Isingeniso

Imithetho yomshado ibilokhu iyindawo yokulwa ushintsho lwezenhlalo, iveza izingxabano ezijulile zezempucuko, ezenkolo, nezezombangazwe. Kusukela ekunqabeni ukuhlukanisa izinhlanga zomshado kuya ekuhlukaneni kwemibhangqwana engokobulili obufanayo, imithetho eminingi iye yabekelwa inselele njengokuphulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo. Ukuqonda inqubo engokomthetho yokubekela abasekeli imithetho yomshado inselele kubalulekile kubalweli, abenzi bemithetho, nezakhamuzi ezifuna ukusebenzisa izinkantolo njengenqubo yokulunga. Lenqubo ihilela izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho, isithiyo esinemiphumela engokwesiko, kanye nokukwazi ukufinyelela imiphumela. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucatshatsha ngokuqonda okubanzi ukuthi izinselele ezinjalo ziyavela kanjani, kusukela ekutholeni izisekelo ezingokomthetho ukuze kuphindwe i-appellate.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Semithetho Yomshado Eyinselele

Ukubekela umthetho womshado inselele kudinga ukulahla ukumiswa kwemithetho-mthetho-siseko noma amalungelo. Abamangali kumelwe babonise ukuthi umthetho uphula ilungelo elivikelweyo noma uphoqelela umthwalo ongavumelekile. Izinkantolo ziphinde zihlole umthetho zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezimisiwe zokubukeza, ezinquma ukuthi udebeselela kangakanani isigebengu esitholayo. Uhlelo luphoqelela izimfuneko eziqinile ukuthi ubani ozoletha icala noma nini.

Izisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo Zezinselele

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. unikeza izizathu ezinamandla kakhulu zokubekela imithetho yomshado inselele, ngokuyinhloko ngeSichibiyelo Se - 14th Isiphetho ’ i - Aumelt Protection and Bit Proces Clauss.

Ukuvikela UClaus Ngokulinganayo

I-Unime Protection Claus inqabela ukuphika noma ubani isivikelo esifanayo semithetho. Imithetho yomshado ehlukanisa ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, indlela yobulili, noma ezinye izigaba ibangela ukuhlolwa okukhulu. Lovav v. Virginia[ (1967]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqeda ukuvinjelwa komshado wezinhlanga, isebenzisa i-screctives ngenxa yomthetho ohlelwe ngokwezinhlanga. Ngokufanayo, bergefell v. Hodges[FLT:] (20) [20], iNkanto engathi i-test ivimbela umshado olinganayo isivikelo sika-Claus. Isisekelo esihluzayo sisebenza ekuhleleni okungacushwayo, kodwa kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlola amalungelo engeziwe lapho kubukezwa.

Izinhlelo ezilindelekile

I-Gast Process Claus ivikela amalungelo ayisisekelo, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokushada. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela umshado njengesithakazelo esiyisisekelo senkululeko ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane. Imithetho evimbela noma enqabela kakhulu umshado kumelwe ihlotshaniswe ukuze ifeze isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ebeka izimpawu zokulinda noma efuna imvume yabazali ezingabantwana ingabekelwa inselele uma belithwesa ngokungadingekile ilungelo lokushada ngaphandle kokuzithethelela ngokwanele.

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala Siyacatshangelwa

Iziphakamiso zenkululeko engokwenkolo zingakha futhi isisekelo semithetho yomshado eyinselele. I-Free Execree Claus Claus ivikela abantu emithethweni efuna ukukhokhwa kwenkolo ngaphandle kwesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo. Nokho, imithetho engathathi hlangothi evamile yokungathathi hlangothi esekela ukuziphatha okungokwenkolo okungalindelekileyo okubangelwa ukuthwala imithwalo yenkolo. Amacresshop v. Coloradovil Rights Commission [[FLD Resolution:] [2018], iNkathiwe ukuthi umbhaki wemibhaki angayenqaba yini inkonzo yomshado owenkolo efanayo, ikhipha ukuthi ikhomishano yezwe ukuthi i-omperrement ibonise ukungavumelani kwenkolo. Izenzakalo ezinjalo ziqokomisa ukulingana phakathi komshado nenkululeko yenkolo.

Ukuma Nokulunga

Ngaphambi kokuba inkantolo izwe inselele, umkhokhi wentela kumelwe abe nokuma: inxeba eliqinile nelikhethekile elibonakala kahle eqedweni lomthetho ophikisiwe futhi elingase lilungiswe ngesinqumo esihle. Izimfuneko ezikhona zisusa izikhalo ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, umkhokhi wentela obekela umthetho womshado inselele ngaphandle kokubonisa ukulimala kwakhe. Ukulunga futhi kudinga ukuba icala livuthiwe (hayi ngaphambi kwesikhathi) futhi lingabi nenkani (impikiswano isaphila). Lezi zimfundiso zezenkolo zingavimbela inselele ngaphambi kokuba lifinyelele inzuzo.

Isinyathelo Sokubukeza

Izinga lokuhlola okusetshenziswa izinkantolo liyafaneleka kumphumela. Ngaphansi kokubukezwa okunengqondo, umthetho ubhekwa njengobalulekile futhi uzosekelwa uma uhlobene ngokunengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Imithetho eminingi yomshado engafaki izimpawu ezisolwayo noma amalungelo ayisisekelo iyaqhubeka ihlola. Nokho, uma umthetho uthwele ilungelo eliyisisekelo noma ukucwaswa ngokumelene nesigaba esisolwayo (njengohlanga noma indlela yobulili), izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula okuqinile noma ukucubungula. Ukuhlola okuqinile kudinga ukuba umthetho uhlolwe ngokucunulwa ukuze usebenzele isithakazelo sikahulumeni esiqinile, imithetho embalwa eyisisekelo iyahlangana.

I-rational Basis v. Scritine Eqinile

Ukukhethwa kwendinganiso ngokuvamile kunquma umphumela. United States v. Windsor (2013), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lokuhlola okwengeziwe eDefense of Marriage Act, ithola ukuthi injongo yayo yokuhlukanisa imibhangqwana efanayo ye-sex yayingenasisekelo esingokomthetho. Ngokungafani, imithetho yombuso elinganisela ukushada kwemibhangqwana emelene ne-extern kwasekelwa ngokwesisekelo esiqinile kwaze kwaba Ofell]

Izinhlobo Zezinselele Ezingokomthetho

Izinselele ezingokomthetho zemithetho yomshado zivela ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngasinye sinemibono namasu ahlukene angokomthetho.

Izinselele Zomthetho - sisekelo

Lezi izinselele ezivame kakhulu nezinamandla. Abamangaleli baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho uphula amalungiselelo athile omthetho-sisekelo, njenge-Acimetic Procesting Clauss. Izinselele eziphumelelayo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile ziholela ezinguqukweni ezinkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, Obergefell v. Hodges[ ukunciphisa konke ukuvinjelwa kombuso emshadweni ongowobulili obuphakathi ezweni lonke. Izinselele zomthetho-mthetho zingase zikhohlise izindleko zomshado, izimfuneko zegazi, noma imingcele yobudala uma ziwumthetho womthetho owesabalele noma umthetho wobulili.

Izinselele Zokuqopha Iqophelo Lezithombe Nezici Ezivamile

Imithetho ingabuye futhi ingqubuzane nemithetho kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Isihloko II soMthetho we-Civil Rights wango-1964 sinqabela ubandlululo ezindlini zomphakathi, kodwa ukufakwa kwemishado akunakuhlanganiswa. Nokho, ezinye iziqondiso zikahulumeni zidinga ukwelashwa okulinganayo ngaphandle kokubheka ubulili noma ubulili. Izinselele zesizwe zihlasela inqubo eyamiswa ngayo umthetho, njengokuthi inqubo engafanele yokushaya umthetho noma ukwehluleka ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zomvoti. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho womshado udluliswa njengesilinganiso sobulili obungabekelwa inselele uma uphula imithetho eyodwa ephakeme.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Isho Ukuthi

Abantu ngabanye noma izinhlangano zenkolo zingabekela imithetho yomshado inselele ngezizathu zokuphula amalungelo okusebenzisa inkululeko. Lokhu kuvame ukuvela lapho imithetho yokulingana kwemishado idinga izinhlangano zenkolo ukuba ziqaphele noma ziqinisekise imishado efanayo yobulili. Inkolo yenkululeko yokubuyisela umshado (RFRA) kanye neRFRAs ezisesilinganisweni sikahulumeni zinikeza isivikelo esengeziwe, zidinga uhulumeni ukuba asebenzise izindlela ezingenamandla kakhulu ukuze afinyelele isithakazelo esiqinile. Izinselele ziye zahlanganisa ukunqabela ukwenza imikhosi yomshado efanayo noma ukunikeza izinzuzo kubangane abashadile abaxhunyiweyo.

Izinyathelo Enqubweni Yenselele Engokomthetho

Ukuletha inselele engokomthetho engokomthetho kuhilela ukulandelana okuhleliwe kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya ekudluliseleni isikhalo. Isinyathelo ngasinye sidinga ukulungiselela ngokucophelela nokwenza izinqumo ezihlelekile.

Ukucwaninga Nokusebenzisa Isu Kwangaphambili

Ngaphambi kokuqulisa icala, abameli bacwaninga umthetho oqondile, baphawule abakhohlisi abangase bahlolwe ngokuma, futhi baqoqe ubufakazi bokulimala. Bahlola futhi inqubo, izimpikiswano ze-oversity, futhi ngokunokwenzeka nezivikelo. Isinqumo senqubo senziwa ngokuphathelene nayiphi inkantolo okumelwe ifakwe kuyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isifunda noma i-guvernet. Izinselele eziningi zomthetho womshado zigcinwe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngoba zihilela iziphakamiso zomthetho. Amaqembu angokomthetho avame ukuhlangana nezinhlangano ze-advocacy, njenge-American Civil Liberation Union (] ALLUU) noma u-Lambda esemthethweni, eziphethe i-ligi.

Ukuqeda Isikhalo

Lenqubo iqala ngokukhipha isikhalo, incwadi engokomthetho eveza izimangalo eziyiqiniso nezimangalo ezingokomthetho. Ukukhononda kuqamba amagama abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa (ngokuvamile izikhulu zikahulumeni ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa umthetho) futhi zicele ukukhululeka okukhethekile, njengesahlulelo sokulahla umthetho ukuthi awuvumelani nemithetho noma umthetho ogunyaza ukugcinwa kwawo. Ukukhononda kumelwe kunikezwe abamangalelwa, abakhona ngalesosikhathi abanesikhathi esilinganiselwe sokusabela.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili Nokuhlangana Kwayo

Ekuqaleni kwalendaba, abamangaleli bangase bafune umyalo owandulelayo wokumisa ukugcinwa komthetho lapho icala liqhubeka. Ukuze bathole umyalo, abamangali kumelwe babonise ukuba kungenzeka impumelelo, ukulimala okungalungiseki, ukulinganisela kokulunga kwabo, nokuthi umyalo unikeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Imiyalo yakuqala ingamathuluzi anamandla, njengoba bengashintsha indawo engokomthetho ngokushesha. Ngokwesibonelo, [FLT]], izikhulu eziningi zezwe zawa, zafuna futhi zathola iziyalezo zomshado ngokushesha ukuze zifune imvume yomshado. Imithetho yemithetho ifuna imvume yomshado yemibhangqwana efanayo.

Ukuthola I - Phase

Phakathi nokuthola, zombili izinhlangothi zishintshana ngokwaziswa, amaphepha, nobufakazi. Ukuphenya, nokucela ukwenziwa kwamaphepha kusetshenziselwa ukwakha umbhalo oyiqiniso. Ezinkingeni zomthetho womshado, ukutholakala kungagxila enhlosoni yomthetho (umz., ukuthi umthetho wawushukunyiswa yi-amimus), ithonya lomthetho kumachashaza, kanye nemininingwane ephicayo ngomshado. I-scrypory ingaba nempikiswano, ngezindlela zokuphoqelela noma ukuvikela. Umlando oyiqiniso uyagxeka lapho kuqulwa futhi ufaka isikhala.

Ukuhamba Kokwahlulela Ngokufingqiwe

Izinselele eziningi zomthetho womshado zixazululiwe ngesinqumo esifingqiwe, ngaphandle kwecala eliphelele. Ngamunye angase afake icala lokuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela qiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi banelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho. Izinkantolo zibe sezihlola izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho futhi zinqume ukuthi umthetho ungowemithetho. Uma inkantolo ithola ukuthi umthetho uhluleka indinganiso esebenzayo yokubukeza, unganikeza isahlulelo esifingqiwe ngabamanga. Isinqumo esifushane sigwe izindleko nesikhathi sokuqulwa kwecala futhi ngokuvamile sithandwa enkantolo ehilela imibuzo emsulwa yomthetho.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Uma kunamaqiniso aphikisanayo, icala liqhubekela phambili ekuqulweni. Ekuqulweni kwecala, umahluleli uzwa ubufakazi futhi enze okutholwe. Ukuqulwa kwecala akuvamile ezinkingeni zomthetho-sisekelo kodwa kungase kwenzeke kwezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Phakathi nokulingwa, ofakazi bayafakaza, kuhlanganise nofakazi abadumile (njengezazi zezeziko mlando, izazi zezenhlalo, noma izazi zezomnotho), nezikhulu zikahulumeni. Ukuqulwa kwecala kwakha isisekelo sesicelo samuva. Amacala aphakeme kakhulu emishado, njengaye- Perry v. Schwarzegger [iglegger] [izendaba engu-8] [FLT] , kuhilela ukuqulwa kwezehlakalelwa okukhulu kolwazi olunzulu.

Ukuhamba Nezingcingo Nezingcingo Zangemva Komshado

Ngemva kokwahlulela, iqembu elilahlekelwayo lingase lithathe uhambo lwangemva kwecala, njengokuhamba ngemibono ebhaliwe yecala elisha noma ukuguqula isahlulelo. Uma lezo zihluleka, ukudlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme kulandela. Izikhalo zisekelwe emaphuthani angokomthetho, hhayi ekutholeni amaqiniso. Inkantolo ephakeme ihlola umlando wokuqulwa kwecala kanye nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Inqubo ye-appellate ingathatha iminyaka eminingi, njengoba ibonakala isendleleni yokuqala yomshado [FOF: 0]

Izimpawu Nethonya

Imithetho eminingana ephawulekayo iye yalolonga umthetho womshado e - United States, ibonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwezinselele ezingokomthetho.

Uthando Virginia (1967)

Ku ku-v. Virginia, iNkantolo ePhakeme ngokuhlangene yawisa imithetho enqabela ukushada kwabantu abahlukene. INkantolo yathi imithetho enjalo yayiphula kokubili iSivikelo se-Unicial Proces Claus. IJaji enkulu uWarren yabhala, i-#8220; Inkululeko yokushada iye yaqashelwa isikhathi eside njengenye yamalungelo omuntu siqu abalulekile abalulekile ekuphishekeleni ngokuhleleka kwenjabulo. ” Icala liyisibonelo esiyisisekelo sayo yonke i-jurisprudence eyalandela. (Funda umbono ogcwele ku- ]]).

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

.Obergefell v. yanweba ukulingana komshado nemibhangqwana exhunyiwe ezweni lonke. IJaji uKennedy ̱ imibono eminingi incike kukho kokubili i-Century Programme and Aclimate Protection Clausss, igcizelela ukuthi umshado uyilungelo eliyisisekelo. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukuvinjelwa komshado owenziwe ngomthetho owodwa wabangamathe nowabantu ababili abashadile akuhlangene. Isinqumo sasinemiphumela esheshayo nephawulekayo, idinga ukuba zonke iziphakamiso zemishado zipho ukuba zinikeze imibhangqwana engaphezulu futhi ziqaphele imishado yabo kwezinye izindawo. Ukuvumela izivumelwano kwaphikisa kwaveza ukuthi iNkaye yayidlula indima yayo, kodwa ukubusa umthetho owezweyo. (Bheka impikiswano nombono odluliselwa [FOL]]]]

IColorado Civil Rights Commission (208)

Lelicala lalihilela umbhaki wecala owayenqaba ukudala ikhekhe lomshado ngenxa yombhangqwana ongowenkolo yakhe. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ngokuvuna umbhaki ngezizathu ezimngcingo, ithola ukuthi iColorado Civil Rights Commission yayibonise ukungavumelani nenkolo lapho iqhubeka. Isinqumo asizange simise ilungelo elikhulu lokwenqaba inkonzo esekelwe ekunqabeni ukushada okungokwasenkolo. Kunalokho, yaqokomisa isidingo sokungathathi hlangothi nenhlonipho ekuphatheni iziphakamiso ezingokwenkolo. Icala ligcizelela ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho elwa nohlanganiso nenkululeko yenkolo. Ukuhlaziya, bheka isiphakamiso senkonzo [[FLT:] [FLT:]

Izinselele Zamuva Neziqhubekayo

Ngisho nangemva owehlelayo, izinselele zomthetho ziyaqhubeka. Abanye bagxila ekukhululeni okungokwenkolo kwabathengisi bemishado, njengamafelorist nabathwebuli bezithombe. Abanye bahlose imithetho kahulumeni evumela ukushada kwabantwana noma ukubeka imingcele yobudala esekelwe ebulilini bobufana. United States v. Inqubo engokomthetho yemithetho enzima yomshado iyaqhubeka isebenza kakhulu, njengoba umphakathi uqala ukuvela.

Isiphetho

Inqubo engokomthetho yemithetho yomshado eyinselele kodwa iyindlela enzima yokuthuthukisa amalungelo omphakathi nenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Kusukela ekuphawuleni ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho ngokusetshenziswa kwemigoqo nokuphoqelelwa, isigaba ngasinye sifuna inqubo engokomthetho eqondile. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark njenge Ziyaphuma[ futhi wisble [[] wills [[]] [ukuthiwa kwe-flightation esemthethweni [ukulawulayo] [ukulawula] [ukulawula inqubo eqinile] ibonisa ukuthi ukuphikelela kwemithetho kungaguqula imithetho engokwezinkantolo nokuvikela inkululeko. Nokho, inqubo ayikho ngaphandle kwezithiyo, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko ezibonisa ukuma kwemvume, ukubukeza ukuvumelana kwemithetho.