Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela izimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ongase adinge ukuya emacaleni, noma njengeqembu enkantolo, noma eyisakhamuzini, noma eyisakhamuzi esinolwazi. Cishe amaphesenti angu-90 awo wonke amacala asenkantolo yase-U.S. azwakala ngokwesilinganiso sikahulumeni, enza izinkantolo zezwe zibe izisekelo zesimiso sokwahlulela sase-U.S. lesi siqondiso esiningilingene sinikeza ukwaziswa okucacile, okuningiliziwe ngesimiso, imisebenzi, nezinqubo zenkantolo yezomthetho kulo lonke elase-United States.

Isisekelo Sezimiso Zezomthetho ZoMbuso

E-United States, uhulumeni wezwe nesifunda ngasinye sinemithetho yaso siqu nezimiso zenkantolo, nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ezihlukene ngokuhlelwa nangokungafani okukhulu phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nombuso kanye nokuhlukahluka phakathi kwezifunda ezihlukene. Lesimiso sobulungisa esimbaxambili sibonisa isimo sikahulumeni waseMelika, lapho kuhlanganyelwa khona amandla phakathi kweziphathimandla zesizwe nohulumeni.

Njengomthetho ophakeme wezwe, uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. wakha isimiso sikahulumeni esinguhulumeni onamandla ahlanganyelwayo phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni, kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni ngamunye nohulumeni abanezinqubo zabo siqu zenkantolo.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso ziphikisana nezinkantolo Ezizimele: Ukuqonda Icala

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlukanisa ezimisweni zomthetho zaseMelika ukuqonda ukuthi yisiphi isimiso senkantolo esinegunya ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zecala. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ngokuyinhloko zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezindaba zobugebengu, izindaba zomphakathi njengokuzilimaza komuntu siqu, izindaba zenkantolo yomkhaya, izivumelwano zentando nezindawo, kanye nezindaba zempahla yangempela, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya lokulalela izindaba zendawo, njengokwephulwa kwesifunda nedolobha.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinquma kuphela izindaba eziphathelene nomthetho kahulumeni, kuhlanganise namalungelo omthetho-mthetho, impahla, kanye namacala kahulumeni noma phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifundazwe ezimbili ezihlukene, futhi lesi simiso sokwahlulela sisingatha izimpikiswano eziphathelene nezivumelwano, amacala okuwinwa kwemali, nomthetho wombuso. Nokho, ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni akunakwenziwa ngokuphelele. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingazwa futhi izinhlobo eziningi zeziphakamiso zomthetho kahulumeni, futhi kukhona izimo lapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenzisa khona umthetho kahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zenkantolo ezingase zingqubuzane nomthetho kahulumeni.

Izakhiwo Eziyinhloko Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ngokuvamile isigaba sabefundisi bamazwe sihlanganisa iNkantolo Ephakeme Kahulumeni njengenkantolo yokugcina yezindawo zokuphepha, efana neNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States, ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme Kahulumeni iNkantolo Yezikhalo efana neNkantolo Yezikhalo Yase - United States Edlulisa Amacala esimisweni sikahulumeni, futhi izinga eliphansi kakhulu lenkantolo liyoba izinkantolo ezisingatha amacala ezinkantolo zeSigodi zase - United States ezihambelana nezinkantolo ze - District Courts esimisweni sikahulumeni.

Cishe engxenyeni yezifundazwe nesimiso sikahulumeni, kunezinhlu ezimbili, ezinenkantolo yokuqala, eyakuba sesigabeni sesithathu esiseqenjini lesigaba se-stade, ngokuvamile echazwa njengenkantolo ephakathi. Ukuqonda lesi sakhiwo se-hiercastrical kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela amacala ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso naleyo inkantolo enegunya ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Lapho Kuqala Khona Amacala

Izinkantolo zamacala zakha isisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela futhi kulapho kuqalwa khona icala elingokomthetho. Inkantolo yamacala ilapho icala liqala khona: kunikezwa ubufakazi, ubufakazi, futhi kunqunywa khona, futhi kulapho kunqunywa khona amaqiniso ecala, kusungulwa khona ubufakazi, futhi umthetho usetshenziswa kulawo maqiniso ukuze kufinyelelwe isahlulelo, nendima yenkantolo yokuqulwa kwecala yokunquma lokho okwenzekayo nokusebenzisa umthetho ohlobene nalesosimo.

Inkantolo yezwe iyinkantolo enegunya elibanzi phakathi kwezwe futhi ingumhluleli wamacala ahilela umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke nemithetho kahulumeni, ukusingatha izindaba zomthetho ezihlobene nomthetho womkhaya, ukugcinwa kwezivumelwano zesivumelwano, amacala amacala athatha izivumelwano, namacala amaningi obugebengu. Lezi zinkantolo zinalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "igunya lakuqala," isho ukuthi zinkantolo zokuqala ukusingatha nokunquma amacala.

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwenkantolo ekhipha isigwebo nenkantolo equlwayo uwukuthi inkantolo ekhipha icala ngokuvamile ayinqumi izindaba zeqiniso, lapho isenkantolo equlwa icala, ithatha iqiniso (ngokuvamile umahluleli noma ijaji) liyothola amaqiniso, futhi ngokulula ngokwengeziwe, umthumeli weqiniso uyonquma, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obunikezwa amacala, lokho okwenzeka.

Indima YabAhluleli Namanxusa Ezinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Kokubili amacala ezindaba zomphakathi nawezobugebengu aqala ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala, lapho ijaji lecala lengamela futhi liyokhipha khona izinqumo lapho ubufakazi bunganikezwa khona futhi bungenakuhoxiswa khona, futhi ngemva kwakho konke ubufakazi nobufakazi obuye banikezwa, ijaji linquma icala noma ubumsulwa bommangalelwa osekelwe emaqinisweni anikezwayo. Kwezinye izimo, amacala angase aliyeke ilungelo lawo lokuqulwa icala futhi esikhundleni salokho ijaji lisebenze njengomphathi womthetho nomtholi weqiniso kulokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "icala leze."

Emacaleni obugebengu, ngokuvamile aqulwa ejajini, umahluleli wecala "ufaka imvume" enkantolo ekupheleni kwecala, futhi abahluleli banquma ngamabomu ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala elisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni njengoba ijaji liwathola. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezindima. (ukuhlukaniswa kwemibukiso engokomthetho) kanye nejaji elinquma imibuzo eyiqiniso, futhi linqume ukuthi iyisimiso esiyisisekelo sesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala Ezikhethekile

Izifunda eziningi ziye zasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze zisingathe izinhlobo ezithile zamacala ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Isimiso senkantolo yezwe zihlanganisa amazinga ahlukahlukene ezinkantolo, kuhlanganise noMasipala, uHulumeni, iSipho, neNkantolo Ephakeme, futhi zisebenza ngaphansi kweziphathimandla nemibuso ehlukahlukene, engaphansi komthetho othile kahulumeni ozibusayo.

UMasipala Nezinkantolo Zendawo

Izinkantolo zendawo, ezaziwa futhi njengezinkantolo zikamasipala, ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe ekwahluleleni amacala amancane namacala angafanele awenziwe edolobheni elithile, futhi imithetho ebusa izinkantolo zikamasipala yileyo emiswe ngemithetho kahulumeni, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, inqubo engokomthetho iyahlukahluka kuye ngombuso. Lezi zinkantolo zivame ukusingatha ukuphambana kwezimoto, amacala amancane obugebengu, nokwephulwa kwemithetho yendawo.

Izinkantolo Zomkhaya

Izinkantolo zomkhaya zisingatha izindaba eziphathelene nobuhlobo basekhaya, kuhlanganise nesehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokusekelwa, ukutholwa, ukubeletha, nokushaywa kobudlova basekhaya. Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile ziyaqaphela ukuthi izindaba zomthetho womkhaya ngokuvamile zidinga izinqubo nobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kunezinye izinhlobo zezindaba zombango.

Izinkantolo Eziyinkantolo

Izinkantolo zezezikhulu zengamela ukuphatha izakhiwo ngemva kokufa komuntu, kuhlanganise nefa, ukumisa amakhonya noma abaphathi, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi impahla isasazwa ngokwezifiso zomuntu ofileyo noma umthetho kahulumeni. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza futhi igunya lezinkantolo zezentengiselwano ezilawula imikhumbi eqaphile nezindawo zokulungisa izimoto kubantu abadala abakhubazekileyo.

Izinkulumo Ezincane Ezishiwo Yizinkantolo

Izinkantolo ezincane zinikeza inqubo eyenziwe lula nethukela yokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihilela imali encane uma kuqhathaniswa nalezi zinkantolo ziklanyelwe ukuba zitholakale kubantu abangenabo abameli, ezinezinqubo ezikhokhelwayo nezikhokhelo eziphansi zezikhokhelo kunezinkantolo zezwe ezivamile.

Izinkantolo Ezingenelayo

Inkantolo yokuqala ethatha icala, eyakuba sesigabeni sesithathu kubaphathi besigaba sokubusa, ngokuvamile ichazwa njengenkantolo ephakathi, futhi izinga elilandelayo lenkantolo ethatha isigwebo liyinkantolo yokugcina ewumthetho; iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu icala elingathathwa kuyo. Akuzona zonke izifundazwe ezinezinkantolo ezithatha isigaba esisodwa kuphela, akukho nkantolo ephakathi, futhi iNkantolo ephakeme iyinkantolo esezingeni lesithathu lesigaba sesigaba sesigaba se-prinellate.

Izindawo ezinganelisekile ngesinqumo senkantolo yezinkantolo zecala likahulumeni zingafaka isikhalo ezinkantolo zezwe, futhi zizwa namacala ahilela izincazelo zemithetho kazwelonke nemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni. Lezinkantolo eziphakathi zifeza umsebenzi obalulekile esimisweni sokwahlulela ngokunikeza izinga lokuqala lokubukeza lapho kuncishiswa umthwalo wecala enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezimangalela Ngayo Ezinkantolo

Inkantolo edlulisa amacala ngokuvamile ayinqumi izindaba eziyiqiniso, futhi inkantolo ekhipha isigwebo iyothatha okutholwe yiqiniso bese inquma izimpikiswano zomthetho ezinikezwa amacala adluliswa icala. Lona umehluko oyisisekelo abantu abaningi abawuthola udida lapho beqala ukubhekana nenqubo yokudlulisa izigwegwe.

Ngokungafani nezinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ezithatha icala aziwaphikisi amacala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; azibuzwi ubufakazi; futhi azikho izinkantolo ezithatha icala. izinkantolo zisebenza ngokuqiniseka ngokuqulwa kwecala namacala angokomthetho, ijaji lingase linqume amaqiniso enkantolo, kuyilapho abahluleli abahluleli abahluleli benquma izindaba zomthetho, ukuqulwa kwecala kugxile ekutholeni amaqiniso kanye necala, futhi kugxile ekutheni umthetho usetshenziswe ngokufanele yini.

Nakuba izinkantolo zecala zihilela ijaji elilodwa elahlulela icala, elenza izinqumo lodwa, futhi lilawule icala, inkantolo ethatha icala isebenzisa iqembu labahluleli abathathu ukuba lilalele icala, futhi amajaji amabili akha iningi, futhi inani lamajaji ebhodini lingahlukahluka. Lendlela yokukhetha ehlukahlukene isiza ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokucophelela ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Okuhlolwayo

Ukudlulisa icala akuyona inqubo engokomthetho lapho inkantolo yokudlulisa icala noma inkantolo ethatha isigwebo ihlola ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka yini phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Umsebenzi wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo uwukunquma ukuthi amaphutha ayenzeka yini enqubeni noma incazelo yomahluleli yomthetho, eyaholela emphumeleni wecala, futhi inkantolo enganquma ukuthi ngisho noma amaphutha ayekhona, awavezanga ubandlululo noma abangela ukuqulwa kwecala okungafanele, ngakho isinqumo asiguqulwanga.

Izindaba ezimayelana nokudluliswa kwecala zingahlanganisa ukuthi umthetho osetshenziswa yinkantolo yamacala wawulungile, noma kwakunobufakazi obanele bokuthola lowo othole iqiniso ukuze uthole iqiniso, noma uma uma ijaji lonile ngokuphika isicelo somphathi womthetho sokunikeza ubufakazi obuthile. Abameli kumelwe baphawule amaphutha angokomthetho aqondile futhi bachaze ukuthi kungani lawo maphutha egunyaza ukuguqulwa noma ukulungiswa kwesinqumo senkantolo.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme ZoMbuso

Izinga elilandelayo lenkantolo ethatha isigwebo liyinkantolo ethatha isigwebo yamuva; inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu okungathathwa kuyo icala, futhi lezinkantolo eziphakeme kakhulu ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi, "izinkantolo ezingaphezulu". Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi kunamagama ahlukene ezinkantolo zesifundazwe, ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme ayiyona ephakeme kakhulu, njengoba iNkantolo ePhakeme iyinkantolo equlwayo, engadidaniswa njengoba amazwe amaningi esebenzisa leli gama ukubhekisela enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ezweni, futhi iNkantolo yaseNew York yezikhalo iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.

INkantolo Ephakeme yoMbuso inegunya lokulalela izimpikiswano kuhulumeni futhi izwe amacala ahilela izincazelo zomthetho - sisekelo kahulumeni nomthetho kahulumeni. Lezinkantolo zinendima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni umthetho kahulumeni nasekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ichazwa futhi isetshenziswe kanjani kulo lonke izwe.

Ukubukeza Okuhlakaniphile Nokukhubazeka

Esimisweni esinenkantolo ephakathi, ilungelo eliphelele lommangalelwa eliyicala lokubukeza lidlulela kuleyonkantolo ephakathi, futhi uma leyonkantolo inganquma icala abhekene nalo, ummangalelwa angacela iNkantolo Ephakeme ukuba ibukeze icala lakhe, kodwa kudingeka ukuba ikwenze kuphela ngokuqondisisa kwayo, futhi isicelo esicela ukubukezwa okunjalo okuqondisiwe sibizwa ngokuthi isicelo se-certiorari.

Lezo zinkantolo ezinkulu eziphethe ngokusemthethweni ngokuvamile zenqaba ukunikeza izizicelo eziningi ze-certiorari, zilinganisela ukubukezwa kwazo emacaleni abaluleke kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngisho nalapho isigaba sokwahlulela sikahulumeni sinezinga amane kunamathathu, amacala amaningi omphakathi noma obugebengu angeke adlule izinga lesithathu. Lesinqumo somthetho sivumela izinkantolo eziphakeme ukuba ziqondise izimali zazo ezicini ezilinganiselwe ezinikeza imibuzo engokomthetho noma izingxabano emthethweni ezidinga isinqumo.

Igunya Lokubambisana Ngezinqumo Zokuhloma

Omunye umehluko phakathi kwecala nezinkantolo ze-appellate uwukuthi umbono wenkantolo ethatha isigwebo ubhekwa "njengegunya elibophayo", futhi lapho umahluleli enza isinqumo, isinqumo sisebenza eqenjini kulelocala, kodwa asisebenzi kwezinye izinkantolo. Lesi simiso sesibonelo, saziwa nangokuthi "stare deciss," siyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho esivamile futhi sisiza ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokuthenjelwa komthetho.

Ukuqonda Izinhlelo Zomthetho Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Ukunquma isimiso somthetho kudinga ukuqonda izigaba nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene amacala angena kuzo kusukela ekuqalisweni kuya ekuxazululweni. Nakuba izinqubo ezithile zihluka ngokwesimo nangohlobo lwecala, kunezinto ezivamile ezisebenza ezimisweni eziningi zenkantolo yombuso.

Ukubangela Icala

Icala liqala uma omunye efaka incwadi engokomthetho enkantolo. Emacaleni omphakathi, leli khadi livame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umphicongo" noma "ukukhalazeli," lapho kusemacala obugebengu, inqubo iqala ngokuqulwa kwamacala obugebengu, kungaba ngokwaziswa okugcinwe umshushisi noma icala elibuyiswe yijaji elikhulu.

Ukuquliswa Kwecala Lasemgwaqweni

Endabeni yomphakathi, ummangalelwa (umuntu omangalela icala) ufaka isikhalo esiveza izikhalo eziyiqiniso nezimangalela zomthetho ngokumangalelwa (umuntu omangalelwayo). Ukukhononda kumelwe kunikezwe kahle kummangalelwa, obe esethatha isikhathi esimisiwe sokubhala impendulo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi "Impendulo"" impendulo ingahlanganisa isivikelo ekumangaleleni kommangalelwa futhi futhi ingaphikisa ummangalelwa.

Ukuqashelwa Kwamacala Esigebengu

Amacala ezigebengu aqala lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kuboshwa umuntu osolwayo noma lapho umshushisi efaka icala lakhe. Umuntu oboshelwe icala uqala ukulethwa phambi kwemajingishini eyomazisa ngecala lakhe, amise ibheyili, futhi abonise icala lomshushisi ukuze aqiniseke ukuthi lanele ukuthunyelwa enkantolo equlweni lecala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokutshelwa icala, ukuba abe nommeli (omisiwe uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokha), nokungena esicelweni.

Inqubo Yokuthola

Ngemva kokuba icala seliqalisiwe, abahilelekile bahlanganyela enqubweni ehleliwe yokunikezana ukwaziswa kanye nokuqoqa ubufakazi. Amathuluzi okuthola i-Discovery ahlanganisa ukuphenya (imibuzo okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo), izicelo zokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi, izicelo zokuvuma, kanye nokufaka i-parediss (ubufakazi obubodwa obuthathwe ngaphansi kokufunga ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala).

Inqubo yokuthola ifeza izinjongo eziningana ezibalulekile: ivumela uhlangothi ngalunye ukuba lufunde ngobufakazi bolunye uhlangothi nofakazi, isiza ekufakeni impikiswano, ilula ukuxazulula ngokunikeza abahilelekile ukubheka okungokoqobo kwamandla nobuthakathaka becala labo, futhi ivimbela ukumangala lapho bequlwa. Ukufica kulawulwa ngemithetho eminingi ehlukahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ngokuvamile ilandela izimiso ezifanayo.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nezindlebe

Ngaphambi kokuba icala liqulwe, abathathi-mcimbi bangafaka izinqubo ezihlukahlukene becela inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe izinqumo ezithile. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi kwenkantolo zihlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze ulahle (ukuveza ukuthi ngisho noma iziphakamiso zommangaleli ziyiqiniso, abasho ukuthi kuyiqiniso ngokomthetho), ukuthatha isigwebo esiwujuqu (ngokusho ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela qiniso eliphathekayo nokuthi iqembu elihambayo lifanele ukwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho), kanye nokuthatha isinyathelo ngelimine (ukufuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekuqulweni).

Ezimweni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa bangase bathathe amabombo ukuze bacindezele ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulahla amacala ngenxa yokungabi nambangela wobuthakathaka noma okunye, nokuthatha isinyathelo sokushintsha indawo uma ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kokuqulwa kwezincwadi kuye kwenza kwaba nzima ukuthola ukuqulwa komthetho okulungile endaweni yokuqala.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma icala lingaxazululwa ngokuxazulula isimo, ukuxoshwa, noma ukwahlulela okufushanisiwe, liqala ukuqulwa. Ukulingwa kulandela uhlelo oluhlelwe ngendlela eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kuvumele zombili izinhlangothi ukuba zinikeze indaba yazo ngokugcwele.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ezimweni lapho icala labahluleli liye lacelwa khona futhi likhona, icala liqala ngokukhethwa kwabahluleli, futhi libizwa ngokuthi "i-voir ash" abahluleli abangabajaji baphenywa amajaji nabameli ukuze banqume ukuthi bangakhetha yini. Amajaji angase abeke inselele ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba ahlulele ngokungakhethi futhi angabi nabulungisa. Amajaji angakwazi ukumelana nesizathu uma kunesizathu esiqondile sokuthi kungani umuntu engenakukhetha, futhi anenani elilinganiselwe ‘ lezinselele zokwahlulela ezizincisha - mthetho" elibavumela ukuba bakhiphe ngaphandle kokusho isizathu (inselele izinselele azinakusetshenziswa ekukhetheleni okusekelwe ebuhlangani noma ebulilini).

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Izinkulumo zokuvula azibonakali kodwa kunalokho ziyithuba lokuba abameli bachaze lokho abalindele ubufakazi obuzokubonisa. Umshushisi noma umshushisi uqala, alandelwe yizilweli.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi futhi wazisa izincwadi kanye nobufakazi obuphathekayo. Ufakazi ngamunye uphenywa kuqala yiqembu elalibabiza (ukuhlola okuqondile), bese liphenywa iqembu eliphikisayo (ukuhlola ngaPhandle), futhi lingase liphenywe futhi i-partment (ukuhlola okungaqondile). Umahluleli ubeka umthetho ngemibuzo nobufakazi obusekelwe emithethweni yobufakazi.

Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esesohlangothini lwakhe, ukuzivikela kungaveza ubufakazi bakho, kulandela indlela efanayo. Emacalani obugebengu, ummangalelwa unelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokungafakazeli, futhi ummangalelwa akanakuphawula ngesinqumo sommangalelwa sokungathathi hlangothi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi, uhlangothi ngalunye lunikeza izimpikiswano zokuphetha, lufushanisa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele balawule ngokuvumelana nazo.

Ukufundisa Nenkululeko

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukujezisa, ijaji liyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenza ecaleni. Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izindinganiso zomthetho abahluleli okumelwe bazisebenzise, izici okumelwe ziqinisekiswe, nomthwalo wobufakazi. Ezimweni zobugebengu, abamangalelwa kumelwe bafakazele ukuthi banecala "ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo," kuyilapho ezicaleni zomphakathi, ummangaleli kumelwe afakazele icala labo ngokufakaza "ngobufakazi" (ngokunokwenzeka kakhulu).

Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu ngasese. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sivumelane, nakuba ezinye izizwe zivumela izinqumo ezingezona ezizimele ezicabeni ezithile. Ezimweni zomphakathi, izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izinqumo ngomuntu onamandla kakhulu kunokuba zifune ukungaphili.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Uma ijaji lithola isinqumo, libuyela enkantolo futhi limemezele isinqumo salo. Endabeni yecala, isinqumo sinecala noma asinecala enkantolo. Endaweni yomphakathi, isinqumo sinquma ukuthi isikhulu sinecala futhi uma siphumelela, inani lemali ezokhokhwa. Uma ijaji likhipha isinqumo esisekelwe esinqumweni, okuthi kube umthetho wenkantolo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, umcimbi olahlekelwayo angafaka isigwebo esithatha isikhathi ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala acele umahluleli ukuba abeke noma alungise isinqumo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ukuze ahlulele naphezu kwesinqumo (ukuvuma ukuthi akukho jaji elinengqondo elikwaziyo ukufinyelela isinqumo esenzekileyo), ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqulwa kwecala elisha (ukuvuma ukuthi amaphutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala kudinga ukuqulwa kwecala okusha), noma ukuthatha izinyathelo zokunciphisa umonakalo (endabeni lapho indida ikwenyulelwa ikwe kakhulu).

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Ngenxa yokuthi ukumangalelwa akuvamile ukuphumelela, omunye wamacala esudi ngokuvamile akajabuli lapho kumenyezelwa isinqumo sokugcina, futhi uma iqembu elingajabule likholelwa ukuthi ijaji noma abahluleli benza iphutha elingokomthetho, iqembu lingafaka isikhalo, futhi izinkantolo ezishaya indiva aziwabukezi amaphutha ayiqiniso.

Ezifundazweni eziningi zaseU.S., nasezinkantolo zikahulumeni zaseU.S., amacala aphambi kwenkantolo avunyelwa ukuba adluliselwe icala elilodwa njengeliyilungelo, okusho ukuthi iqembu elinganelisekile ngomphumela wecala lingase lifake isikhalo ekuncintisaneni nalokho okungase kube umphumela obizayo, kodwa inkantolo kumelwe ithole iphutha enkantolo engaphansi lapho isola isinqumo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, isilinganiso esincane kuphela sezinqumo zenkantolo ezidluliswayo esibangela ukudluliswa.

Ukuzwa Ukukhanga

Ukudlulisa isikhalo kuqala ngokubhala isaziso sokudlulisa icala phakathi nesikhathi esithile ngemva kwesahlulelo sokugcina senkantolo. Ukungasitholi lesi sinqumo kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kwelungelo lokudlulisa. Iqembu elifaka isikhalo libizwa ngokuthi "i-appellant," kuyilapho elinye iqembu libizwa ngokuthi "i-"alle" noma "elandunter".

Umlando Ohlongozayo

Umdwebi kumelwe ahlele ukulungiselela irekhodi ekudluliseni icala, elihlanganisa izingeniso zenkantolo enkantolo, amarekhodi amacala, nemifanekiso evunyiwe. Lombhalo uzakubukezwa inkantolo edlulisa icala ekunqumeni isikhalo.

Amaphupho Amafushane

Amaqembu afaka iziphakamiso ezibhaliwe eziphikisana ngezikhundla zawo. Inkulumo emfushane yomphathi iveza amaphutha ashiwoyo futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani efuna ukuguqulwa noma ukulungiswa kwesinqumo senkantolo eqululweni. Ukuphendula okufushane kwenkantolo kulezimpikiswano futhi ichaze ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo equlwayo kufanele siqinisekiswe. Khona - ke ummeli angase afake impendulo emfushane ephendulayo emazwini amasha aphakanyiswe enkantolo enkantolo.

Impikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Ezimweni eziningi, inkantolo yecala lizohlela ukuphikisana ngomlomo, lapho abameli bohlangothi ngalunye beveza khona izimpikiswano zabo futhi baphendule imibuzo yamajaji. Impikiswano yemisho imfishane kakhulu kunecala, ngokuvamile ilinganiselwe emizuzwini engu-15 noma engu-30. Akuzona zonke izikhalo ezihlanganisa impikiswano yomlomo; ezinye zinqunywa "ezibhalweni ezimfushane" ngaphandle kwemiboniso yomlomo.

Isinqumo Esihlosiwe

Ngokuvamile, isahlulelo senkantolo edlulisa icala sinikeza isiqondiso sokugcina senkantolo yokudlulisa icala ngokuphathelene nendaba edluliswayo, siveza ngokuqondiswe isinqumo senkantolo sokuthi isinyathelo esithathwe enkantolo kufanele siqinisekiswe, sishintshwe, silungiswe noma silungiswe. Uma inkantolo ephethe ithola ukuthi inkantolo yenze iphutha elingokomthetho elithinta umphumela, lingase liguqule isahlulelo, likhiphe ukuqulwa kwecala elisha, noma libuyise icala enkantolo ngeziqondiso eziqhubekayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwegama Elingokomthetho Okubalulekile

Ukuqonda ulimi olusetshenziswa emacaleni angokomthetho kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngesimiso senkantolo. Nawa amagama ayinhloko okufanele wazi:

Ingxenye Endabeni

  • Plaintiff:[ Umuntu noma inhlangano eqala ukumangalelana ngomthetho ngokufaka isikhalo. Umbhishobhi uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa icala labo.
  • I-defantint:[ Umuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwa uhulumeni noma emangalelwa ngecala enkantolo yobugebengu. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuveza isivikelo.
  • Appellant:[ Iqembu elidlulisa isinqumo senkantolo ephakeme, liphikisa ngokuthi amaphutha angokomthetho enziwa.
  • Appelle/Resent: Iqembu eliphendula isikhalo, ngokuvamile liphikisa ngokuthi isinqumo senkantolo yecala kufanele sisekelwe.
  • [ I-petroli:[ Iqembu elifaka isicelo enkantolo, njengesicelo se-certiorari enkantolo ephakeme.
  • I-Resent: Iqembu eliphendula isicelo.

Ukuqulwa Kwenkantolo Namadokhumende

  • Complast/Petation: Ibhukwana lokuqala lifakwe ukuze kuqalwe ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi, liveza iziphakamiso zommangaleli nomthetho.
  • Impendulo:[ Ukusabela kommangalelwa esikhalo, ukuvuma noma ukuphika izikhalo futhi uqinisa noma yiziphi iziphetho.
  • [Motion:[ Isicelo esingokomthetho esicela inkantolo ukuba yenze isinqumo noma umyalo othile.
  • Impikiswano ebhaliwe engokomthetho edluliselwe enkantolo, ikakhulukazi evame kakhulu emacaleni.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa:[ Ubufakazi obubodwa ngaphandle kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile ehhovisi lommeli, njengengxenye yenqubo yokuthola.
  • Subpoena:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umuntu ukuba avele afakazele noma akhiqize amabhukwana.
  • Summons:[ Isiqinisekiso esazisa ummangalelwa ukuthi icala liqulwe futhi lidinga impendulo.

Izinqumo Nemiphumela

  • Icala: Isinqumo esifinyelelwa amajaji (noma umahluleli enkantolo yebhentshi) ngemibuzo eyiqiniso ecaleni.
  • Imvume:[ Izwi lenkantolo elingokomthetho langena lisekelwe esinqumweni noma esinqumweni senkantolo.
  • Opinion:[ Incazelo ebhaliwe yenkantolo yesinqumo sayo, kuhlanganise nokubonisana ngokomthetho.
  • Isiqinisekiso: isinqumo senkantolo sokusekela isahlulelo senkantolo ephansi.
  • buyisela i-' Isinqumo senkantolo sokugumbuqela isahlulelo senkantolo ephansi.
  • Isinqumo senkantolo sokuthumela icala emuva enkantolo equlweni lomthetho ukuze kuqhutshwe amacala.
  • I-Dismol:[ Isinqumo senkantolo sokuqeda icala ngaphandle kwecala ngenzuzo, ngokuvamile esisekelwe ezisekelweni ze-procedtural.

Izindinganiso Nezimiso Ezingokomthetho

  • Isibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu uqinisile noma umangalelwa. Ezimweni zomphakathi, lokhu kuvame ukuba "ukucatshangelela ubufakazi"; ezimweni zobugebengu, "kungangangatshazwa ngokunengqondo."
  • Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala: Igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa nokunquma uhlobo oluthile lwecala noma amacala ahilela amaqembu athile.
  • Ukuqulwa kwamacala: Igunya lenkantolo lokulalela icala okokuqala, ngokuphambene nokudlulisa icala.
  • Appelta Juriscion: Igunya lenkantolo lokubukeza izinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuma:[ Imfuneko yokuba umbhanqwana abe nesigxobo esanele ecaleni lokuyisa enkantolo.
  • Isikhombisi:[ Isinqumo sangaphambili senkantolo esisebenza njengegunya ekunqumeni amacala afanayo esikhathini esizayo.
  • Stare Decisis: The legal principle that courts should follow precedent when deciding cases with similarfacts and legal issues.

Ubufakazi Nezinkulumo

  • Ubufakazi obuqinisekile: Ubufakazi obuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokunikezwa kumajaji noma umahluleli.
  • indlebe iyasaya: Inkulumo engaphandle kwenkantolo enikezwa ukufakazela iqiniso lendaba egonyiwe, ngokuvamile engenakusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokuba isebenza.
  • Into eyenzekayo:[ Ukubhikisha okungokomthetho okungabuzwa ummeli ukuthi umbuzo, ubufakazi, noma ubufakazi buphula imithetho yenqubo noma ubufakazi.
  • Ivunyelwe: isinqumo somahluleli esivumelana nokwenqaba.
  • Imithetho: isinqumo somahluleli esiphikisana nokwenqaba.
  • Uvavanyo:[ Izinkulumo ezenziwa ofakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Ukungcola--' Ukubuza ufakazi wommeli weqembu eliphikisayo.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

State courts handle a vast array of case types, each with its own procedures and legal standards. Understanding these different categories helps clarify which court has jurisdiction and what procedures will apply.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Ubugebengu obuningi nezenzo zobugebengu, njengokuphanga, ukudlwengula, nokubulala, kuwukwephulwa kwemithetho kahulumeni, futhi ngaleyondlela amacala aqulwa izinkantolo zikahulumeni. Amacala ezigebengu ahilela uhulumeni (oboniswa umshushisi) omangalela umuntu omangalelwe ngokwephula umthetho.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu, ngokuvamile ezichazwa ngokuthi amacala ajeziswa ngokuboshwa isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka noma ukufa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukugqekeza, namacala amakhulu ezidakamizwa. Amacala afanayo ngokuvamile aqala ezinkantolo zokubusa okuvamile futhi ahilela izinqubo ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nokumangalela okukhulu kwabahluleli noma ukuqulwa kwamacala kwakuqala ezizweni eziningi.

Amaphutha

Amaphutha angewona amacala amakhulu kakhulu, ngokuvamile ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, ifa, noma zombili. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukuhlasela okulula, ukweba okuncane, i-DUI (ezizweni eziningi), nokuziphatha okungahleleki. Icala elingalungile lingase liqulwe ezinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe noma enkantolo ephethe, kuye ngesakhiwo senkantolo senkantolo.

Iziphambeko Nokuphula Imithetho

Icala elingenawo amacala angathi sína, ukuphambana okuvame ukuhilela kuphela amafa futhi kungabi nathuba lokuboshwa. Ukuphulwa kwezimoto kuvame kakhulu ukulahlwa. Lamacala avame ukuzwakala ezinkantolo zikamasipala noma zomgwaqo ezinezinqubo ezilula.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba zomphakathi; ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukungaphathi kahle, isehlukaniso, umkhaya, izingane, iprobate, nezivumelwano zezesivumelwano kanye nezindawo zefa, uma sibala nje ezimbalwa, ngokuvamile kuyizikhalo zikahulumeni. Amacala omphakathi ahlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye (okungase kuhlanganise abantu ngabanye, amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni) lapho elinye iqembu lifuna khona imbuyiselo noma olunye usizo komunye.

Ukulimala Komuntu Siqu Nezimo Ezibuhlungu

Izenzakalo zokulimala komuntu siqu zihlanganisa ukuthi ukuziphatha komuntu othile okunganaki noma okuhlosiwe kubangela umonakalo komunye. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa izingozi zemoto, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezokwelapha, ukubekeka izikhala (inxeba nezifo ezifile), ukulahlekelwa inzuzo, nokufa okungalungile. Laba bantu ngokuvamile bafuna izindleko zemali ukuze bakhokhele abalimele izindleko zokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa, ubuhlungu nokunye ukuhlupheka.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Izenzakalo zihlanganisa ukumangalelwa ukuthi omunye umuntu akakwazi ukufeza izibopho ngaphansi kwesivumelwano. Lezi zingahlanganisa izivumelwano zebhizinisi, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, ukuthengwa kwezindawo, izivumelwano zokwakha, noma izivumelwano zabathengi. Izivumelwano zingahlanganisa ukulimala kwemali, ukusebenza okuthile (ukufuna lowo ohlangene ukuba afeze isivumelwano), noma ukubuyisela (ukuhlanganisa isivumelwano).

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Imicimbi yempahla ihlanganisa izimpikiswano ngezindawo noma impahla yomuntu siqu. Lezi zingahlanganisa izimpikiswano zomngcele, izimpikiswano zokunciphisa, izindaba zomnikazi wendawo, izingqwebo zezikhulu, nezenzo zezihloko zempahla ezithulile. Izindawo zangempela zingaphakathi kwegunya elikhethekile lezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

Umthetho Womkhaya Ubalulekile

Amacala omthetho womkhaya ahilela ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kwamalungu omkhaya. Izinhlobo ezivamile zihlanganisa isehlukaniso nokuhlukana okungokomthetho, ukuwinwa kwabantwana nokuvakashelwa, ukusekela kwezingane, ukusekela kobusha (ubunye), ukutholwa, ukubeletha, kanye nobudlova basekhaya. Izigodlo eziningi zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile zomkhaya zokusingatha lezizindaba ezibucayi.

Ifa Nezindaba Zefa

Amacala ahlanganisa ukuphatha izindawo zabantu abafile, kuhlanganise nezincwadi zokugunyaza, ukumisa abameleli, ukuhlukanisa impahla, ukukhokha izikweletu nentela, nokusakaza impahla ezindlalifa noma abazuziswa. Izinkantolo zingaphatha futhi imikhumbi evikelayo nemishini yokulungisa abantu abakhubazekile, futhi kwezinye izindawo, ukutholwa nokushintshwa kwamagama.

Icala Eliyimiqhudelwane

Izinkantolo zamaJuvenile zisingatha amacala ahilela izingane (abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka 18). Lezi zihlanganisa amacala obuhlongandlebe (lapho ingane ibekwa icala lokuziphatha okungangecala uma kwenziwa umuntu omdala), amacala esikhundla (ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ngenxa yeminyaka yomuntu, njengokuzimela noma ukweqa), ukuncika nokunganaki amacala (lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuvikela umntwana ekuxhashazweni noma ekunganakwa), futhi kwezinye izifunda, amacala ezimoto awenziwe yizingane.

Izenzakalo zokubeletha zivame ukugcizelela ukuvuselelwa esikhundleni sokujeziswa futhi ngokuvamile azikho neze ngokomthetho kunezenzo zobugebengu zabantu abadala. Amarekhodi angase agcinwe noma asuswe ukuze kugwenywe ukwenziwa ihlazo kwezingane ezephula umthetho.

Amalungelo Nezivikelo Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. kanye nemithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni kunikeza amalungelo nesivikelo esibalulekile emacaleni asenkantolo.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Emacala Obugebengu

Abavikeli ezigebengwini banezindlela eziningi zomthetho - sisekelo, kuhlanganise nalezi:

  • [ Ilunga elulekweni:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lommeli ekumangalelweni ngecala. Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, umuntu kumelwe amiswe ngezindleko zikahulumeni nganoma iliphi icala lapho ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso esingase sivele.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isokudla sokuhlala uthule:[ Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ekuzichaseni. Abalweli abanakuphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele, futhi ukuthula kwabo akunakusetshenziswa kubo.
  • Icala eliyiJury Apright:[ ISichibiyelo seSisithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo yamajaji ngenxa yamacala obugebengu ajeziswa ngesigwebo sezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha.
  • Ilungelo lokubhekana noFakazi:[ Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi abamelene nommangalelwa neohambweni.
  • Isivikelo ekuHlolweni kokuHlolwa kweZimo eziNgacabangeliyo noSeizures: IsiHlumulo sesine sidinga ukuba ukuphenya nokuquleka kube okunengqondo futhi kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwimbangela okungenzeka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ifanele inqubo elindelekile: Izichibiyelo zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke aphuce umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Isivikelo sokumelana nokuthatha i-opardy: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sinqabela ukuzama umuntu ukuba athole icala elifanayo kabili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.
  • [ Ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi: ISichibiyelo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo nomphakathi.

Amalungelo Ecala Lasembusweni

Nakuba abamangalelwa bezakhamuzi bengenazo zonke izivikelo zomthetho - sisekelo ezifanayo nabamangalelwa ngezigebengu, banawo amalungelo abalulekile:

  • [ Akwesokudla eMhlelweni ofanele:[ Amadili kumelwe athole isaziso sezenzakalo kanye nethuba lokuzwakala ngaphambi kokuba aphucwe impahla noma amanye amalungelo.
  • Eqenjini lecala: Ezindabeni eziningi zomphakathi, amaqembu anelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lokwahlulela, nakuba lelilungelo lingabanzi njengasecaleni lobugebengu futhi lingase ligwetshwe.
  • [ Ilungelo elulekweni: [ingenawo umthetho-mthetho welungelo lokumisa iseluleko ezimweni zomphakathi, amaqembu anelungelo lokuqasha ummeli uma ekwazi ukulithenga.
  • Igunya eMacaleni: Umthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa ukungena ezinkantolo ngendlela enenjongo, okungadinga indawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokukhubazeka, ukuchaza ulimi, noma ukukhokha izikhungo ezithenwayo.

Enye Impi Engaxazululwa

Akuzona zonke izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ezixazululwa ngecala elingokwesiko. Izindlela zokuxazulula izimpikiswano ezihlukile (ADR) zinikeza amadili ezinye izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zawo, ngokuvamile ezishesha kakhulu futhi ezibiza kancane kunempikiswano.

Isiphazamiso

Ukubuyisana kuhilela iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi (umlamuleli) elisiza amaqembu ukuba axhumane futhi axhumane ekwakheni indawo yokuzithandela. Umlamuleli akakhiphi izinqumo noma abeke izixazululo kodwa kunalokho wenza kube lula ukuxoxa futhi asize amaqembu ukuba athole isisekelo esifanayo. Ukuqulisana akusona isivumelwano ngaphandle kokuba amaqembu afinyelele isivumelwano, khona - ke esingabekwa esivumelwaneni sokwabelana.

Izinkantolo eziningi zidinga noma zikhuthaze ukuquliswa kwecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, ikakhulukazi enkantolo yomkhaya nasemacala omphakathi. Ukuquliswa kwecala kungaphumelela ngokukhethekile ezimpikiswaneni lapho amaqembu enobuhlobo obuqhubekayo, njengezindaba zomkhaya, izingxabano zomakhelwane, noma izivumelwano zebhizinisi.

Ukudluliselwa Kwezindawo

Ukuthatha isigwebo kuhilela ukubeka impikiswano kumalungu esithathu angathathi hlangothi (umsizi) ozwa ubufakazi nezimpikiswano nhlangothi zombili bese enza isinqumo. Ngokungafani ne-mediary, ukunqanda ukumiswa kuphumela esinqumweni esibophayo (ezimweni eziningi) esinamandla esahlulelo senkantolo.

Ukuthatha izivumelwano kungadingeka ngesivumelwano (njengasezivumelwaneni eziningi zemisebenzi nasezivumelwaneni zabathengi) noma kungase kukhethwe ngokuzithandela yizigigaba. Ukuqashwa ngokuvamile akuyona imithetho engokomthetho kunenkantolo futhi kungase kusheshi futhi kungabizi kakhulu, nakuba amaqembu edela amalungelo athile, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala futhi ngokuvamile ilungelo lokudlulisa icala.

Imihlangano Yokuhlala Kulo Mhlalandawo

Izinkantolo eziningi zisingatha izingqungquthela, lapho umahluleli noma imantshi ehlangana khona namaqembu nabameli bawo ukuze axoxe ngezindlela zokuxazulula izinkinga.

Ukucabangela Okungokoqobo Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Ezishaya Indiva

Ukuhamba ngempumelelo ezinkantolo zombuso kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuqonda indlela ehlelwe ngayo nezinqubo zayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokumelela Ngokomthetho

Nakuba abameleli benelungelo lokuzimelela (kubonakala "pro se"), ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinqubo zomthetho nomthetho ongaphansi kwenza ukumelelwa komthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ezimweni eziningi. Ama-athorney aqonda izinqubo zenkantolo, imithetho yobufakazi, nezindlela ezingokomthetho ngezindlela abangewona amthetho abangazikho. Ngisho nasezimweni lapho ukumelelwa okugcwele kungafinyeleleki, ukumelelwa okulinganiselwe noma ukuqeqeshwa okungokomthetho kungatholakala.

Izindleko Zenkantolo Nezifebe

Ukuhlanganyela esimisweni senkantolo kuhilela izindleko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezindleko zokukhokha imali, izindleko zokukhokha izinhlelo, izindleko zokuthola amarekhodi namarekhodi, izindleko zobufakazi, nezindleko zobumeli. Lezizindleko zingaba nkulu futhi kufanele zicatshangelwe lapho kunqunywa ukuthi kufanele yini iphishekele noma ivikele icala. Ezinye izinkantolo zikhokha izintela zezikhulu ezikhokhisa abantu ababoshelwe emacaleni omphakathi, nabamangalelwa bezephula umthetho abangakwazi ukukhokhela iseluleko esimisiwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwesikhathi

Imicimbi yamacala ithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu kunalokho abantu abaningi abakulindele. Ngisho namacala alula kakhulu angathatha izinyanga ukuxazululwa, kuyilapho amacala anzima angathatha iminyaka. Imithetho yokulinganiselwa ibeka isikhathi sokuhlela ezinye izici, futhi imithetho yokuhlela inikeza imithetho eqinile yokugcinwa kwemithetho ehlukene nokusabela. Ukungaqiniseki ngalezi zikhathi kungabangela ukulahlekelwa amalungelo abalulekile.

Ukuqonda Ukuvikelwa Inkantolo

Izinkantolo ziyizinhlelo ezingokomthetho ezinemithetho eqondile yokuziphatha. Ukuziphatha okufanelekile enkantolo kuhlanganisa ukugqoka ngobuchwepheshe, ukufika ngesikhathi, ukuma lapho umahluleli engena noma ephuma, ukubiza ijaji ngokuthi "Udumo lwakho," ukukhuluma kuphela lapho unikezwa imvume, futhi ucisha omakhalekhukhwini. Ukuhluleka ukulandela imithetho yenkantolo kungaphumela ekululazweni kwenkantolo.

Ukugcina Amarekhodi

Ukugcina amarekhodi ahleliwe kubaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi indaba engokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukugcina amakhophi azo zonke izikhombi zenkantolo, iposi, ubufakazi, namaphuzu ezingxoxo nabameli kanye nabanye abantu. Ukugcina amarekhodi kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa okubalulekile kuyatholakala uma kudingekile futhi kungagxeka uma icala lidluliswa.

Ukuhlukahluka Phakathi Kwezimiso Zezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Nakuba izimiso zezinkantolo zikahulumeni zinezici ezifanayo, kunezindlela ezihlukile eziphawulekayo phakathi kwezifundazwe zokuhlelwa kwezinkantolo zazo nendlela ezisebenza ngayo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi kubameli abasebenza emazweni amaningi noma amaqembu ahilelekile emacaleni asemagunyeni angajwayelekile.

Izindlela Zokukhetha Ekwahluleleni

Izwe lisebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha abahluleli, kuhlanganise nokhetho oluhlanganisa abavoti abahlukanisayo (lapho abahluleli besebenza njengamalungu amaqembu ezombangazwe), ukhetho (lapho abahluleli besebenza ngaphandle kweqembu), lufanele ukukhethwa noma "Missouri Plan" (lapho ikhomishane i-arhente imisa abazothatha inqunyiwe kanye nombusi emisa khona onyulweni, futhi kamuva, kanye nokumiswa kwe-gubernerator noma i-projectal. Indlela ngayinye inezinzuzo nezici ezimfakelayo ngokozibukeli bokwahlulela, ukulandisa, nokulinganisela.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezinkantolo

Ezinye izifundazwe zihlangene izimiso zenkantolo ngenkantolo eyodwa yezomthetho wonke, kuyilapho ezinye zinezinhlobo eziningi zezinkantolo eziqulwayo ezinezikhundla ezihlukene. Inani lenkantolo ezithatha isigwebo liyahlukahluka futhi, kanti ezinye izifunda zinenkantolo ephakeme kuphela kanti ezinye zinezinkantolo eziphazanyiswayo. Amagama enkantolo nawo ayahlukahluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifundazwe, ezingabangela ukudideka.

Umehluko Okhona

Nakuba amazwe amaningi eye athatha imithetho yenqubo esekelwe kuyiFederal Umthetho we-Civil Procediture neFederal Umthetho we-Criminal Procediture, kunezindlela ezihlukile eziphawulekayo zemithetho yezimiso phakathi kwezifundazwe. Lokhu kungafani kungathinta yonke into kusukela ekutheni amacala aqala kanjani ukuvela ezinqubweni zokuthola izinqubo zokuzama ukuqulwa kwecala.

Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zezwe Nezamanxusa

Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo zikahulumeni ezihlobene ngayo nezinkantolo zikahulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni umbono ophelele wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika.

Ukulahlwa Kwamanje

Kwezinye izimo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zinegunya ecaleni. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukulawulwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, amacala ahilela imibuzo kahulumeni angalethwa enkantolo yombuso noma ye-othorian, futhi amacala ahilela amacala avela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene (ukulawula isigaba) angangeniswa kunoma yisiphi isimiso uma isilinganiso sempikiswano sidlula umnyango kahulumeni.

Ukususwa Nokwehliswa

Uma icala liqulwa enkantolo yombuso kodwa ngabe libekwe enkantolo kahulumeni, ummangalelwa angase akwazi ukubuyisela icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma icala lisuswa ngokungafanele enkantolo kahulumeni, kungahlenga-hlenga "liphindiselwe" enkantolo yesifundazwe.

Ukubukeza Okuqhubekayo Kwezinqumo Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme zibopha kuzo zonke izinkantolo zikahulumeni, futhi zibopha izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuphathelene nezimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho kahulumeni, futhi icala elivela enkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni lingase lidluliselwe eNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu uma kuhileleke umbuzo wasemthethweni kahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ibukeza isiqephu esincane kuphela sezinqumo zenkantolo, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihilela imibuzo ebalulekile kahulumeni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwenkantolo Yasenkantolo Yombuso Yomthetho Wesifunda

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziwusebenzisa njalo umthetho kahulumeni futhi ziwuchaze, kuhlanganise nemithetho kahulumeni namalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziboshwe izincazelo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States zomthetho kahulumeni kodwa zingase zichaze umthetho kahulumeni okokuqala lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ingakayidingisisi lendaba.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nemikhuba Yesikhathi Esizayo

Izimiso zezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezishintshayo, ubuchwepheshe, nezimo zezenhlalo.

Ubuchwepheshe Ezinkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ngokuqhubekayo ukuze zithuthukise impumelelo nokukwazi ukufinyelela ebulungisani. Izimiso ze-electronic collect zivumela amaqembu ukuba afake amabhukwana kuyi-intanethi kunokuba afake imbala. I-vidiyo inikeza ukuqulwa kwezindaba nobufakazi obukude, okwaba okubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOID-19 futhi kuyaqhubeka kusetshenziswa emikhankasweni ethile. Izinqumo zesinqumo ze-Online ephikisanayo zinikeza izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula amacala ngaphandle kokuvela enkantolo.

Ukungenela Ekulungeni

Izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasungula izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa emaqenjini azimele nawangaphansi athola imali. Lezi zihlanganisa amafomu nezindlela zokwenza izinto, izikhungo ezizimele, izinhlelo ezilinganiselwe zokumelelwa kwemishini, nemithombo yolwazi esemthethweni ku-ingosi ye-intanethi. Ezinye izifunda-Profecta zezomthetho, njengochwepheshe bezincwadi abalinganiselwe, ukuze zinikeze usizo oluthengwayo olungokomthetho.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile Nezinkantolo Ezixazulula Izinkinga

Imibuso eminingi iye yasungula izinkantolo ezikhethekile ukuze kuxazululwe izinhlobo ezithile zecala noma imiphakathi. Izinkantolo zezidakamizwa, izinkantolo zezempilo, izinkantolo zezengqondo ezingomakad ’ ebona, nezinkantolo ezingenamakhaya zisebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha futhi zixhumanisa abathatha inxaxheba nezinkonzo kunokuthembela kuphela ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho ezingokwesiko. Lezi zinkantolo ezicaphula izinkinga zizimisele ukusingatha izindaba eziyisisekelo ezibangela izinkinga ezingokomthetho futhi zinciphise ukunqanda ukuthatheka komthetho.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Buyashintsha

Izifunda eziningi ziguqula izimiso zazo zobulungisa zobugebengu ukuze zibhekane nezinkinga zokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, nokuphathwa kwecala eliphansi. Izinguquko zihlanganisa ibheyili yokuguqula (ukuncika ebheyilini yemali), ukugwetshwa kwenguquko (ukususa imisho elinganiselwe engokomthetho kanye nokwandisa ezinye izindlela zokuthumba), kanye nokususa izinguquko (ukwenza kube lula ukucacisa amarekhodi obugebengu).

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni, kunemithombo eminingi:

Ama - Webster Enkantolo

Izimiso eziningi zenkantolo zigcina amawebhusayithi agcwele anokwaziswa okuphathelene nezakhiwo zenkantolo, izinqubo, amafomu, nemithetho. Lezi zingosi zivame ukuhlanganisa imithombo yosizo lwazo siqu ezimelelwayo. I-National Center for State Courts[ inikeza amanyuzinyu nokwaziswa okuqhathaniswa kwenkantolo ngezimiso zenkantolo.

Izinhlangano Zosizo Ezingokomthetho

Izinhlangano zosizo ezingokomthetho zinikeza usizo olungokomthetho olukhululekile kubantu abathatha abantu abaphansi emacaleni omphakathi. Inhlangano yama-Legeral Services [ izinhlelo zosizo lwezimali ezingokomthetho kulo lonke izwe futhi ilondoloza ukhomba lwezinhlelo zendawo.

Abangane Abayi - Bar

Izinkampani zikahulumeni nezokubhalisa zivame ukunikeza abameli izinkonzo zomthetho, ukwaziswa okungokomthetho, nezinhlelo zeprobono.

Imitapo Yomthetho

Izindawo eziningi zenkantolo zinemitapo yezincwadi yomthetho evulekile emphakathini, futhi eminye imikhandlu iye yanikezela imitapo yomthetho kahulumeni.

Imicebo Yemfundo

Izinhlangano eziningi zinikeza imithombo yemfundo mayelana nesimiso somthetho. izinkantolo zifaka ukwaziswa okusebenzayo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni kanye nasemakholiji omphakathi ngokuvamile kunikeza izifundo ezingokomthetho kwabangewona asemthethweni.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni zakha umgogodla wesimiso sokwahlulela saseMelika, ukusingatha izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho nokuthinta ukuphila kwezigidi zabantu unyaka ngamunye.

Isimiso senkantolo ngayinye sihlanganisa izinkantolo zamacala lapho kuqalwa khona amacala futhi kunqunywe khona amaqiniso, izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho, nenkantolo ephakeme enikeza isinqumo sokugcina semibuzo engokomthetho engaphakathi kwezwe. Lezinkantolo zisingatha izinhlobonhlobo zecala, kusukela ekuphathweni kwezimoto kuya ekubulaweni, kusukela ekumangalweni okuncane kuya ekumangalelweni okuyinkimbinkimbi, kusukela ekwahlukaneni kwezentengisweni kuya ekuthengeni.

Inqubo engokomthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi, kusukela ekutholeni kokuqala, ukuthatha isinyathelo, ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi kungakhanga. Esigabeni ngasinye, izinqubo ezithile nemithetho ethile kuyasebenza, futhi izigaba zinamalungelo nezibopho ezibalulekile. Nakuba isimiso singaba nenselele yokuhamba, imithombo ikhona ukuze sisize, kuhlanganise nabameli, izinhlelo zokusiza ezisemthethweni, izinhlangano zosizo, nezinto zokufundisa.

Izimiso zezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyaqhubeka ziguquka, zisebenzise ubuchwepheshe obusha, zisebenzise izinguquko ukuze zithuthukise indlela yokuthola ubulungisa, futhi zithuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula izinkinga zezenhlalo. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zimiso ezisebenza ngayo kunikeza abantu amandla okuvikela amalungelo abo, ukuxazulula izingxabano nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uhileleke endabeni engokomthetho, ucabangela umsebenzi womthetho, noma umane ufuna ukuqonda ukuthi ukwahlulela kusetshenziswa kanjani esizweni sakho, ulwazi lwezimiso zomthetho zikahulumeni lubalulekile. Izinkantolo zingabantu ezibakhonzayo, futhi umphakathi onolwazi ubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizimiso zisebenza ngokufanelekile, ngokunenzuzo nangobulungisa.