ulawula inkulumo esekelwe emfundisweni ethile noma emibonweni evezwayo noma ethanda olunye uhlangothi lwempikiswano, ngokuphambene nokuqondisa inkulumo ngendaba ebanzi noma isihloko. Ukubheka izinto ngokwawo kumelela uhlobo olunenkinga kakhulu lwemithetho esekelwe ekubekeni i-option. Imithetho esekelwe ekuboneni izinto iyingozi enkulu yokucindezelwa kwemibono engathandeki nguhulumeni. Ngakho, iNkantolo ngezinye izikhathi iye yathi imithetho enjalo ayivumelani nemithetho ngaphandle kokuthatha isinyathelo sokuhlaziya okuqinile.

Izizinda Zokucusumbula Kokwahlulela Ezicabangweni Zokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo sokuqala sanamuhla siye sadonsela ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlu zokwahlulela ezisukela ekubukezeni okunengqondo (indinganiso elinganiselwe yomthetho-sisekelo) kuya ekuhloleni ngokunemba (indinganiso enzima kahulumeni ukuze yanelise). Lezizinhlohlo zimelela izigaba ezihlukahlukene zokungaqiniseki komthetho ngesenzo sikahulumeni, ngokuhlola okudinga ukulunga okunamandla kakhulu kukahulumeni.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile: Isimiso Sokubukeza Esiphakeme Kunakho Konke

Ukuhlolisisa okuqinile kuwukubukeza okukhulu kakhulu izinkantolo ezikusebenzisayo ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho iwumthetho-mthetho. Umthetho olinganisela inkululeko yokukhuluma noma yenkolo kumelwe ufinyelele isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo endleleni engabekelwe mingcele. Lendinganiso efuna njalo isebenza kakhulu emithethweni esekelwe ekukhulumeni.

Ukunquma ukuthi umthetho osekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo udlulisa ukuhlangana komthetho-sisekelo, izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa indinganiso engokomthetho ebizwa ngokuthi ukucubungula okuqinile, ngaphansi kwayo uhulumeni okumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho uyizindlela "ezivimbelayo" zokuthuthukisa isithakazelo sikahulumeni. Zombili izici zalokhu kuhlola kumelwe zaneliswe: uhulumeni kumelwe aphawule isithakazelo esinamandla, futhi umthetho kumelwe uhlonyiselwe kancane ukuze ufinyelele lesosithakazelo ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezilinganiselwe kakhulu ezikhona.

Uhulumeni awuvamile ukubuswa ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa okuqinile. Ngempela, uprofesa wezomthetho uGerald Gunther ngokudume ngokuthi "umthetho osekelwe emfundisweni, obulalayo ngempela." Lokhu kuveza iqiniso lokuthi imithetho eminingi ehlolwe ngokunembe kakhulu ithathwa njengengagunyazi. ESimisweni sokuqala, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela umthetho kodwa yaneliswa kakhulu ku-Handerr no-Provice Project eqinile. (200), lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme isekela khona umthetho kahulumeni owenqabela ukusekela izinto ezibonakalayo enhlanganweni yamaphekula. Kuwo kanye — kuwo wonke umlando weNkathi Ephakeme — yenza imingcele esekelwe ekuhlolweni okuhlolwa okuqinile kwenkulumo: iminyaka engu-9 ngemva kwe-9/11, ukuvikela omunye ukuhlasela kwephekulasha.

Imfuneko elinganiselwe yokulungisa ngaphansi kokuhlolisisa idinga ukunemba ekuhleleni imithetho. Ukuze uhulumeni anelise ukucubungula okuqinile, kumelwe abonise ukuthi umthetho uhlangabezana nesithakazelo sikahulumeni esicindezelayo nokuthi umthetho uyasetshenziswa usebenzisa izindlela ezingabekelwe mingcele. Nokho, ukuhlobanisa kudinga ukuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zikhiphe imithetho engabanzi kakhulu, kodwa akudingi ukuba imithetho iphelele. Imithetho kumelwe ilungiswe kancane, kodwa "ayilinganiswe ngokuphelele."

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi: Indawo Ephakathi

Kukhona iqoqo eliphakathi lokubukeza, ukuhlola okuphakathi, lapho isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sihlobene kakhulu nomgomo kahulumeni obalulekile. Lendinganiso ayidingeki kakhulu kunokuhlolisisa ngokuqinile kodwa iqinile kunesisekelo esinengqondo. Ukuhlola okuvamile kusebenza ezimisweni zokuthula ezingaphakathi zomlomo nasezinhlotsheni ezithile zenkulumo evikelwe kodwa enezinga eliphansi, njengokukhangisa kwezentengiselwano.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho elawula inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe (i.e., indaba yayo, isihloko, noma umbono) ihlolwa kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezimiso zenkulumo yezentengiselwano (isizk., izikhangiso zemikhiqizo), ngokuvamile ezithola ukucushwa okuphakathi. Inkulumo yezentengiselwano, nakuba ivikelwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, ithola izinga eliphansi lesivikelo ngoba ngokuyinhloko iveza ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho kunokuba ineqhaza enkulumweni yezombangazwe noma emakethe yemiqondo.

Inkulumo yezentengiselwano "imane nje ihlongoze ukuthengiselwa kwezentengiselwano," noma ihlanganise "kakhulu kakhulu ngenxa yenzuzo yezentengiselwano yesikhulumi nezilaleli zaso" ngenxa yale misebenzi elinganiselwe kakhulu, izinkantolo zisebenzisa indinganiso engaqinile lapho zihlola imingcele yokukhangisa kwezentengiselwano kanye nenkulumo efanayo.

Ukubukeza Ngesisekelo Sokuzithethelela: Indinganiso Engahloniphekile Kakhulu

Kuso sonke isisekelo esiphansi kakhulu sokuhlola kunezici ezinengqondo ezibukezwayo, okudinga kuphela ukuba umthetho uhlolwe ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Uma kuphikiswa ilungelo eliyisisekelo eliqinisekiswe umthetho-sisekelo, noma ukucwaswa kwedlanzana elingenalwazi ngomlando, izinkantolo zisola kakhulu uhulumeni futhi zifuna ukuba uhlangabezane nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuhlola okuqinile. Lokhu kudinga ukuba uhulumeni abonise ukuthi isinyathelo sakhe siyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe injongo eqinile. Ngokungafani, ukubukezwa okunengqondo kubaluleke kakhulu esinyatheloni sikahulumeni futhi akuvamile ukusetshenziswa ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zenkulumo.

Izinhlobo Zenkulumo Engavikelwanga

Ukuqonda izigaba zenkulumo engavikelekile kubalulekile ekuhloleni indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amacala okukhuluma. Uma inkulumo ingena phakathi kolunye lwalezi zigaba eziwumngcingo, uhulumeni unenkululeko enkulu yokuyilawula noma yokuyinqabela ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Nokho, lezi zigaba zichazwa kancane futhi zingakwazi ukuthuthukiswa kakhulu phakathi namashumi eminyaka.

Ukushukumiseleka Esenzeni Esingenamthetho

EBrandenburg v.O., iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ukukhuthazwa kokusetshenziswa kwegunya noma ukwephulwa komthetho "ngaphandle kwalapho ukuphamba okunjalo kuqondiswe khona ekuvuseleleni noma ekubangeleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo futhi ngokunokwenzeka sikhuthaza noma sibangele isenzo esinjalo." Lendinganiso, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kweBrandenburg, imelela isivikelo esiphawulekayo senkulumo yezombangazwe nesigaba sokubusa.

Indinganiso yeBrandenburg idinga izici ezintathu: inkulumo kumelwe iqondiswe ekushukumiseni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo, futhi kumelwe ukuba kuvele isenzo esinjalo, futhi kumelwe sisondele. Ukulawula ubudlova noma ukwephulwa komthetho, ngaphandle kwenhloso namathuba okuveza ukuziphatha okungemthetho okusheshayo, kuhlala kuyisikhala esivikelwe. Lesi siqobo siqinisekisa ukuthi ukungavumelani kwezombangazwe nempi ephikisayo nempikiswayo ithola isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mfantula.

Usongo Lweqiniso

Ukusongela kobudlova kwangempela okuqondiswe kumuntu noma eqenjini labantu abahlose ukubeka isisulu engozini yokulimala emzimbeni noma ukufa ngokuvamile akuvikelekile. Nokho, kunezinto eziningi ezihlukile. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi "izingozi zingase zingajeziswa uma umuntu onengqondo engaziqonda njengehaba elisobala" imfundiso eyiqiniso ivumela uhulumeni ukuba anqabe inkulumo esongela ngempela ubudlova kuyilapho ivikela ihaba eliyihaba nenkulumo yezombangazwe.

Uphenyo oluyinhloko lugxila ekutheni umuntu ocabangelayo angawachaza yini amazwi abonisa ukuthi uhlose ubudlova, abheke umongo nezimo ezihlobene nokukhulumisana.

Amazwi Alwayo

Ku-Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaphikisa ukuthi inkulumo ayivikelekile uma isho "amazwi alwayo"". Ukulwa amagama, njengoba kuchazwa iNkantolo, inkulumo ethi "ihlome [s] ukuvuselela ukuphuka okusheshayo kokuthula" ngokubangela ukulwa, uma nje kuyilo "igama elihlambalazayo], lapho libhekiswa esakhamuzini esivamile, cishe liyindaba yolwazi oluvamile, ngokunokwenzeka elivusa ukusabela kobudlova.""

Yilawo alwayo, ngawo kanye umsebenzi wokukhuluma, athambekele ekushukumiseni umuntu abhekiswe kuye ukuba aphendule ngobudlova futhi enze kanjalo ngokushesha, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokucabanga. Isigaba samagama okulwayo siwuhlelo olulinganiselwe kakhulu lwenkulumo, oluhlanganisa kuphela ukuxhumana okubonakala kungenza umuntu athathe isinyathelo ngokushesha nangobudlova. Uma kunjalo, loluhlobo luncishiswe kakhulu phakathi namashumi eminyaka futhi akuvamile ukubizwa ngempumelelo ukuthethelela imingcele yokukhuluma.

Ububi

Ngaphansi kokuhlolwa kweMiller, inkulumo ayivikelekile uma "umuntu ovamile, usebenzisa izindinganiso zomphakathi zamanje, engathola ukuthi [isihloko noma umsebenzi oxoxwayo], uthathwa njengeqembu, unxusa isithakazelo esiphambili", "umsebenzi ubonisa noma uchaza, ngendlela ephambene, ukuziphatha kobulili noma imisebenzi echazwa ngokuqondile umthetho wezwe osebenzayo" kanye "nomsebenzi, othathwe uwonke, ongenawo umbhalo ongathi sína, owesayensi, noma onokubaluleka okungokwesayensi."

Zonke izilinganiso ezintathu zokuhlolwa kweMiller kumelwe zaneliswe ukuze ukwaziswa kubhekwe njengokuyichilo ngokomthetho. Lokhu kwakha ibhande eliphakeme elivikela izinto ezicashe kakhulu ngobulili, ikakhulukazi uma zinenani elingathi sína lezincwadi, lobuciko, lezombangazwe, noma lezesayensi. Izindinganiso zomphakathi zisho ukuthi lokho okuwubuhlazo kungase kuhlukahluka ngokwezinga elithile, nakuba ukubaluleka okukhulu kulinganiswa umuntu onengqondo wesizwe.

Ukuphica

Ukulahla kuyisisho seqiniso sokuthi (1) kukhulunyelwa kowesithathu; (2) kwenziwa ngesimo esidingekile somthwalo wecala wengqondo; futhi (3) kulimaza idumela lomuntu. Ukuhlambalaza, inkulumo kumelwe ibe ukugomela kweqiniso (kunokugomela nje noma ihaba elingenampendulo) futhi kukwazi ukubonakala kungamanga.

Uma umuntu okuthiwa unyundelwe ungumuntu osobala, kumelwe abonise ukuthi unya olungokoqobo" — okungukuthi, isikhulumi sasho lamazwi ngolwazi lokuqamba kwaso noma ngokunganaki iqiniso. Umuntu ongeyena umphakathi udinga ukumane abonise ukuthi isikhulumi asinandaba nokusho lamazwi amanga. Lomehluko, owasungulwa eNew York Times v. Sullivan, unikeza indawo yokuphefumula yenkulumo eqinile ngezibalo zomphakathi kuyilapho usavikela abantu ekulimaleni okunedumela okubangelwa yinkulumo engamanga.

Izinto Ezisetshenziswa Kabi Ezinganeni

INkantolo Ephakeme eNew York v. uFerber waqaphela "izithombe ezingcolile zobulili zabantwana"" manje kubhekiselwa kuye ngokuthi "izinto zokuxhashazwa ngokobulili" noma "CSAM"" njengokungathi uhlobo lwenkulumo engavikelekile ehlukaniswe nenhlamba. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ukukhangisa nokuthengiswa kwezinto ezinjalo kusemkhubeni wobugebengu oyinhloko wokukhiqizwa kwazo. Njengoba kuchazwe kuFerber, loluhlobo lwenkulumo elula luhlanganisa izinto "ngokuzenza izingane zifanekise ukuziphatha kobulili ngezansi kwenkathi ethile"

Ngaphandle komfanekiso womntwana ongokoqobo, izinto ezinjalo zingabhekwa njengenhlabo evikelekile (ngaphandle kokuba ihlanekezelwe ngokomthetho). Lomehluko ubalulekile: isithakazelo sikahulumeni esishukumisayo sokuvikela izingane ekuxhashazweni ngokobulili esigunyaza izinto ezibonisa izinto ezingokoqobo ezincane, kodwa imifanekiso ebhalwe ngecomputer noma eqanjiwe ingathola isivikelo uma zingahlangani novivinyo oluhlukile lokuhlazisa.

Ukukhwabanisa

INkantolo ithe izinkulumo ezingamanga zingakha isisekelo sokunye ukulimala okuqashelwayo "ngokomthetho" njengokuhlambalaza noma ukukhohlisa. "isenzo sokukhohlisa esihlelwe ngokufanelekile" singadinga ubufakazi "bokumelela okungamanga kweqiniso," ulwazi "lokuthi ukumelelwa kwakungamanga," "ozimisele ukudukisa olalele," nokuncika ngokulimaza noma ngokulimaza olalele. Inkulumo yokukhohlisa ayitholi sivikelo sokuqala ngoba ihilela ukukhohlisa ngenhloso ukuze umuntu azuze kunokuba ahlanganyele enkulumweni yakhe.

Izinto Ezibalulekile Okumelwe Zicatshangelwe: Indawo Ezungezile Nezimo

Ngaphandle kokunquma isigaba senkulumo nezinga elifanele lokuhlola, izinkantolo kumelwe zihlolisise umongo oqondile nezimo ezihlobene nenkulumo ehilelekile. Ngemva kokunquma ukuthi icala lihlanganisa inkulumo evikelekile, isinyathelo esilandelayo ekuhlaziyweni kweSichibiyelo sokuqala ngokuvamile ukunquma ukuthi isilinganiso singakanani sokuhlola noma indinganiso engokomthetho esebenzayo. Impendulo yalowo mbuzo ingaxhomeke ohlotsheni lwenkulumo evikelweyo kanye nasezicini ezengeziwe, njengalapho inkulumo isebenza khona nendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo.

Imfundiso Yomphakathi Yokuzihlela

Indawo lapho inkulumo iqala khona ithinta kakhulu izinga lesivikelo eyitholayo. Imfundiso yomphakathi yezemfundo ihlukanisa izakhiwo zikahulumeni ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-staum, ngayinye enemithetho ehlukene elawula imingcele yokukhuluma. Izindawo zomphakathi ezingokwesiko, njengemigwaqo, imigwaqo, nezindawo zokupaka, ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuhlangana komphakathi nenkulumo-mpikiswano futhi zathola izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lesivikelo. Imingcele esekelwe kumthetho wesiko iyahlolwa kakhulu.

Ama-counmet akhethwe uhulumeni uvulele ngamabomu imisebenzi edinga ukuboniswa, njengamagumbi okuhlangana ezakhiweni zomphakathi noma eyunivesithi alungiselelwe amaqembu abafundi. La ma-foum athola isivikelo esifanayo emphakathini ovamile kuyilapho ehlala evulekile ukuze asetshenziswe umphakathi. Ama-orum alinganiselwe avuleka ukuze kusetshenziswe uhlobo oluthile lwenkulumo noma izikhulumi ezithile, futhi uhulumeni angabeka imingcele enengqondo ehlobene nenjongo ye-orum.

Izindawo zomphakathi ezingahlanganisi izakhiwo zikahulumeni ezingasungulwanga ngokwesiko noma ngamabomu ukuze ziboniswe umphakathi, njengezikhungo zezempi, amajele, noma amahhovisi kahulumeni. Kungekho uhulumeni, uhulumeni unenkululeko enkulu yokuvimbela inkulumo, nakuba imingcele ingakalingani futhi ikwazi ukubheka izinto ngendlela enengqondo.

Imingcele Yesikhathi, Indawo, Neyomuntu

Ngisho nasezindaweni zomphakathi ezingokwesiko, uhulumeni ungabeka imingcele elinganiselwe, esendaweni, nendlela yokukhuluma. Lezimiso eziqukethe kumelwe zilungiswe kancane ukuze zinikeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esibalulekile futhi kumelwe zishiye eminye imikhondo evulekile yokuxhumana. Ngokwesibonelo, idolobha lingase lidinge imvume enkulu yokulawula izimoto nokuphepha komphakathi, noma lingase livimbele ukusetshenziswa kwemibhoshongo ebusuku ezindaweni ezihlala abantu.

Isihluthulelo sesikhathi esisemthethweni, indawo, nendlela yokuvimbela ukuthi kumelwe baneliseke ngempela--ethential", abanakushukunyiswa ukungavumelani nomyalezo wesikhulumi noma ukusekela imibono ethile kwabanye. Izinkantolo zihlolisisa ngokucophelela iziqondiso ezinjalo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuthi aziyona imizamo yangaphambi kokuba kubhalwe amagama angamukeleki.

Uhulumeni Njengomqashi, Umfundisi, Noma Umgqugquzeli

Yebo, ukuhlolisisa umthetho, kuphela uma imingcele ibekwa uhulumeni esebenza njengombusi, futhi hhayi, ngokwesibonelo, njengomqashi, umninindlu, noma umfundisi wesikole esiyinhloko noma esisekhondari, lapho ikhona ekhaliphile khona. Uma uhulumeni esebenza ngekhono elingelona elobubusi, imithetho ehlukile ingasebenza.

Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni njengomqashi angase abeke imingcele enengqondo enkulumweni yezisebenzi ephathelene nemisebenzi engokomthetho noma ephazamisa imisebenzi yomsebenzi, ngisho nakuba imingcele efanayo ezakhamuzini ngokuvamile ingephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. izikole zomphakathi zingase zilawule inkulumo yabafundi ngezindlela ezingamukeleki uma zisetshenziswa kubantu abadala ezindaweni zomphakathi, ikakhulukazi lapho inkulumo ingcolile, ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa okungemthetho kwezidakamizwa, noma iphazamisa kakhulu isimo semfundo.

Izimfundiso Ezingokwesayensi Ezimweni Zokukhuluma

Ngalé kwezindinganiso eziphansi, izimfundiso eziningana ezisekelwe ezimisweni zithonya indlela izinkantolo ezibheka ngayo izinselele zokukhuluma ngokukhululekile.

Imfundiso Eyisinkwa Esingaphezu Kwevamile

Ukulungisa okuncane kuhlangene nemfundiso eyisinkwa ngokweqile, enxuswa yiNkantolo lapho umthetho ushayisa kakhulu futhi uvimbela ukuvikelwa, kanye nokungavikelwa, ukubonakaliswa. Ngaphansi kwemfundiso enzima, umuntu onkulumo yakhe siqu ingase ibekwe ngokwemithetho ingabekela umthetho inselele uma ivimbela isilinganiso esithe ukuba abantu bakhulume ngokuvikelwe. Lokhu ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile iqaphela ukuthi imithetho evikelwe kakhulu ngokungaqiniseki ukuthi iphi.

Ukuze umthetho uqedwe njengezwe elishisiwe, isinkwa esingaphezu kwesomthetho kumelwe sibe sikhulu uma siqhathaniswa nokushayelwa umthetho okusemthethweni. Izinkantolo azinakuwenza ngasebenzi umthetho owenziwe ngokwezinga eliphansi kodwa ziyokwenza uma ingxenye enkulu yezicelo zomthetho iphula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Imfundiso Yokuxabana

Umthetho ubhekwa njengongacacile uma ubhalwe ngendlela eyenza kube nzima ngabantu ukwazi ukuthi izenzo zabo — kulendaba, ukusebenzisa inkululeko yabo yokulungisa Yokuqala — kuphula umthetho. Imithetho yamabhande ivame ukuphumela ekuzibekeleni inkathazo futhi ngokuvamile ibangele ukuba kube khona amathuba okugcinwa okungalingani. Imfundiso engacacile idinga ukuba imithetho evimbela ukukhuluma inikeze ukuqashelwa okucacile kokuvinjelwa nokumiswa kwezindinganiso zokuvimbela ukugcinwa komthetho.

Uma umthetho uhluleka ukuchaza inkulumo eyenqatshelwe ngokucacile ngokwanele, kungase kubhekwe njengokungaqondakali. lokhu kuvikela izikhulu ukuba zingaqageli ukuthi iyiphi inkulumo engase izifake eziphazameni zobugebengu noma zomphakathi futhi kuvimbele izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zingabe zisanquma ngokungeyikho ekunqumeni ukuthi iyiphi inkulumo yokujezisa.

Iziphazamiso Ezingaphambi

Ngaphambi kwemithetho − izenzo zikahulumeni ezivimbela ukukhuluma ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke − zibhekene nombono onzima wokumelene nokusebenza komthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba uhulumeni engase ajezise inkulumo ethile ngemva kokuba yenzekile, ukuvimbela inkulumo kusengaphambili kuphakamise ukukhathazeka okukhethekile kweSichibiyelo sokuQala. Imithetho yeNkantolo enqabela ukukhishwa kwencwadi, izinhlelo ezifuna ukuvunyelwa kokukhuluma, futhi imiyalo emelene nokubekwa kwenkulumo esikhathini esizayo konke kuhlanganisa izithiyo ezibekwa ngaphambi kokuba zihlolwe kakhulu.

INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela izimo ezincane kuphela lapho ukuvinjelwa ngaphambi kokuba kuvunywe khona, njengokuvimbela ukunyatheliswa kwezinhlangano zamasosha ngesikhathi sempi noma ukunqabela inkulumo eyophula umyalo wenkantolo osemthethweni. Ngisho nakulezi zimo ezilinganiselwe, uhulumeni unomthwalo onzima wokuzithethelela.

Izindaba Ezikhethekile Nezindaba Eziqhubekayo

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nomphakathi kushintsha, izinkantolo ziyaqhubeka zilwisana nendlela izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo Sokuqala ezisebenza ngayo ezimweni ezintsha.

Inkulumo Engokomfanekiso Nokuziphatha Okubonisa Isineke

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli nje kuphela ukukhuluma namazwi alotshiwe kodwa futhi nenkulumo engokomfanekiso nokuziphatha okungokomfanekiso.

Uma uhulumeni elawula ukuziphatha okunezici ezivezayo nezingacindezelanga, izinkantolo zisebenzisa indinganiso ehlukile kunemingcele yokukhuluma ehlanzekile. Isimiso kumelwe sibe ngaphakathi kwamandla omthetho sisekelo kahulumeni, kumelwe siqhubekisele phambili isithakazelo esibalulekile sikahulumeni, isithakazelo kumelwe singafani nokucindezelwa kwenkulumo, futhi noma imuphi umngcele olindelekile owenqatshelwe ekukhulumeni akumelwe ube mkhulu ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekile ukuze uqhubekisele phambili isithakazelo.

Izinqubo Zokuxhumana Nezinombolo

I-Internet nezokuxhumana kuye kwakha izinselele ezintsha zemfundiso yokukhuluma ngenkululeko. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi izimiso ezingokwesiko zisebenza kanjani ekukhulumeni nge - Internet, eziqukethe ngokulinganisela ngezindawo zomuntu siqu, nangemithetho kahulumeni yokukhuluma ngemishini. Imibuzo ngemibandela yesikhulumi, ukufakwa kwemithetho esemthethweni, nemingcele kahulumeni ethonya izinqumo zokulinganisela ezikuqukethe kuyaqhubeka kuveza ukuhlaziywa nenkulumo - mpikiswano yezazi.

Nakuba izimiso eziyisisekelo zeSichibiyelo sokuqala zingaguquguquki, ukusebenzisa kwazo ukuxhumana ngemishini kudinga ukuhlaziywa kokuhlola indlela inkulumo ye-inthanethi ehluke ngayo kwezemithombo yezindaba engokwesiko nezokuxhumana okusebusweni. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele isithakazelo esikhululekile ngokumelene nokukhathazeka okungaqondile, ukuhlukunyezwa, nezici eziyingqayizivele zokuxhumana nge-intanethi.

Inkulumo Ephoqelelayo

Izimfuneko zikahulumeni ezithi abantu noma izinhlangano zikhiphe imiyalezo ethile noma zihlanganise okuthile ezingxoxweni zazo kungase kwephule iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Amacala okuphoqelela ahilela ukudalulwa okuphoqelelwe, ukuthatha isinyathelo sokukhuluma, nokugunyazwa uhulumeni ukuba ahlanganise imiyalezo ethile.

Izinkantolo zisebenza ekuhloleni kakhulu izimfuneko zokukhuluma eziphoqelelwe, nakuba izinga lokuhlola lingase lihluka kuye ngomongo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimfuneko zentengiselwano zingathola ukubukezwa okuhloniphekile kunezimfuneko ezithi abantu basekele izigijimi zemibono. Uphenyo oluyinhloko lugxila ekutheni uhulumeni uyisici esiphoqelelayo sombono othile noma ufuna nje ukudalulwa okuyiqiniso.

Inqubo Yokulinganisela Esetshenziswayo

Ngisho nalapho uhulumeni eqondisa inkulumo yomuntu siqu, inkantolo ebukeza inselele yesiHlanzi Sokuqala ingase inqume ukuthi lo mthetho uvumelana neSichibiyelo Sokuqala uma usekelwa isithakazelo sikahulumeni esanele nendlela efanele yokusingatha inkulumo.

Ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela kulinganisa isithakazelo somuntu sokuveza isithakazelo sakhe ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekuqondiseni. Nokho, lokhu akukona nje ukulinganisela izifiso zokuncintisana ngezilinganiso ezifanayo. Isichibiyeli sokuqala siveza ukukhetha okunamandla okusekela inkululeko yokukhuluma, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuthethelela imingcele. Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo linquma ukuthi lowomthwalo unzima kangakanani nokuthi izinkantolo ziyohlola kanjani izaba ezisekelwe kuhulumeni.

Ekusebenziseni inqubo yokuhlola okuqinile, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba uhulumeni abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo [1] esinye somthetho ophakeme kakhulu, hhayi nje ukuzikhethela noma ukuvumelana. Uhulumeni futhi kumelwe abonise ukuthi lo mthetho ubekwe ngokulinganiselwe, okusho ukuthi usebenzisa izindlela ezingezinkulu kakhulu ezitholakalayo ukuze kufinyelelwe isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Uma kukhona ezinye izindlela ezingasibekeli kakhulu imingcele ezingafeza injongo kahulumeni, imingcele ihluleka ukucusumbula ngokuqinile.

Ngaphansi kokuhlola okuphakathi, umthwalo kahulumeni ulula kodwa usaba namandla. Isithakazelo sidinga kuphela ukuba sibaluleke kunokuba siphoqelele, futhi usayizi phakathi kwezindlela nezingakhothozi udinga kuphela ukuba ube namandla kunenye eqinile. Noma kunjalo, ukuhlola okuphakathi kudinga ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okunenjongo nemingcele engenziwanga kahle ngokwezinjongo zabo ezishiwo.

Imibono Evamile Enganembile Ngenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukuqonda lokho iSichibiyelo Sokuqala esikwenzayo nokungakuvikeli kuyasiza ekuchazeni indlela izinkantolo ezisingatha ngayo lamacala kufanele kucaciswe.

Zonda Inkulumo Nezenzo Ezicasulayo

Ngokuphambene nemibono ephikisayo ethandwa kakhulu, "ukuzonda inkulumo" ngokuvamile kuvikelwa yiSichibiyelo sokuqala. Lokhu kuye kwamiswa umthetho iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Inkulumo yenzondo ayiyona isivikelo esivamile seSichibiyelo sokuqala. Nakuba inkulumo yenzondo ingase ibe necala ngokokuziphatha futhi ilimaza umphakathi, ngokuvamile ithola isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba ingena phakathi kohlobo oluncane lwenkulumo engavikelekile, njengosongo lweqiniso noma ukugqugquzelwa kwesenzo sokungabi namthetho esisondelayo.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ecasulayo, ephazamisayo, ngisho nelimaza kakhulu ngoba uhulumeni akanakuthenjwa ukuba anqume ukuthi yimiphi imibono eyamukelekayo nengamukeleki. Ukuvumela uhulumeni ukuba anqande inkulumo esekelwe ekuhlaseleni kwayo kunganikeza izikhulu amandla okuvimbela imibono engathandeki nemibono emincane. Izinkantolo ziye zaphikelela njalo ngokuthi ikhambi lenkulumo ecasulayo liyinkulumo ebanzi, hhayi ukuthulisa.

Imingcele Yokukhuluma Yamahlelo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sinqanda kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni, hhayi ukuziphatha komuntu siqu. Iziteshi zezokuxhumana, abaqashi bomphakathi, nezinye izinhlangano ezingezona ezohulumeni zingavimbela inkulumo ngaphandle kokwephula iSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Uma inkampani ezimele isusa okungaphakathi esitejini sayo, ixosha isisebenzi ngenkulumo yaso, noma yenqaba ukusakaza imibono ethile, lezizenzo aziyifaki iSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba asizona izenzo zikahulumeni.

Nakuba imingcele eyimfihlo ngokuphathelene nokukhuluma ingase iphakamise imibuzo ebalulekile ngokuphathelene namandla enkampani, ukubusa kweqophelo eliphezulu, kanye nezentengiselwano zemibono, ayibonisi ukwephulwa komthetho - sisekelo ngaphandle kokuba umdlali wangasese esebenza njengomdlali wezindaba zikahulumeni noma ngaphansi kokucindezelwa uhulumeni.

Imiphumela Nokulandisa

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sokuqala sisho ukuthi uhulumeni akanakujezisa ukukhuluma, kodwa akuzikhuseli izikhulumi ezikhulumayo ngasese kuyo yonke imiphumela. Ukugxeka ngasese, ukucwaswa kwezenhlalo, ukulahlekelwa idumela, nokunye ukusabela okungekona okohulumeni ekukhulumeni akungqubuzani neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Inkulumo evikelekile ingabangela ukunqanyulwa umsebenzi abaqashi, ukuvinjelwa kwezenhlalakahle, noma ukuvinjelwa komphakathi okungahlolwa iSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Ngokufanayo, iSichibiyelo Sokuqala asivikeli ekubekeni indiva komphakathi ngenkulumo ebangela ukulimala okuqashelwa ngokomthetho, njengokuhlambalaza, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukubangela ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo ngamabomu, lapho izici zalawo ma - tort zaneliswa.

Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezimemezelo Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amacala akhululekile okukhuluma kunemiphumela ebalulekile kulezo zithiyo eziyinselele zokukhuluma nakulabo abazivikelayo.

Kuleyomingcele yekhono lokukhuluma eyinselele, isihluthulelo siwukuveza ukuthi izisulu zenkulumo evikelweyo nokubonisa ukuthi kungani ihluleka ukuhlola okufanelekile. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganisa ukubonisa ukuthi isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiqinile asiphoqeleli ngokwanele noma asibalulekile, ukuthi lo mthetho awuhlangene kakhulu naleyosithakazelo, noma ukuthi kukhona ezinye izindlela ezingasibekeli imingcele.

Kubantu abamangalelwa ngohulumeni, impumelelo idinga ukuphawula isithakazelo sikahulumeni esinzima ngokwanele nokubonisa ukuthi lo mthetho uhloselwe ukunikeza lesosithakazelo ngokufanelekile. Lokhu kungase kuhilele ukunikeza ubufakazi ngezingozi amakheli avinjelwe, ukuchaza ukuthi kungani ezinye izindlela zinganele, nokubonisa ukuthi lo mthetho awubanzi kunalokho okudingekile.

Abenzi bemithetho abamisa imithetho yokuhlela imithetho yokukhuluma kufanele bacabangele iziphakamiso zeSichibiyelo sokuqala kusukela ekuqaleni. Abenzi bomthetho bangacabangela ekuqaleni kwezingxoxo zezimiso noma ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ukuthi umthetho ocatshangelwe wokukhuluma ungasekelwa ngokunenzuzo futhi kanjalo uhlolwe ngokucophelela. Ukudweba ngokucophelela kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ayihambisani nemininingwane uma kungenzeka, ihlotshaniswa nezithakazelo ezibalulekile, futhi isekelwe ngokulunga okufanelekile.

Indima Yezindinganiso Ezishintshayo

Lokhu kuhlaziya kudinga ukukhipha indinganiso engokomthetho engokomthetho elandela iNkantolo Ephakeme futhi ngokuvamile kuhilela ukusebenzisa lezo zindinganiso ezisekelwe emongweni omusha nakubenzi bemisho. Izinkantolo zithembele kakhulu esibonelweni esandulelayo lapho zinquma amacala okukhuluma, kodwa kumelwe futhi zivumelanise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo nezimo ezishintshayo nezindlela ezintsha zokukhulumisana.

Inkululeko yokukhuluma yeNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqala ngokuphawulekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izindlela zokukhuluma ezazibhekwa njengezingavikelekile ziye zancishiswa noma zaqedwa, kuyilapho kuye kwavela izinselele ezintsha ezifuna ukuba izinkantolo zifune izimiso ezikhona zinwebe ezimweni ezintsha. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kubonisa kokubili ukushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kwemfundiso yeSichibiyelo sokuqala seNkantolo.

Izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele inqubo yeNkantolo Ephakeme kuyilapho futhi zisebenzisa isinqumo ngendlela yokusebenzisa izimiso ezivamile ezimweni ezithile ezingokoqobo. Lokhu kwakha indikimba yomthetho enamandla eqala ngokunqwabelana kwezinqumo ezithintana nomongo othile namaqiniso. Ama-athorney namajaji kumelwe ahlale ekhona ngezenzakalo zamuva kuyilapho futhi eqonda indlela engokomlando yemfundiso yenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nezindawo Eziqhathaniswayo

Nakuba lesi sihloko sigxila endleleni izinkantolo zaseU.S. ezinquma ngayo ukucubungula izimpikiswano ngokukhululekile ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ezinye imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi ithatha izindlela ezihlukene zokulinganisela ukukhulumela ngokukhululekile ngokumelene nezithakazelo ezincintisanayo. Amazwe amaningi abeka imingcele emikhulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulu enkulumo yenzondo, ukuhlambalaza, nezinye izigaba zokukhuluma ezivumela. Ezinye zisebenzisa ukuhlaziya ukulinganisela kunokuhlaziya ngokucubungula, kuyilapho ezinye zinikeza isithunzi esilinganisweni, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma ezinye izindinganiso ezingase zithethelele imingcele yokukhuluma.

Lemibono eqhathaniswa iqokomisa ukuthi indlela yokukhuluma ekhululekile yase-U.S. imelela ukukhetha okukhethekile mayelana nendlela yokulinganisela inkululeko nezinye izimpahla zomphakathi. Ukuzimisela kwaseMelika ukuqinisa isivikelo ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo nempikiswano kubonisa okuhlangenwe nakho okukhethekile okungokomlando nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kukhetha kusiza ekuhleleni isimo sezinkantolo zaseU.S. ezisebenzisayo nezinqumo zezimiso ezisekelwe emfundisweni ekhululekile yokukhuluma.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kanye nesivikelo sokukhuluma esiqhathaniswa, imithombo enjenge Article 19 ne iNkantolo yamalungelo abantu ye-Eupane [[[FLT]] inikeza ukwaziswa okuwusizo mayelana nendlela ezinye izimiso zomthetho ezisondela ngayo ekwakheni inkululeko yokukhuluma.

Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo

Labo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo amacala enkululeko yokukhuluma bangahlola imithombo eminingi enegunya. [[FLT:] Inkululeko ewumbuso inikeza izinto zokufundisa mayelana namalungelo eSichibiyelo sokuqala kanye nezindaba zenkululeko yokukhuluma zamanje. Ukuhlanganisa amalungelo enkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ne-FORT [[FLT] [[FLT]] inikeza imithombo ebanzi yempahla enkulu yokukhuluma ngenkululeko yemfundo nangaphandle. [[FLT] Intelligement Encyclopedia ye-panection [ egcinwe yi-Promesetwery Comment State University inikeza izingeniso ezibanzi ngezimfundiso zenkululeko yenkulumo, izigcawulo, imiqondo, nemiqondo.

Imithombo eyinhloko, imibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme ikhona ngewebhusayithi esemthethweni yeNkantolo ne-memorial ngokomthetho. Inkonzo yokucwaninga ye-Congregational inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezindaba zeSichibiyelo sokuqala sabenzi bemithetho nomphakathi. Omagazini be-Academic kanye nokuhlolwa komthetho kusakaza ukuhlaziywa kwezazi kwemfundiso yenkululeko yokukhuluma kanye nezindaba ezivelayo.

Isiphetho

Indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo izinkantolo ezikhululekile zokukhuluma ihlanganisa uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluye lwavela phakathi namashumi eminyaka lokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi inkulumo ivikelekile noma ayivikelwe, ukuthi imingcele esekelwe ekuqukethe noma engaphakathi i-neutral, okuyisilinganiso esisebenza ekuhloleni, nokuthi uhulumeni uye wawufeza yini umthwalo wakhe wokuzithethelela. Le nqubo idinga ukunaka kahle isiqalo, umongo, nezimo ezithile zecala ngalinye.

Izinkantolo zesisekelo ezisebenzisayo zibonisa izibopho eziyisisekelo zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kanye nokudayisa kwemibono. Ngokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezisekelwe kakhulu ezisemgceni, ngokuvikela ngisho nenkulumo ecasulayo nephikisanayo, futhi ifuna uhulumeni ukuba athethelele ukulinganiselwa okungashiwo, izinkantolo zivikela impikiswano eqinile edingekile emphakathini okhululekile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqashelwa kwezigaba ezilinganiselwe zenkulumo engavikelekile nekhono lokubeka isikhathi esilinganiselwe, indawo, nendlela yokukhuluma kuyavuma ukuthi amalungelo okukhuluma ngenkululeko awaphelele. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilinganisele izithakazelo eziphikisanayo futhi zisebenzise izimiso zomthetho - sisekelo ezimweni ezishintsha njalo kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokukhulumisana.

Ukuqonda lesi simiso kusiza izakhamuzi, abameli, abameli, namajaji ukuba basebenzise izindaba zokukhuluma okukhululekile futhi baqaphele imingcele yesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintshashintsha, inqubo yezenhlalo, nezinselele ezintsha zivela, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zicwenga futhi zisebenzise lezi zimiso, ziqinisekise ukuthi isivikelo sokukhuluma ngokukhululekile sihlala siqinile lapho zivumelana namaqiniso anamuhla.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sihlala siqinile uma sivumelana nezimo zaso kanye nokugxila kwaso ezimisweni eziyisisekelo. Nakuba izinhlelo ezithile zingashintsha, isibopho esiyisisekelo sokuvikela ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekile ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni asiguquguquki. Ngokuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezinquma ngayo izikhalo ngokukhululekile, sizuza ukuqonda ngenye yesivikelo esibaluleke kakhulu emthethweni wezomthetho-sisekelo waseMelika kanye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokulinganisela inkululeko nezinye izindinganiso ezibalulekile emphakathini wentando yeningi.