Ukuklanywa Okungokomthetho Kwamandla Alinganiselayo

Kuwo wonke umlando, ukugcwala kwamandla ezandleni ezimbalwa kakhulu kuye kwaholela ekucindezeleni, ukonakala, nasekukhukhulekeni kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isimiso somthetho, lapho siklanywe futhi siphoqelelwa, sisebenza njengesivikelo sokumelana nokugxilisa okunjalo ngezimiso eziqinile, izinhlangano, nezindlela ezifaka isibopho sokulandisa. Ukuqonda okuyinhloko ukuthi akukho muntu, isigaba, noma igatsha likahulumeni okumelwe lithenjwe ngamandla angalawuliwe. Kunalokho, amandla kumelwe ahlukaniswe, alinganiselwe umthetho, futhi abekwe ngaphansi kobungameli obungapheli. Lesihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho eziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho oqongezela igunya eliphakeme ngokweqile, ukuhlelwa komthetho, ukubukezwa komthetho, nokubusa njengomthetho njengesisekelo sezizwe ezikhululekile.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Imfundiso yokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, edume kakhulu yisazi sefilosofi saseFrance uMontesquieu uMoya woMthetho , iphethe ukuthi igunya likahulumeni kufanele lihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amathathu ahlukene: umthetho, umphathi, nokwahlulela. Igatsha ngalinye lisebenzisa umsebenzi oyinhloko, ukwenza imithetho, nokuchaza imithetho, futhi lichaze igatsha elilodwa elikwazi ukulawula elinye. UMthetho-sisekelo wezwe uhlanganisa lesi simiso eZigabeni I, II, ne III, ukwabela amagunya nemithwalo yemfanelo ethile eMkhandlwini, umongameli, nezinkantolo zombuso. Ummeleli wentando yentando yeningi ogxilisa umthetho, isikhulu, negunya elilodwa lendikimba engenakuvinjelwa, kanti ukuxhashazwa kwemithetho ehlangene, ukuncitshiswa kwemibuso eyodwa.

Umsuka Nendlela Yokuhamba

UMontesquieu waphawula ukuthi “lapho imibuso yemithetho nezikhulu ihlanganiswa kumuntu oyedwa, noma endikimbeni eyodwa yezimantshi, ngeke kube khona inkululeko.” Lokhu kuqonda kwathonya ngokuqondile abakhi be-fream yase-U.S., ababesaba ukuveza igunya eliphelele lombuso waseBrithani. UJames Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, wabhala ukuthi “inhloso eqhubekayo iwukuhlukanisa nokuhlela amahhovisi amaningana ngendlela yokuthi ngalinye lingaba isheke kwenye.” Ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla okumisa imithetho, ukubulala, nokuxabana okuphikiswana kuhlukene ezandleni, isimiso somthetho sivimbela noma yimuphi umdlali oyedwa ekuzizuziseni imithetho ukuze azuze.

Ukusebenza Okuwusizo

Ngokwesiko, ukwahlukana kwemibuso kusho ukuthi isishaya-mthetho asinakwenza ngokuvumelana nemithetho yaso; umphathi akanakwakha igunya lakhe elingokomthetho; futhi ijaji alikwazi ukwenza umthetho ngendlela efanayo nendlu yomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu ungamisa umthetho wentela, kodwa igatsha eliphetheyo liqoqa inzuzo, futhi izinkantolo zixazulule izimpikiswano ngokusebenza komthetho. Uma igatsha lidlula imingcele yalo yomthetho-mthetho, elinye lingamelana ngezindlela zomthetho-mthetho, njengokwenqaba ukuphoqelela umthetho ongagunyaziyo noma umthetho we-jaji.

Umbuso Womthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuwumqondo oyisisekelo ogcizelela bonke abantu, izinhlangano, kanye nezinhlangano − ukuhlanganisa nohulumeni ngokwawo nomthwalo wemfanelo emithethweni emenyezelwa obala, ephoqelelwa ngokulinganayo, futhi eshintshwa ngokuzimele. Isazi somthetho saseBrithani A.V. Dicey saveza izimiso ezintathu eziyinhloko: ukuphakama komthetho ovamile ngaphezu kwamandla azimele, ukulingana phambi komthetho, kanye nesivikelo samalungelo abantu ngezinqumo zokwahlulela. Ukubusa komthetho kumelene ngokuqondile nokubusa ngesinqumo noma izinhloso zomholi onamandla. Iqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme kumelwe zisebenze ezingokomthetho.

Ukweqa Umthetho

Akukho muntu ongaphezulu komthetho. Lesisimiso sisho ukuthi noma isiphi isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sibe nesisekelo esingokomthetho futhi singaphula imithetho ebekwe phambili noma imingcele engokomthetho-mthetho. Emazweni anemithetho eqinile, izinkantolo zingakhipha izenzo zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakathi ePhakeme e i-Youthmoth Comment Commentap & Tube Co. v. Sayer[[[FLTL:1] [1952] zazikholelwa ukuthi umthetho kaMongameli we-Crient Truman uthatha izigayo zensimbi phakathi nempi yase Korea yayingenagunyazomthetho womthetho. Leso sinqumo saqinisekisa ngisho nokuthi umongameli odumile akanakuyidlulisa inqubo yokuvinyanisa.

Ukulingana Ngaphambi KoMthetho

Ukulingana phambi kokuba umthetho wenqabela amalungelo akhethekile abanamandla futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho isebenza ngokufanayo. Esimisweni esibuswa umthetho, ibhiliyoni, ungqongqoshe kahulumeni, kanye nesakhamuzi esivamile sibhekene nezindinganiso ezifanayo ezingokomthetho zokuziphatha kobugebengu, ukugcinwa kwesivumelwano, noma izibopho zentela. Izinkantolo ezizimele nabashushisi kumelwe basebenzise umthetho ngisho nangesandla esiqinile. Ngaphandle kokulingana okunjalo, isimiso somthetho singaba yithuluzi labavelele, silulaze ikhono laso lokuhlola amandla.

Inqubo Efanele Nendlela Efanele Yokulungisa

Umthetho kumelwe unikezwe ngezinqubo ezilungile. Inqubo efanele iqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ofuna “ukukhishwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lokhu kunqanda ukuncishwa kokuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla. Ngokwesibonelo, iziNguqulo zesihlanu neshumi nane ze-U.S. ifuna ukuba angabikho umuntu“ okhuliswe ukuphila, okhululekile, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zonke izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla asetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemithetho ecacile, ekhanyayo kuneyomuntu siqu.

Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukwahlukana kwemibuso kuhlukanisa igunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuvumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba lilinganise elinye. Lokhu kuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ekuqongeleleni amandla amaningi kakhulu futhi kukhuthaza ukubambisana. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unikeza izibonelo eziningi: uMongameli anganikeza umthetho; iSigele siqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli futhi sifake izivumelwano; iSishaya-Mnyango singavimbela futhi sisuse uMongameli nabahluleli bombuso; futhi i-jajicariary ingamisa imithetho engavumelani nemithetho esemthethweni. Lezimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha elingasebenza ngokunye ezindaweni ezibucayi.

UVeto Ophethe Nemithetho Engalawuleki

UMongameli angase adlulise izindleko ezidluliswa yi-Congress, kodwa uMkhandlu ungayidlulisa imithetho egcwele abantu abaningi abaphindwe kathathu kuzo zombili izindlu. Lomandla aphoqelela umphathi ukuba axoxe nomphathi wendlu yomthetho-mthetho futhi anikeze i-Congress i-search i-component infectring. Umbuso weveto awunawo amandla aphelele; imfuneko ebophayo iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho emikhulu, enzima ye-bipartis ingamisa imithetho phezu kokuvinjelwa komongameli, kanjalo ivimbele umphathi ukuba avimbele umthetho othandwayo phakade.

Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukuhlolwa komthetho-mthetho kunika izinkantolo amandla okuqeda imithetho nezenzo zobuphathi eziphula umthetho. Lamandla, asungulwe ku- Marbury v. Madison [183], itshe letshe lesisekelo lomthetho-mthetho waseMelika. Ijadiary isebenza njengomhumushi wokugcina womthetho-mthetho-sisekelo futhi ingaphula umthetho owedlula igunya lenhlangano noma ukuphula amalungelo ayisisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ehlangene ne-United States. Nixon[7]) uProfelt) uNixon u-Profelton (177]) u-197) wayala ukuba akhiqise umthetho owenqandayo amakhasime, avise ukuthi uMongameli akakhohlo akasekanga kakhulu enqubo yomthetho. Umentshisi womthetho uhlola ukumelana nokubusa kweqembu.

Ukulwela Nokususa

ISishaya-mthetho singasusa uMongameli, uMongameli ophethe, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi ngenxa “yokucabanga, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme.” Indlu iqala ukunqanda, futhi iSigele sithatha icala. Lenqubo isebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokumelana nezikhulu ezisebenzisa kabi amandla azo. Nakuba ngokwezezombangazwe, ukungagunyazi kunikeza inqubo yomthetho wokuziphendulela uma ezinye iziphetho zihluleka. Usongo lokususa lungavimbela ukuziphatha okubi futhi lusize ukuba kugcinwe ubuqotho besikhundla somphakathi.

I - diary ezimele

Ijaji elizimele libalulekile ukuze liqinisekise umthetho futhi lihlole amandla. Abahluleli kumelwe bavikelwe ekucindezeleni kwezombangazwe, ukufumbathisa, nokwesabisa ukuze benze izinqumo zokungakhethi ezisekelwe emthethweni nasemaqinisweni. Isivikelo sokwakha sihlanganisa ukuphila konke (kujaji bakahulumeni eUnited States), isivikelo seholo, kanye nokuvinjelwa kokuncishiswa kwenhlawulo yabahluleli phakathi nenkonzo yabo. Lezizici ziqinisekisa ukuthi abahluleli abakwesabi ukuphindisela imithetho engathandeki. Igatsha lejaji elinguhulumeni elikwazi kakhulu ukumelana nokungenela kwezikhulu noma imingcele yemithetho, kodwa ukuzimela kwalo kumelwe kulondolozwe ngemithetho yomphakathi.

Isikhathi Sokuphila Nesivikelo Sokuthengiswa Kwemali

ISiphakamiso III soMthetho-sisekelo sinikeza amajaji ahlangene ukuba amiswe “emelele ukuziphatha okuhle” futhi senqabela ukuncishiswa kweholo labo. Lokhu kugunyazwa ekususweni yiSishaya-mthetho noma uMongameli kuvumela amajaji ukuba abuse uhulumeni ngaphandle kokubeka engozini imisebenzi yawo. Emazweni amaningi, ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuvikelwa ngokufanayo ngezinombolo ezimisiwe, ukumiswa okusekelwe ekufanele, nemikhandlu yokwahlulela ezimele elawula isiyalo nokuthuthukiswa.

Indima Yezimiso Zokwahlulela

Imithetho yezimiso zokwahlulela ifuna ukuba abahluleli bafake icala uma benesithakazelo somuntu siqu noma sezimali ecaleni elithile. Lemithetho ivimbela izingxabano zesithakazelo ezingase zilulaze. Imithetho yokuziphatha, njenge-American Bar Association’s Model Code of Judicial Apligial Code, iqinisa isimiso sokuthi abahluleli kumelwe basebenzise umthetho ngokungathathi hlangothi, bangathathi hlangothi njengesekela noma yiliphi iqembu. Isimiso esibekezelela abahluleli abakhohlakele asinakuhlola ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yokuthi izinqumo ezingokomthetho ziba yizimoto zokukhetha izinhlanga.

Uhulumeni Wesibalo Njengokujoyina Umshini Wamandla

I-Federalism ihlukanisa amandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nohulumeni besifunda (njengamazwe, izifundazwe, noma ama-canton). Lokhu kuhlukaniswa okungathsingi kwemibuso kuvimbela uhulumeni omkhulu ekulawuleni igunya elilodwa futhi kuvumela amaqembu esizwe ukuba asebenze njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrati. E-United States, iSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seshumi sigcinele ezindaweni yonke imibuso engaphathiswa uhulumeni wezwe. Amazwe anemithetho-mthetho yawo, izishaya-mthetho, iziphathi-mthetho-mpakamente, kanye namajadicishi, okunikeza ezinye izinhlelo ze-operathiwe, ezinikeza i-testrueasessssssss mayelana namandla esizwe.

Izinhlonzi Ezivundlile nezimile

Uhulumeni udala ukulondeka okumbaxambili: hhayi nje kuphela amagatsha kahulumeni ophakathi ahlukene, kodwa ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bamazwe bangahlolana. Ngokwesibonelo, imibuso ingabekela imithetho kahulumeni enkantolo; ngokuphambene, uhulumeni wezwe ungaqinisa izindinganiso zesizwe, njengesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi, lapho imibuso ihluleka ukuzisekela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi amandla awabekwanga ezingeni elilodwa lokubusa. INkantolo Ephakeme ivame ukuphendula lezimpikiswano, iqinisa isilinganiso somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo.

Amalungelo Omthetho - sisekelo Nesivikelo Sawo Ngamunye

Umthetho - sisekelo obhaliwe obala amalungelo abantu usebenza njengempoqo eqondile egunyazweni likahulumeni. Amalungelo anjengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokuhlangana, ilungelo lokuphatha izikhali, isivikelo ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nasekuqulekeni, nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga elinika izakhamuzi amandla okumelana nokuphambana kukahulumeni. IBhili Yamalungelo kanye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuye kwafakwa ngokumelene nohulumeni ngeSiphendulo sezwe, kuqinisekiswa ukuthi wonke amazinga okuhlonipha inkululeko kahulumeni eyisisekelo.

Ukukhuluma Nezindaba Ezikhululekile

Inkululeko yokuveza imvume yenza izakhamuzi nemithombo yezindaba zikwazi ukugxeka izenzo zikahulumeni nokudalula ukuxhashazwa. Izindaba zisebenza njenge-ward, zitshela umphakathi nokuziphendulela kwezombangazwe. Izenzakalo ze-Landmark njenge-New York Times Co. v. Sullivan [1964]] [izinqumo]) zivikela ukugxekwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi ekuthatheni amasudi, kanye [FLT] New York Times Co. United States (1971]

Ilungelo Lenqubo Efanele Nokuqulwa Kwecala Okufanele

Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elilungile lihlanganisa ukukholelwa ekutheni umsulwa, ukufinyelela iseluleko somthetho, ikomiti yabahluleli engakhethi, nelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi. IziNguqulo zeSihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa lamalungelo esizwe, okuvimbela umbuso ekusebenziseni isimiso somthetho ekushushiseni abaphikisi bezombangazwe noma abangenamandla ngaphandle kokuvikela okufanelekile. Ukubusa kokuhlukanisa, okuwubufakazi obutholakala ngokuhlola okungekho emthethweni, ukukhomba imithetho okuqhubekayo okuqashelwayo.

Izinkampani Ezingokomthetho Nemishini Elawulayo

Ngalé kwezinkantolo, iqoqo lezinhlangano ezingokomthetho liphoqelela ukuba kuthathwe icala futhi lihlolwe. Lezi zihlanganisa izikhulu zegatsha ezizimele, abahloli, abahloli, abakhokhi bamalungelo abantu, nezinkantolo zokuphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezobulungisa wase-U.S. uhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwabashushisi bezwe. Abashushisi abazimele bangahlola izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe eziphezulu ngaphandle kokungenela kwezombangazwe.

Umthetho Ophethe Nokwenza Imithetho

Izinhlangano zezokuphatha − njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency noma i-Secureties and Exchange Commission . Ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kwezimiso ezithile. Ukuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, uMthetho we-Administrative Procedure udinga izinhlangano ezibonisayo ukuba zilandele izinqubo zokushaya umthetho, zivumele ukukhulumela komphakathi, futhi zithethelele izinqumo zazo. Izinkantolo zibukeza izenzo zezinhlangano zezegunya lomthetho lokulawula noma igunya elidlulele. Lendikimba yomthetho, eyaziwa njengomthetho wokuphatha, iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla agunyawagunyawagunyazwayo asetshenziswayo asetshenziswa ngokulandisa.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu Nezenkolo

Amazwe amaningi amisa amahhovisi ahlola izikhalo ezimelene neziphathimandla zomphakathi. I-ombudsman iyisikhulu esizimele esingatusa ukuthatha isinyathelo sokulungisa, nakuba singaphoqeleli ukuthobela. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ziqaphela ukuhambisana kukahulumeni nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Lezimiso ezingezona ezobuqaba zigcwalisa izikhala lapho izinkantolo zingase zingafinyeleli noma lapho izindaba zezimiso zidinga inguquko enkulu khona.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Namalungelo Abantu Ayanqamuka

Izinqubo zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe zinqanda futhi amandla ezindawo ngokuba zigcine izifunda zinecala ezindinganisweni zangaphandle. Izivumelwano ezinjengeSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo esizwe nawamazwe ahlangene, i-United Nations Convention on Tristivation, ne-Rome Sigmental Court yakha izibopho ezilinganisela igunya lobukhosi obuphezulu. Nakuba ngokuvamile ukuphoqelela kubuthakathaka, lamathuluzi anikeza isisekelo esivamile futhi anganika izinkantolo zasekhaya amandla okuchaza umthetho wezwe lonke ngokuvumelana nezibopho zezizwe ngezizwe zonke. Kwezinye izifunda, amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke afakwa ngokuqondile emthethweni wasekhaya, anikeza isivikelo esengeziwe.

Ukulandisa Ngentando Yeningi Ngokukhetha

Ukhetho oluvamile, olukhululekile, nolulungile luyinhlolo - voters zihlola eziqondisweni eziphethe abameleli. Izikhulu ezisebenzisa kabi igunya lazo noma ezihluleka ukunikeza isithakazelo somphakathi. Imingcele, imithetho yezezimali, nezindlela zokuvota ezibonisayo zivimbela ukugunyazwa nokubuswa iqembu elilodwa. Isimiso somthetho sibusa izinqubo zokukhetha ngokulawula ngokulawula, ukuvota, ukubhalisa, ukuvumelana nesinqumo. Imishini yokhetho nezinhlelo zokuvota ezisekela izinselele zokhetho ziqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokhetho ihlala ilungile futhi ayibi imoto yokuhlanganisa amandla.

Isiphetho

Umklamo wesimiso somthetho wokuvimbela noma yimuphi umuntu noma iqembu ekuqongeleleni amandla amaningi kakhulu usekelwe ezimisweni ezihambelanayo nezinhlangano: ukwahlukana kwemibuso, ukubusa komthetho, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukubusa, ukubusa, amalungelo omthetho-mthetho, ukwengamela, ukuphathwa kwezimiso zomthetho-mthetho, nokuziphendulela kombuso wentando yeningi. Isifundo esihlala njalo siqinisa ezinye, sidala isimiso sokuzigodla esivikela inkululeko nokuvimbela ubudlova. Asikho isimiso esiphelele; izivikelo ezingokomthetho zidinga ukusekelwa okuqaphilele nomthetho ozimele. Uma lezizimiso zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala ekhona, avunyelwe, futhi athathelwa idemo yentando yeningi. Isifundo esikhona ukuthi imithetho engapheli ayigcini inhlonipho ngalezo mithetho, kodwa inikeza inkululeko edingekile engokomthetho.