Isingeniso: Idwala Likahulumeni Olungile

Inqubo iyisisekelo somthetho wokuqondisa, iqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenzisa amandla azo amakhulu ngokungakhethi, ngokubonana, nangokuhlonipha amalungelo abantu. Esimweni sokuphatha sanamuhla lapho izinhlangano zenza izinqumo ezithinta yonke into kusukela ekulondekeni kochwepheshe, isimiso sokuthi akekho umuntu okufanele aphucwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla engenayo inqubo elungile sibucayi kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Nokho ukusebenza kwenqubo efanelekile yokulawula kuyinto elula. Kudinga ukulinganisela ngokunempumelelo ukubusa ngokumelene namalungelo abantu, ngokuvamile emongweni lapho imithombo yengcebo ilinganiselwe futhi iyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo esihlangene nenqubo yokulawula, ukuhlukanisa izakhiwo zayo eziyinhloko, ukuhlola izingahlunga eziyinhloko zayo, ukuhlola izimpawu ezibucayi, nokubhekana nezinselele zokuziphendukela kwayo.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okungokomlando Nezisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusuka EMagna Carta Kuya Ezinzibeni Zesihlanu Nezashumi Nane

Umqondo wenqubo efanele unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando, ezibuyela emuva eMagna Carta ngo-1215, eyathembisa ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ozojeziswa "ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma ngomthetho wezwe" leligama lashintshela "enqubeni yanamuhla yomthetho," ebekwe eSigqizibeni sesihlanu seSigqizo se-U.S. (esagunyazwe ngo-1791), enqabela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba uncishise noma imuphi umuntu wenkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho."

UMthetho We - Administrative Procedure Act (APA) Nenqubo Efanele

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ubeka isakhiwo, iSishaya-mthetho sakhe phezu kwaso ngezimiso njenge-Administrative Procediture Act ka- 1946 (APA). I-APA si si si si sinezimfuneko eziyisisekelo ze-procedial ezisemqoka zezinhlangano zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nokuqaphela nokuhlela imithetho, ukunikeza izivikelo ezidlula umthetho olinganiselwe nokwenza indikimba ecebile yomthetho uma kudingekile ngomthetho ongokomthetho.

Inqubo Eyizindlela Ezimbili Ezolandelana

Inqubo Engeyona Inkinga

Inqubo efanelekile engathi sína ibuza ukuthi umthetho noma isenzo sikahulumeni ngokwaso silungile futhi silungile yini ngokwezinga eliyinhloko, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukuyisebenzisa. Sivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo − njengasesemshadweni, umshado, kanye nokuzibusa kwabazali − ekuphazanyisweni uhulumeni okungasithathi isithakazelo esiphoqelelwe. Nokho, emthethoni wokuqondisa, izinselele ezimisiwe zenqubo ezifanele zingavamile kodwa zinamandla. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wenhlangano ohlukanisayo ohlukanisa impahla ngokusemthethweni noma ophazamisa isithakazelo esijulile ungashaywa njengokwephula inqubo efanelekile efanelekile.

Inqubo ejwayelekile

Inqubo efanelekile, ukukhathalela okuvame kakhulu emthethweni wokuphatha, kugxila enqubweni elungile yenqubo esetshenziswayo lapho uhulumeni efuna ukuphuca umuntu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Kudinga, isaziso esincane, nethuba lokuzwakala. Kodwa yini ehlanganisa isaziso esanele? Hlobo luni lokuzwa oludingekayo? Izimpendulo azivamile ukuveza zonke. INkantolo Ephakeme iveza isimo esivumelanayo esilinganisela isithakazelo sangasese esisesigxotsheni, ingozi yokuncishwa ngaphansi kwezimiso zamanje, nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokusebenza kahle nangokomnotho.

Ukulinganisela IMathews v.

Ku Ama-Mathews v. Eldridge [77], iNkantolo Ephakeme yamisa ukuhlolwa kwezingxenye ezintathu okuhlala kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko elilawulayo lenqubo yokulungisa iprocective isho ukuthi inqubo yokulawula ikhona:

  • Isithakazelo sangasese sithonywe isenzo esingokomthetho.
  • Ingozi yokuncishwa okungamanga [ ngezindlela ezisetshenziswayo manje, futhi inani lokunye ukuvikela okungaphezulu noma okuthatha indawo ye-procedology.
  • Isithakazelo sikahulumeni , kuhlanganise nemithwalo yemali neyokuphathwa okungahlanganisa izinqubo ezengeziwe.

Lokhu kuhlola kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zikwazi ukusebenzisa isivikelo somthetho ngokwendawo eqondile, ziqaphele ukuthi ukuzwa okusobala akudingekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, kumaMathew [ ngokwako, iNkantolo yathi ukukhubazeka kuzuzisa abamukela inzuzo engokomthetho abanelungelo lokuzwa ngokusemthethweni ngaphambi kokukhishwa kwezinzuzo ngenxa yokuthi ukubukeza okukhona kuvikela izinhlelo zabo kahle futhi ukuzwa kubiza. Lendlela yokulalela iklame ihlela izinhlelo zokuphatha, kusukela enhlalakahleni kuya empahleni kuya ekuthuthweni.

Izingxenye Zezikhova Eziqhutshelwa Ezindaweni Zokuqondisa

Phawula Izimfuneko

Qaphela isici sokuqala nesiyisisekelo senqubo yokulungisa. Kumelwe ukuba kucatshangelwe, ngaphansi kwazo zonke izimo, ukuze kuvezwe abantu abanesithakazelo sokuthatha isinyathelo futhi banikeze ithuba lokuphikisa. Ekuthatheni izinhlelo zokuqondisa, isaziso sihlanganisa isisekelo esiyiqiniso nesingokomthetho sesenzo senhlangano esihlongozwayo, usuku lokuzwa, nencazelo yelungelo lomuntu lokuphendula. Isaziso esingacacile, esithunyelwe ekhelini elingafanele, noma esikhishwe emithonjeni engacacile kuphela.

Ithuba Lokuzwiwa

Ithuba lokuzwakala alidingi ukuzwa ngomlomo njalo. Kuye ngezici ze-Mathews, kunganeliswa ngokubhala umbiko, ukubukeza iphepha, noma izingqungquthela zesikhashana. Nokho, uma isithakazelo somuntu siqu sisikhulu (ngokho, ukulahlekelwa yimvume esemthethweni, ukugcinwa kwengane, noma ukudingiselwa ezweni eliyingozi) ngokuvamile kudinga ukuzwa okusobala lapho umuntu enganikeza khona ubufakazi obungathandeki, ukuphambanisa nobunzima obungathandeki, futhi abe nosizo lweseluleko. Isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukulalelwa kumelwe kwenzeke ngesikhathi esinengqondo nangendlela enengqondo, ngokuvamile ngaphambi kokuba ukunqatshelwa kokugcina kwenzeke, nakuba ukuzwa ngemva kokuzwa kungase kwanele ezimweni eziphuthumayo.

Umhlukanisi Nokwehlukana Kwemisebenzi

Inqubo elindelekile ifuna ukuba umenzi wesinqumo angathathi hlangothi futhi angahlulwa. Emaqulwini okuqondisa, lokhu kuvame ukubangela ukukhathazeka ngenhlanganisela yemisebenzi yabashushisi nemisebenzi engaphakathi kwenhlangano efanayo. Ukubhekisa kulokhu, i-APA idinga ukwahlukana kwemisebenzi ngokulandelana okungokomthetho: izisebenzi ezifanayo ezihlola noma ezimangalela icala azikwazi ukululeka umenzi wesinqumo noma zihlanganyele esinqumweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahluleli bomthetho (ALJ) bajabulela isivikelo somthetho ekucinezelweni kwezombangazwe, futhi izinqumo zabo zihlolwe izikhulu zezezinhlangano eziphezulu. Amacala amuva amacala aphakeme, njengaye [FLT:] . SEC . [2010] [201], kuye kwachazwa futhi kwamiswa iziqondiso zokumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni wokulawula ukumiswa kwe-ALC]

Ilungelo Lokudlulisa Amacala Nokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Inqubo elindelekile ihlanganisa nelungelo lohlobo oluthile lokubukeza − noma isikhalo senhlangano yangaphakathi noma ukubukezwa kokwahlulela enkantolo kahulumeni. I-APA inikeza noma yimuphi umuntu "owenziwe ngesenzo senhlangano" ilungelo lokubukeza uma umthetho ungawuvimbeli ngokusobala. Lokhu kuhlola kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zihlole ukuthi izinhlangano zalandela izinqubo ezifanele, zisebenza ngegunya lazo lobufundisi, futhi zenze izinqumo ezisekelwa ngobufakazi obuqinile. Ukunxusa okuvela esinqumweni esimelene nesenzo somthetho esiwujuqu yisivikelo sokugcina sokuvinjelwa okungadingekile, futhi ukuphindaphinde kuthathwe njengengxenye eyinhloko yenqubo efanele.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Izimpawu Zezwe Enqubweni Efanele

UKelly (1970)

Ku . Goldberg v.Kelly, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi iNew York City ayinakuziqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle ngaphandle kokuqala inikeze owamukelayo ukuzwa okusobala esikhathini sangaphambi konyaka. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi izinzuzo zezenhlalakahle ziwukunikezwa kwemithetho yempahla (isithakazelo sempahla) kanye nokuthi isithakazelo somuntu sokugwema ukuqedwa kwezinzuzo ezidingekile ezinikeza ukudla, izingubo, nendawo yokukhosela siphakeme kakhulu. Umbono unikeza izinqubo ezidingekayo: zifike ngesikhathi futhi ziqaphele ngokwaneleyo, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi obudluliselwa ngomlomo nofakazi abangalunganga, isokudla okungasombululi, ukwenza isinqumo esingakhethi, nesinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini nje kuphela. [FL:]

Mathews v. Eldiridge (1976)

Eminyakeni eyisithupha kamuva, uMathews v. I-Elctridge yacwengisa inqubo efanele nohlelo olulinganiselwe . Goldberg. INkantolo yathi ukukhubazeka kwe-Social Security kuyasiza, okungafani nenhlalakahle, kusekelwe ebufakazini bezokwelapha kunokuqhubeka kwekhono lokuzwa kwangaphambi kwenkathi. Kunalokho, inqubo yokubukeza iposi, eyayihlanganisa ukuzithoba okubhaliwe nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi obuqhubekayo bezokwelapha, kwaneliswa ngenxa yesithakazelo sangasese ezinzuzo zokukhubazeka, nakuba ibucayi, yaba yi-mastives yaba yi-sss elungele zonke izinhlelo ezihambisana nenqubo ezihambisana nezimiso zezenkambiso zezomthetho, ukunikeza izinhlelo zezomthetho ezivumelana nezimiso zezomthetho.

ICoudermill (1985)

[[FLT: 0] Ibhodi yemfundo-Comperand of Education v. Loudermill yakhuluma ngamalungelo afanele enqubo eqalwayo ezisebenzi zomphakathi. INkantolo yathi isisebenzi somphakathi esinesithakazelo sempahla emsebenzini oqhubekayo (umz., uthisha owenziwe ngecala noma inceku yomphakathi) unelungelo lokuzwa imicimbi yangaphambi kwenkathi ethile, kodwa enenjongo yokusabela enkantolo. Ngemva kokuphothula, isisebenzi kumelwe sithole isikhulu esiphelele seposi esinenzuzo esobala yomsebenzi. Lendaba yaveza ukuthi "isihawu ngemfundiso emnandi" (lapho uhulumeni ungachaza khona izinga lempahla ngemvume) angeke asebenzise inzuzo, inqubo edingekayo.

Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) – Inqubo Efanele Ngalé Kombuso Ophethe

Nakuba ingesona icala lomthetho lokulawula ngokwe-se, HAmdi v. Rumsfeld ibonisa ukufinyelela inqubo efanele ngisho nasemongweni wezokuphepha wesizwe. INkantolo yathi isakhamuzi esithunjwe njengesilwi sesitha kumelwe samukele isaziso sesisekelo esiyiqiniso sokuvalelwa kwakhe nethuba elinenjongo lokuphikisana phambi kwesinqumo esingathathi hlangothi. Umbono wobuningi wasebenzisa iMathena elilinganiselayo ekulinganiseni isithakazelo somuntu ekulweni nesithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulweni kwempi. Nakuba izinqubo ezidingekayo [ku-[FLT.FLT:2] [FLT:] [FLT] [3] uHamdi [ult:] wayelinganiselwe kakhulu ukuqulwa kwecala, icala eliyilungelo elifanele lesizwe elingancishisiwe ngisho nakuhlulwa kakhulu.

Izinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Imithombo Yezinto Eziyigugu Nezisekelo Zokuqondisa

Enye yezinselele ezingapheli zokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ilungile inqunywa yizinkantolo ezikhombayo kuphela ezinezigigaba ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Uma amahhovisi ezokuvikela izakhamuzi adinga ukugcinwa iminyaka eminingi. Uma amanxusa engena imithombo yokugcina izindlebe ngesikhathi esifanele, abantu bangabhekana nokuncishwa kwezinzuzo okuqhubekayo, ukubambeka kwemihelo, noma ukuvalelwa ijele elikhudlwana. AmaMathews acabangela ngokuqondile umthwalo kahulumeni wokwephula umthetho kanye nowokuphatha, kodwa isimiso sezomthetho singaphoqelela izinqubo ngaphansi kwesiteshi somthetho-mthetho, kuholele ekushintsheni inguquko engathi kwenze umhlangano wesishaya imoto.

Ukungavumelani Kwezobuchwepheshe: Ukwenziwa kwesinqumo se-a, umthetho-algoric, kanye nokulalela Okungokoqobo

Ukusetshenziswa ngokushesha kobuchwepheshe ezimisweni zokuqondisa kuletha amathuba nezingozi zenqubo efanele. I-Online ehlanganisa ukuzwa, esheshiswa umqedazwe we-COVOID-19, ingathuthukisa ukutholakala kwabantu ezindaweni ezikude kodwa futhi inciphe izimpawu zekhono lokunikeza ubufakazi ngokuphumelelayo noma ukuqaphela isimo sofakazi kanye nabakhi bezinqumo. Okukhulu ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zesinqumo ezizenzekelayo ngezinhlangano, izimpawu ezisheshayo, ezinquma ukuthi zinezinzuzo, ukukhwabanisa kwefulege, noma ukubeka izimo ze-parrole. Lezi zimiso zingaba lukhuni, zingaba nephutha, futhi ziphakamise inqubo engathi sína emayelana nesaziso, incazelo, nesokudla ukuncintisana nesisekelo sesinqumo sokusebenza. Izinkantolo ziqala ukuphikisana noma yini nesimiso esinjalo sikahulumeni sokulungisa inqubo yokulawula nokuhlola.

Ukufuduka Nokuthutha

Umthetho wokudingisa uyindawo yokulwa amalungelo enqubo afanele. Izehlo zokususa inqubo zinelungelo lokuvikela ezinye inqubo ezifanele, nakuba izinga lihluka kuye ngokwesimo sazo sokufuduka nobude bobukhona e-U.S. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo ezibhekene nokudingiswa zinelungelo lokuthola imibandela engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nesaziso, ukumelelwa (iseluleko esigunyaziwe sikahulumeni esingagunyaziwe), kanye nethuba lokunikeza ubufakazi obukhona. Nokho, ukususwa kwezimiso zokuvalelwa kweziboshwa ngokwesibopho, nokuntula iseluleko esingokomthetho sezazi eziningi nezingochwepheshe. Immigration ne-National Actss ihlala ihleli endaweni eshisayo.

Ukufinyelela Ubulungisa: Abahlaziyi Bezinto Ezingaqondakali Nezazi Zomphakathi

Ngisho noma izinqubo zibonakala zinamandla, abantu abaningi basebenzisa izinqubo zokuqondisa ngaphandle kommeli. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuxakekeni kwezenhlala-khaya, cishe amaphesenti angu-60 abathenjiweyo abavezwanga ekuqaleni. Imishini ivame ukulwa nemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi ecacile, izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezingajwayelekile, kanye nomoya owethukile kodwa osabisayo wenhlangano elalelayo. Inqubo idinga ukuba izinqubo zibe nengqondo, futhi inkampani engakholeki ingakwazi ukuthatha igalelo ngokuphumelelayo. Ezinye izinhlangano ziye zasabela ngokunikeza iziqondiso ezilula, nokunikeza izikhungo ezizimele, kodwa igebese ikhona indawo ebanzi yokunikeza usizo. Ukuqaphela umphakathi nemfundo engokomthetho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abantu bayazi amalungelo abo nendlela yokuzivivinya.

Ukuziphendukela Kwenqubo Eqhubekayo EMthethweni Oqondisayo

Inqubo efanelekile yomthetho wokuqondisa ayiyona isimiso esiqinile semithetho kodwa isimiso esiphilayo esivumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Kusukela ekuvikelweni kwakuqala kukaMagna Carta kuya ekuhlolweni okuyinkimbinkimbi kweNkantolo yanamuhla ePhakeme kakhulu, umqondo oyinhloko uyaqhubeka: uhulumeni kumelwe abaphathe kahle abantu lapho kuphazamisa ukuphila kwabo, inkululeko yabo, noma impahla. Isifundazwe sokuphatha manje sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke ($benefit, imisebenzi, indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokunakekela impilo, ukuthutha, ukuthutha (*) futhi iphuzu ngalinye lokuxhumana nenqumo liphakamisa imibuzo edinga ukunaka okucophelelayo kubenzi bemithetho, izinhlangano, izinkantolo, nabameleli.

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushesha futhi buthwebula ama-auth comments, inselele iwukulondoloza izivikelo ezinengqondo ngaphandle kokudela ukusebenza kahle. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Matews kunikeza ithuluzi elivumelanayo, kodwa ukusebenza kwayo kudinga ukuqapha okungapheli. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark ezinjenga , Goldberg[[, [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [2]] [iizisekelo] [izingamandla] [i-Mowss [[FLT]]] [indlela] [indlela] engcono], [indlela] engcono yokuqonda, kodwa ingenze amagebengomu, [[FLT] [FLT] [irmalk', futhi idinga ukusetshenziswa kwendlela yomthetho wonke, futhi ayifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezwi elingumthetho, futhi ingeyethensi: