Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwenqubo Elindelekile Nokungakhululeki

Inqubo efanelekile kanye nokucabanga ukuthi umuntu akanacala kuyizinsika ezimbili zezimiso zomthetho zanamuhla zobugebengu, kodwa ubudlelwane babo ngokuvamile abuqondwa ngokufanele noma buthathwe kalula. Emzamweni wabo lobu buhlobo buqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oncishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo elungile nengokomthetho − nokuthi wonke umuntu omangalelwayo umi phambi kwenkantolo engenacala kuze kubonakale ukuthi akakho. Lezizimiso azikho ngapha nangapha; ziqinisana, zakha isimiso somthetho-sisekelo nezimiso ezivikelayo ezimelene namandla omthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola imisuka yefilosofi, amanani angokomthetho, amabhulayubhu, amabhuli, i-juriscode, nezinselele zamanje ezichaza ukudlala phakathi kwenqubo efanele kanye nokungathembekile, ukunikeza umbono obala wabafundi, ochwepheshe bomthetho, nanoma yimuphi umuntu okhathalela ubulungisa.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yenqubo Efanele

Umqondo wenqubo efanelekile wohlu lozalo lwawo kuya ku uMagna Carta [1215], owamemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile ongajeziswa “ngaphandle kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe.” Lolu hlelo lwakuqala lwaluyikho ukuvinjelwa okuqondile kombuso wenkosi notshala imbewu ngenxa yalokho okuzoba ngokomthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, umthetho wesiNgisi ungayithuthukisa lombono ngeHabeas corpus, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemithetho yokuzihlela. Lapho abaqamba u-America behlela inqubo ye-fver Amelika, bafaka inqubo ye-profectionation: “Aschrin provement projected provement, noma iprogreement, ngaphandle kwendlela yomthetho. ” Inqubo yokuvikela umthetho we-Gene.

Nokho inqubo efanele ayikona nje uhlu lokuhlola oluyisisekelo. Lunohlu oluncane olulandelanayo. Inqubo ye-Legal Information Institute ichaza ukuthi inqubo efunekayo eyisisekelo ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo , ukuvikela, umshado, kanye nokuzibusa komzimba, ngisho nalapho kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanelekile. Kumongomo wobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile ibaluleke kakhulu: ifuna isaziso, inkantolo engenakhethe, ilungelo lokunikeza ubufakazi, nelungelo lokunikeza ofakazi bokuhlangana. Lokhu kuvikela indawo ehleliwe lapho ukukhohlakala okungakhoxe kungasebenza khona ngendlela enenjongo.

Ukuqonda Umcabango Wokungabi Nandaba

Ukubekwa kwecala kuyisimiso somthetho wobugebengu, ngokuvamile kulandelelwa esizeni samaRoma ei ekwi-cumbit probitio qui diit, engaphiki i-quigat . .Isivikelo siqamba amanga kuye ogomelayo, hhayi ophikayo. Ngokwezimo zanamuhla, kusho ukuthi ummangalelwa uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangalelwa akadingi ukunikeza ubufakazi, noma ukuveza ubumsulwa. Lesi simiso sivikelekile ngokucacile ezimisweni eziningi ezingokomthetho; ngokwesibonelo, i-Euconation Convention on Human Rights [FFFF:] [FLT] [6] (ig.62]) (isho ukuthi u-Athle) u-onke: “ulson akumelwe amacala onecala onecala lomthetho abekwe ngokomthetho.

Okubalulekile ukuthi, inqubo ayisebenzi nje kuphela ekuqulweni kwecala kodwa futhi naphakathi kwezinqubo zangaphambi kokwahlulela. Izinqumo zeBail, ukuboshwa kwangaphambi kwecala, futhi ngisho nokusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa kumelwe kuqhutshwe ngendlela engayiphathi isolwayo njengokungathi icala selimisiwe kakade. Njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iphawulwe Estelle v. Williams [1976], iphoqelela ummangalelwa ukuba avele ezimpahlani ukuba angene ngokugxambulela ngecala ngoba imema abahluleli ukuba bafake icala phambi kokuba kuzwe noma yibuphi ubufakazi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi inqubo ewusizo, incazelo yansuku zonke yesimiso.

Indlela Okufanele Kuqhutshwe Ngayo Nokubonakala Kukagesi

Inqubo efanelekile kanye nokuzicabangela kobumsulwa akuyona imiqondo ezimele; kuyaqiniswa. Ngaphandle kwenqubo efanele, ukukhomba kuyaba yize. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni ephika ilungelo lokumangalela ofakazi − inqubo efanele − umshushisi angathembela emadlebeni angahlolwanga, okwenza kube nzima kummangalelwa ukubekela icala inselele. Ngokuphambene, uma i-athoption iqekelekile (kanjalo, ngokuchaza ukuthi inqubo yangaphambi kokumiswa noma ngebheyili engaphezulu), isivikelo senqubo efanelekile singasehlanekelele ngenxa yokuthi ummangalelwa uthola inqubo engafanele noma umahluleli-kahttlerner", angasakwazi ukusondela ecaleni ngomqondo ovulekileyo.

Cabangela umthwalo wobufakazi: inqubo efanele ifuna ukuba icala limiswe ngendinganiso yobufakazi obubonisa amandla ezigxobo. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, leyo ndinganiso “engaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo,” uhlelo olusuka ngokuqondile ekucabangeni ukuthi umsulwa. INkantolo Ephakeme, e-Revership [1970], ikholelwa ukuthi indinganiso enengqondo ebekezelekayo iyindlela enciphisa izingozi zezinkolelo ezisekelwe ephutheni." INkantolo ecacile ibophela lenqubo efanele, isho ukuthi “Inqubo kaClausle ivikela ukuqiniseka ngaphandle kobufakazi obunengqondo bazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo ukuze zenze ubugebengu bube khona”, lapha izimiso ezimbili zihlanganisa umthetho owodwa.

Amalungelo amaningana okuhlanganisa abalulekile ekulondolozeni lokhu kuhlangana:

  • [ Akwanele ukunikeza iseluleko: ngaphandle kokumelela okungokomthetho okuphumelelayo, umuntu omangalelwe akanakulisebenzisa ngokomthetho ilungelo lakhe lokubeka umbuso ebufakazini bawo.
  • Akwesokudla ukuthula: Ilungelo elimelene nokuzimela livimbela umbuso ekuphoqeleleni ummangalelwa ukuba ahlanganyele ekukholelweni kwawo.
  • [ Ikhono lokubiza ofakazi nobufakazi obukhona liyadingeka ukubheka ukumangalelwa okungamanga.
  • ekunqanyulweni kwecala elisheshayo nomphakathi: ukulibala noma ukufihla kungaqeda icebo ngokuvumela umbuso ukuba ubambe ummangalelwa ngokungenasiphelo ngaphansi kwefu lokusola.

Izimpawu Eziwuphawu Ezilolonga Ubuhlobo

UGideon (1963)

Gedeon v. Wainwright, iNkantolo ePhakeme yavumelana ngokuthi iSichibiyelo seSithandathu selungelo lokuyalwa yilungelo eliyisisekelo elenziwa ukuba lisebenze ezizweni ngeSivumelwano seSiphendu se 145 se-Screate Reformation Claus. UClarence Earl Gideon wamangalelwa ngokuphula nokungena egumbini le-parpyrry eFlorida, kodwa akakwazanga ukukhokhela ummeli. Umbuso waphika isicelo sakhe seseluleko esimisiwe, futhi uGideyoni waphoqelelwa ukuba amelele; walahlwa futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka emihlanu ejele. INkantolo yavuselelwa ukuthi, ucabanga ukuthi “enqanyuliwe, noma yisiphi isigebengi esingene, ompofu kakhulu ukuba athole ummeli, akanakuqinisekiswa ngaphandle kokuba anikezwe isixwayiso."

Miranda v. e - Arizona (1966)

Mira v.Arizona yakhuluma ngesimo sokuhlolwa kwemvume. INkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sinelungelo elifanele lokuzivikela ngokwaso ngokwaso ifuna ukuqashelwa komthetho ukuba wazise abasolwa ngamalungelo abo − kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuhlala bethule kanye nelungelo lokubuza ummeli ("ngaphambi kokubuza). Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo ukunikeza noma yiziphi izinkulumo ezilandelayo ezingekho. Isinqumo siyisivikelo esifanele esivikela ukuvikelwa kobumsulwa: uma usola ngaphandle kokuqonda amalungelo abo, ukuvuma icala kungathembeka, futhi umthwalo wobufakazi ubhekisa ngokuphumelelayo kumShoxiwa. INkantolo wagcizelela ukuthi “ukungasebenzisi izinkulumo ezilandelayo... ekuvivinyeni isilinganiso sokuvikela ukuvikelwa kwelungelo lokuzivikela inzuzo yokuzimela."

Ekuwineni kabusha (1970)

Lelicala landisa indinganiso enengqondo eqondene nokuqanjelwa ubuhlongandlebe kwentsha, kodwa indlela ecabanga ngayo isebenza kabanzi. IJaji uBrennan labhala: “Omangalelwa phakathi nokushushiswa kwecala usengozini enkulu, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka alahlekelwe inkululeko yakhe ngenxa yokuqiniseka nangenxa yokuqiniseka ukuthi uzosolwa ngokuqiniseka.” Ukuveza ubufakazi obungangangatshazwa, uphethe ukuthi, “yimfuneko yecala” esekelwe enqubweni efanelekile nasendleleni efanelekile yokungasoleki. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [FLT] ubonise indlela ukuhlobana kobufakazi okusebenzayo phakathi kwezimiso ezimbili, kuveza ngayo ukuhlanganiswa kwesimiso somthetho.

Coffin v. wase - United States (1895)

Nakuba imdala kancane, Coffin v. United States iphawuleka ngoba yasho ngokucacile ukuthi ukucatshangelwa kobumsulwa “kuwuphawu” lwenqubo efanele. INkantolo yathi lesi sizathu “siyithuluzi lobufakazi elenziwe ngomthetho ovumela umuntu omangalelwe, lapho kuthathwa khona ubumsulwa bakhe kuze kube yilapho kusungulwe icala lakhe.” Lendaba yakuqala yaqinisekisa ukuthi lombono awuyona nje impumelelo kodwa umthetho ongokomthetho okumelwe uhlonishwe phakathi nomthetho.

Izinselele Ezisemzimbeni Wezomthetho Wanamuhla

Ukuzilibazisa Nokuzilibazisa Kwangaphambili

Olunye usongo olucindezela kakhulu ekuboneni ukuthi umsulwa luwukusetshenziswa kwejele ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Emazweni amaningi, abantu baboshwa amasonto noma izinyanga eziningi ngaphambi kokuthethwa kwecala, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokuthi abanakho ukuthenga ibheyili. Umbiko ka-2018 ubizwa i-Prison Politigatition[ ithola ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kuka-470,000 basemajele alindele ukuqulwa e-United States kuphela, futhi iningi lithathwa ngokusemthethweni njengecala. Ijele elengeziwe lingaphoqa izicelo ezinecala, liphazamise izibopho nezibophopho zomkhaya, futhi likwenze kube nzima ukunyusa isivikelo esibangela ukukhunjula okufanelekile nokujezisa inqubo ebekwe ngokunenzuzo phambi kokujeziswa. [FTB] [FLD] [5] [5]

Ukuthandwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba Nomphakathi

Umjikelezo wamahora angu-24 wezindaba nezokuxhumana kungathonya kakhulu ukubonakala kobumsulwa. Amacala aphezulu abekwe enkantolo eveza umbono womphakathi ngaphambi kokuba afike enkantolo. Umbiko owenziwe ngekhono lokuzwa, ubufakazi obuvuzayo, nokuhlaziya nge-inthanethi kungakha ukulandisa kwecala lokuthi ijaji (nezeze zifakwe i-voir jad/stugle) ukuze ibeke eceleni. Inqubo enjengayo yokushintsha indawo, amajaji aceliwe, kanye neziqondiso ze-gaggs zikhona ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu, kodwa ziyikhambiso eliwukungapheleli. Isemfazwelo iyinselele: umphakathi okuthiwe okuthiwazisa ukuvikelwa isimilo futhi kufanele kuqondwe ezingxoxweni zeningi.

Amathuluzi Emithetho Neyamakha Ezobulungisa Besigebengu

Izimiso zomthetho zincike kakhulu ekusebenziseni imithetho yokuhlela izingozi ukuze kubekwe ibheyili, isigwebo, namaphoyisa. Lamathuluzi ngokuvamile ahlola izici ezinjengomlando wobugebengu, ubudala, ne-zip unic ukuze akhiqize amanani abikezela ukucasuka okungeyikho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi umthetho onjalo ungafaka inqubo enyathelwe inqubo yohlanga neyobuzwe, eholela ezinqumweni zokujezisa abantu ngabanye ngenxa yezimpawu ezingaphezu kokulawula kwabo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufiphala kwezici ze-propritialmsm kungancisha abamangalelwa bethuba lokuncintisana nabo ngenqubo efanelekile. Njengoba i- i-American Association iqaphele ukubonakala nokulandisa, ukulandisa ezinqumleni ezinqulweni zemithetho yokungabazeki.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Inqubo Efanele Ngalé Kwezimiso Zomthetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwenqubo efanele nokuzicabangela kobumsulwa abufani emhlabeni wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, i- ivikelwe kakhulu yinhlanganisela yamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo nemithetho esobala. Ngokungafani, amazwe omthetho wezwe (France, Germany) ayaqaphela futhi ukuhlelwa, kodwa izinqubo zophengululo zawo ziyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, i- i-d’information [ (umthetho wobuphengululi) uqhuba uphenyo lwangaphambi komthetho olungase luchange umphumela ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Nakuba ezinye izazi zikhona, ziphikisa ngokuthi lesimiso singafiphaza umugqa phakathi kokuhlola nokuncitshiswa, ukukhubazeka komthetho wezizwe zonke. [[FT][2]

Izicelo Ezingokoqobo Zochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Abameli abavikelayo, ukulondoloza ukubonakala kobumsulwa kudinga ukuqapha njalo. Ukuhamba ngakunye ngaphambi kokuhlolwa (‘ nokuba kuncishiswe ubufakazi, noma ukuncitshiswa kwemininingwane, noma ukuncitshiswa kwendlela yokuzihlola (‘liyithuluzi elifanele eliqinisa ukufakwa. Abashushisi, nabo, banesibopho sokuhlonipha ukuhlelwa komthetho. I-ABA Model Profectals of Profecial Prence[[ isho ukuthi umshushisi akumelwe asungule iziphakatho ngaphandle kwesizathu futhi kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi amalungelo omthetho womthetho kahulumeni uyahlonishwa. AbaHluleli bafeza indima ebalulekile: kumelwe bafundise ngokucacile ngokufaka iprojective, bangabuthiwe ubufakazi obutholayo ngokwephulwayo, futhi bagweme ukubukeka nganoma yikuphi nakuphi nakuphi ukucwa kobandlululo.

Isiphetho

Inqubo efanelekile kanye nokuzicabangela kobumsulwa akuyona imicabango engabonakali; ziyizimiso eziphilayo ezivumela isimiso sobugqila. Ubuhlobo babo buyi-symbiotic . okwamanje bunikeza isitsha, futhi ukusikisela kobumsulwa kusigcwalisa ngencazelo. Uma isithiyo silula, izakhiwo zobulungisa zobugebengu zisengozini. Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ezifana [ [i] Gedeon [[FLT], ] [[FLT]] , futhi [[FLT], [FLT], [[FLT] futhi [FLT] zonke] [i] [i] [inani elivamile] [indlela] yokuvikela isivikelo futhi ingasebenzi. Kanti [iinseleleka kulokhu kuvikelwa kwezimiso zomthetho ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho womthetho ongokomthetho womthetho kuphela.