Table of Contents

Emphakathini wentando yeningi, ukuhlala waziswe ngenqubo yomthetho wezomthetho kungomunye wemithwalo yemfanelo ebaluleke kakhulu yesakhamuzi esithembisene. I-United States House of Declarations, njengelinye lamagumbi amabili oMkhandlu, yenza indima ebalulekile ekulolongeni imithetho nezimiso ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ukusukela ekulondekeni kwempilo nasemfundweni wezemfundo kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe nesimiso sezomnotho, izinqumo ezenziwa esitezitezi sendlu zinemiphumela efinyelela kakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Ukuqonda indlela yokulandela izigijikizo zeNdlu lweNdlu, kunika izakhamuzi amandla okuthatha iqhaza ngokunelisayo ngokunenjongo edemokhrasi, kugcine abameleli bazo abakhethiwe benoshelwa, futhi benze izinqumo eziwulwazini ebhokisini le-bolotte.

Izindaba ezinhle ziwukuthi enkathini yanamuhla yamanani, ukufinyelela ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi yendlu akukaze kube lula. Zidlulile izinsuku lapho izakhamuzi kudingeka zithembele kuphela kwimibiko yamaphephandaba noma kusasa kwakusihlwa ukuze zifunde ngemisebenzi yobuthunywa. Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buvule izindlela eziningi zokuthola izimpikiswano zangempela, amavoti, ukuzwa kwekomiti, namaphepha emithetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi wezesayensi, isakhamuzi esikhathalelayo, umlobeli wezindaba, noma umuntu ofuna ukuqonda indlela uhulumeni esebenza ngayo, kunamathuluzi amaningi nemithombo ekhona ukuze akusize uhlale usazi ngalokho okwenzekayo eGary House.

Lo mqondisi obanzi uzokuhambisa kuzo zonke izindlela, iziteshi, namacebo ongawasebenzisa ukuze ulandele iNdlu yabameleli ngendlela ephumelelayo. Kusukela ekubukeni izimpikiswano ezihlala phansi kuya ekutholeni amarekhodi okuvota anemininingwane, kusukela ekuqondeni ikhalenda le-crouncial kuya ekusebenziseni ama-apps ahambayo kanye ne-webhracy, sizohlanganisa konke okudingayo ukuze ube yingqapheli efunde kahle yemisebenzi yokuhlela.

Ukuqonda Indlu Yabameleli Nendima Yayo

Ngaphambi kokungena ezindleleni eziqondile zokulandela imicimbi yaseNdlu, kuwusizo ukuqonda isakhiwo nomsebenzi walendikimba yemithetho. Indlu yabameleli inamalungu angu-45 okuvota, ngalinye limelela isifunda sengqungquthela seminyaka emibili. Indlu inemibuso eminingana ekhethekile, kuhlanganise negunya lokusungula izikweleti zemali, izikhulu zikahulumeni ezizimele, futhi likhetha uMongameli uma kwenzeka kuvela i-Electoral College that.

Indlu isebenza ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi samakomiti namakomiti angaphansi lapho umsebenzi omkhulu womthetho uyenzeka khona ngempela. Amabhuloho asungulwa, aphikiswana ngekomiti, alungiswe, abese elethwa phansi ukuze ahlolwe. Ukuqonda le nqubo kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi ungabhekaphi ukwaziswa ezigabani ezihlukene zomthetho. Indlu ilandela futhi imithetho eqondile nezinqubo ezilawula isikhathi sengxoxo, izinqubo zokulungisa, kanye nezindlela zokuvota, konke okubalulekile ukukuqonda uma kulandela izinqubo.

UmSheaker weNdlu, okhethwe amalungu, uqondisa iziqephu futhi ufeza indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izikweletu eziza phansi ukuze kuvotelwe. Abaholi abaningi nabambalwa, kanye neziswebhu zeqembu, basebenzela ukuhlela amasu abo omthetho. Ukwazi labadlali abayinhloko kanye nendima yabo kukusiza ukuba uqonde kangcono amandla ozowaqaphela lapho ubuka izindaba zendlu.

Ukubuka Indlu Ihlala Ikhona

Enye yezindlela eziqondile zokuhlala waziwe ngemisebenzi yasekhaya ukubheka izinto eziqhubekayo njengoba zenzeka. Lokhu kukunika umbono ongahlelekile ngezimpikiswano, amavoti, nenqubo yokushaya umthetho esebenzayo, okukuvumela ukuba wakhe imibono yakho siqu ngaphandle kokuncika ekuchazeni imithombo yezindaba.

C-SPAN: Umthombo oyinhloko wesambulo esiphilayo

I-C-SPAN (Izindaba Zomphakathi Ezingangeni Macala) ibisakaza ngokuphelele, idlulisa i-panethi ye-Indawer-ose yemisebenzi yendlu kusukela ngo-1979. I-C-SPAN inikeza iziqephu zemisebenzi yendlu ezingahleliwe, ezingadayiswanga, ezivumela izibukeli ukuba zibone kahle ukuthi kwenzekani ngaphandle kokuphendula noma ukuphazanyiswa. Lokhu kuyenza ibe inzuzo eyigugu kunoma ubani ofuna ukubona inqubo yomthetho mathule.

Ungathola i-C-SPAN ngokuhlanganisa amapulatifomu amaningi. Uma unekhebula noma ithelevishini yesiphuphutheki, i-C-SPAN itholakala njengengxenye yamaphakethi ayisisekelo. Ama-patter-meno-nethi nezibukeli kulayini, i-C-SPAN inikeza ukuphila okukhululekile okungena ngewebhusayithi yabo e- www.c-pan.org[. Iwebhusayithi inezite eziningi, ezinezitezi ze-C-SPA 1 ezinikezelwe ngokuyinhloko ekuhlohleni kwendlu. Imfanelo ephumayo ingcono kakhulu, futhi inkonzo ayikho ngenkomfoto yenkomfa noma ukubhalisa okufunekayo.

I-C-SPAN inikeza futhi ama-apps ahamba-hambayo e-IO ne-Android, okuvumela ukuba ubukele imicimbi yendlu ku-makhalekhukhwini wakho noma i-meta. Lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekuhlaleni waziswe lapho uhamba noma uhamba. Lezi zici zihlanganisa ikhono lokwenza izithwebuli zamavidiyo, ukuxoxa ngezindaba zezenhlalo, nokungena komkhondo wevidiyo ka-C-SPAN wezinto ezidlule.

House.gov Live streng

Indlu ye-website yabameleli e House.gov inikeza inkonzo yayo ephilayo yokuzilungiselela imicimbi yasesitezi. Lokhu kudla okuvela ngqo eNdlu kunikeza i-C-SPAN efana neyokubonayo, njengoba zombili izinkonzo zisebenzisa amakhamera asetshenziswa yi House Recording Studio. I House.gov ehlalayo itholakala nge-paged futhi ayidingi i-software ekhethekile noma izinsimbi zokuxhumana ezibonwa ngabenzi be-web abaningi bobucu.

Inzuzo yokusebenzisa i House.gov umfula uwukuthi uthola ukwaziswa ngokuqondile emthonjeni. Iwebhusayithi futhi inikeza umongo ozungeze umfula ophilayo, kuhlanganise nesimiso sansuku zonke, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nezindleko ezicatshangelwayo, kanye nokuxhumelana kwezincwadi ezihlobene nazo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa kwenza kube lula ukucwaninga ngalokho okubukayo ngesikhathi sangempela.

Ukudla Okuphakathi Nezingosi Zezindaba Zomphakathi

Indlu yabameleli igcina imikhondo esemthethweni ye-YouTube evame ukugeleza izenzakalo ezinkulu. Nakuba kungezona zonke iziteshi ezivamile ezisesitezi ezivamile ezimpompontshelwa ku-YouTube, izimpikiswano ezibalulekile, izikhawu ezikhethekile, kanye namavoti amakhulu kusakazwa kaningi kulendawo yesikhulu. Ukulandela umzila ongokomthetho weHouse YouTube kukuvumela ukuba uthole izaziso lapho imifula ephilayo iqala futhi inikeza okunye ukubuka okungakho okungakhokhwa abantu abaningi ukuthi kungcono.

Abameleli ngabanye basebenzisa futhi imithombo yezokuxhumana enjengeFacebook, Twitter, neInstagram ukuze banikeze iziphakamiso zezindaba zendlu, banikeze izinkulumo ezibonisa imisebenzi yomthetho, futhi banikeze nemibono yabo ngemisebenzi yomthetho.

Ukuqonda Okubukayo

Lapho ubuka ama-parel House Committee, kusiza ukuqonda amanye amagama nezinqubo ozohlangana nazo. Indlu isebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho eyinkimbinkimbi elawula ukuthi amalungu angakwazi ukukhuluma isikhathi eside kangakanani, indlela yokulungisa okunikezwa ngayo, nendlela amavoti aqhutshwa ngayo. Uzozwa izikhombo "ukunikezela isikhathi," "imvume yokuhleleka," "izindawo zokuvota," nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamavoti kuhlanganise namavoti ezwi, amavoti ahlukene, namavoti aqoshiwe.

Isitezi sendlu ngezinye izikhathi singabonakala sididekile, amalungu eza futhi ahambe, izingxoxo eziseceleni zenzeka, futhi zithathelwe eceleni. Ungadumali uma yonke into ingaqondakali ngokushesha. Njengoba ubuka izenzakalo eziningi, imiklamo nezinhlelo zizoba ezijwayelekile. Izibukeli eziningi zikuthola kuwusizo ukuba nemithetho yendlu noma isiqondiso senqubo yephalamende uma zibuka, ikakhulukazi uma ziqala.

Ukufinyelela Amarekhodi Eziphathimandla Namadokhumende

Nakuba ukubuka izenzakalo zokuphila kunikeza ukuqonda okuyigugu, ukufinyelela amarekhodi angokomthetho nezincwadi kubalulekile ekuqondeni ngokujule kwemisebenzi yendlu. Lemilando inikeza ukulandisa okunganqamuki, okunegunya kokuthi kwenzeka endlini futhi inikeze imininingwane engase ingabonakali uma uyibuka yodwa.

Umlando Wezingqungquthela

ICongregational Record ingumlando ongokomthetho wezehlakalo nezimpikiswano ze-United States Congress. Inyatheliswa nsuku zonke lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, inikeza ukulandisa okuqinile kwamazwi ashiwo yizikhulu nabameleli, kanye nomlando wezenzo zomthetho ezithathwe. iCongregational Reault Reast ihlukaniswa yaba izingxenye ezine: izimemezelo zendlu, izimemezelo zeSigebengu, izithasiselo zeRemarks, neDaily Digest.

Ungathola iCongregational Record ngemithombo eminingi. I-Government Publishing Office (GPO) inikeza ithuba mahhala lokungena eCongregational Recordal Record ngewebhusayithi yayo, namarekhodi asukela emuva ku-1995 atholakala ngendlela efunayo. I-Library of Congress igcina izinqolobane zeCongregational Record engosini yayo. Lezi zinguqulo zezimiso zikuvumela ukuba ufune izihloko ezithile, amagama amalungu, noma izinombolo zemali, ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa okuthintana nazo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi nakuba iCongregational Record ifana kakhulu, amalungu eSishaya-mthetho avunyelwe ukuhlela amazwi awo ngaphambi kokuba anyatheliswe futhi angafaka okunye okungashiwonga ngokomthetho phansi. Izinto ezingakhulunywanga ziboniswa ngezimpawu ezihlukile noma izinhlamvu, ukusiza abafundi ukuba bahlukanise phakathi kwalokho okwashiwo ngempela nalokho okuthathiwe kamuva.

Congress.gov: IHub Yakho Ephakathi Yokwaziswa Okusemthethweni

Congress.gov yiwebhusayithi engokomthetho yokwaziswa kwe-guvernement futhi isebenza njengethuluzi elibanzi kakhulu lokulandela izikweletu zemithetho, izinqumo, nemisebenzi yemithetho. Ilondolozwe yi- Library of Congress, Congress.gov ithathe indawo yesimiso sakudala se-THOMAS futhi inikeza amandla akhuliswe ngokuphawulekayo okuhlola kanye nezici zobungane nomsebenzisi.

KuKhongolo-karkhese.gov, ungafuna futhi ulandelela izikweleti eziqondile, ubheke umbhalo ophelele, ubone isimo sawo samanje, ukubukeza, nemibiko yekomiti ehlobene nawo. Ingosi inikeza ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngohambo lwemali ngayinye ngenqubo yomthetho-mthetho, kuhlanganise nalapho iqala, lapho amakomiti acabanga ukuthi iziphi izinguquko ezahlongozwa, nokuthi amalungu akhetha kanjani. Ungamisa futhi izixwayiso ze-imeyili ukuze uthole izaziso uma izindleko ezithile zivuselelwe noma lapho umthetho omusha usungulwa ngezihloko zenzalo.

Imibiko yamakomiti ibaluleke kakhulu njengoba ichaza injongo yomthetho namalungiselelo emininingwane, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise nemibono emincane nezilinganiso zezindleko. Lemibiko inikeza umongo okusiza ukuba uqonde ukuthi umthetho wenzani, kodwa ukuthi kungani kwahlongozwa nokuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano eziwuzungezile.

Imithombo yemisebenzi yendlu kaCrerk

IHhovisi leClerk leNdlu ligcina amarekhodi athe xaxa futhi linikeza imithombo eminingi yemisebenzi yasendlini. Iwebhusayithi kaClerk inikeza ukungenela kwi House Journal, eyirekhodi elingokomthetho lezenzo ze House, (njengoba zihlukile ku-Congregational Record, ehlanganisa nengxoxo). I-Journal ibhala amavoti, izenzo zokuxhumana, nokuxhumana okusemthethweni kodwa ayihlanganisi umbhalo wezimpikiswano.

Ihhovisi likaClerk lilondoloza futhi amarekhodi okuvota anemininingwane, likuvumela ukuba ubone ukuthi ummeleli ngamunye uvota kanjani kunoma yiliphi ivoti erekhodiweyo. La marekhodi angaphenywa yilungu, ngenombolo yamavoti, noma usuku, okwenza kube lula ukulandelela umlando wokuvota wommeleli wakho noma ukubona ukuwohloka kokuvota emthethweni othile. Ihhovisi futhi likhipha i House Calendar, ebala izikweletu nezinqumo eziye zabikwa ekomitini futhi lilindele isenzo esisesitezingeni.

Imibiko yezezimali edluliswa amalungu e House nayo iyatholakala ngehhovisi likaClerk, inikeza inzuzo esobala ngezinzuzo zezikhongozelo zabameleli. Lemibiko ingaba usizo ekuqondeni izingxabano ezingase zibe khona zenzalo noma izisusa zezimali ezisekela izikhundla zomthetho.

Ama - Webster Amakomiti Nemithombo

Umsebenzi omningi wendlu ocushweyo uyenzeka emakomitini, ngakho imisebenzi yekomiti elandela inqubo yomthetho ibalulekile ekuqondeni inqubo yomthetho. Ikomiti ngayinye yendlu igcina ingosi yayo inokwaziswa okuphathelene nokuthethwa kwamacala okuzayo, ama-computer namavidiyo, imibiko yekomiti, kanye nezikweletu zemali ezingaphansi kwegunya lekomiti.

Amawebhusayithi amakomiti anikeza izinqubo zokuqulwa kwezindaba ezizayo, ngokuvamile anokwaziswa mayelana nofakazi abazofakaza kanye nezihloko ezizohlanganiswa. Amakomiti amaningi manje ahlala ngokungena emacaleni awo namavidiyo athunyelwe ngemva kwalokho, akuvumela ukuba ubukele izindaba zekomiti ngendlela obungabukela ngayo imicimbi yasesitezingeni. Izimemezelo zamakomiti zivame ukunikeza ukuhlolwa okuningi kwezindaba kunokuphikisana okusesitezini, njengoba ofakazi abanolwazi befaka ubufakazi futhi amalungu ethatha isikhathi esiningi sokubuza imibuzo nokuxoxa ngemininingwane yesimiso.

Izincwadi ezidluliselwe emakomitini zivame ukunyatheliswa emawebhsayithini amakomiti emasontweni ambalwa ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala. La maphepha anikeza umbiko ohlala njalo wobufakazi nombuzo, futhi ngokuvamile aningi kakhulu kunalokho ongakuthola ngokubukela ukuqulwa kwecala. Imibiko yamakomiti, echaza umthetho oye wavunyelwa yikomiti, ikhona futhi kumawebhusayithi amakomiti futhi inikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngenhloso nangemiphumela elindelekile yomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukulandela Ikhalenda Lomthetho Wasekhaya Nesimiso

Ukuqonda lapho indlu iseqenjini nalokho ehlela ukukucabanga kubalulekile ukuze kulandelwe izenzakalo ngokuphumelelayo. Indlu ayihlangani nsuku zonke, futhi ukwazi isimiso kukusiza ukuba uhlele ukuthi ulalele nini izimpikiswano ezibalulekile namavoti.

IKhalenda Lendlu

Indlu isebenza ekhalendeni elihlanganisa izinkathi zomsebenzi womthetho eWashington ezilandelwa yizikhathi zomsebenzi wesigodi lapho amalungu ebuyela ezifundeni zasekhaya. Indlu ngokuvamile ihlangana kusukela ngoLwesibili kuya kuLwesine lapho kuseqenjini, nakuba umthetho obalulekile ungadinga uMsombuluko noma izingxenye zangoLwesihlanu. Ihhovisi leMajority Monity likhipha uhlelo lwamasonto onke olubonisa ukuthi iNdlu izobe nini isesiqenjini futhi linikeza umbono ovamile wezimiso zomthetho.

Indlu isebenzisa amakhalenda amaningana ahlukene ukuze ithole izinhlobo zemithetho. Ikhalenda ye-Union ihlela amafakthra emali ekhuphulwayo noma ehilela izindleko zikahulumeni. I House Calendre ihlela izikweleti zomphakathi ezingagcini imali noma ezingasebenzisi imali. IKhalenda Lete Yesibhande Lisebenzisa Izinhlamvu zezikweletu ezithinta abantu abathile noma izinhlangano. Ukuqonda lamakhalenda ahlukene kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi ungafuna kuphi izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho.

Isimiso Sansuku Zonke Nokuvuselelwa Kwezindawo Ezisezingeni Eliphansi

Ihhovisi le House Majority Monist likhipha uhlelo oluningiliziwe lwesonto elizayo, lihlela izikweleti ezithile ezilindeleke ukuba zihlolwe kanye nesimiso esilindelwe semicimbi yasesitezi. Lesi simiso ngokuvamile sikhishwa ngoLwesine noma ngoLwesihlanu ngesonto elilandelayo. Nokho, izimiso zingashintsha, ngakho kubalulekile ukuhlola ukushintshwa.

Ezinsukwini lapho iNdlu iseqenjini, isimiso sobuso sihlelwa kahle usuku lonke ukuze kuboniswe izenzakalo ezingokoqobo. Iwebhusayithi yendlu inikeza izincazelo ezingokoqobo mayelana nalokho okucatshangelwayo manje phansi, amavoti nanoma iziphi izinguquko zesimiso. Izinhlangano eziningi zezindaba nawebhusayithi yezombangazwe zilandela uhlelo lwendlu futhi zinikeze izixwayiso ngamavoti noma izimpikiswano eziphawulekayo ezizayo.

Ukuqonda Imisebenzi Yasendlini Nesikhathi

Izingxenye zendlu ziqala ngezingxoxo zamahora ekuseni, zilandelwa yibhizinisi lemithetho ntambama. Amavote ngokuvamile ahlelwa ngamaqoqo, namavoti amaningi enziwa ngokulandelana. Indlu isebenzisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamavoti kuye ngesimo: amavoti ezwi ezindabeni ezingezona ezihlangene, amavoti lapho amalungu eme khona ukubalwa, futhi amavoti aqoshwe lapho isikhundla selungu ngalinye sibhalwe khona ngalinye.

Amavoti aqoshiwe avame ukuthatha imizuzu engu-15, nakuba isikhathi singanikwa ngokuqondiswa kwesikhulu esiphethe. Uma amavoti amaningi ehlelwa, amavoti okuqala athatha imizuzu engu-15, kodwa amavoti alandelayo angafinyelelwa emizuzwini emihlanu. Ukuqonda lezindlela zokuhlela isikhathi kukusiza ukuba wazi ukuthi ungaqonda nini uma unesithakazelo ngokukhethekile ekuboneni ukuthi amalungu avota kanjani emthethweni othile.

Ukusebenzisa Imithombo Yezindaba Nokuhlola Ukuze Uhlale Unolwazi

Nakuba imithombo eyinhloko enjengezindaba eziphilayo namarekhodi angokomthetho enikeza ukwaziswa okungathuthukisiwe, abezindaba nochwepheshe bahlola izinhlelo ezisiza ekuhleleni imisebenzi yasekhaya futhi bachaze ukubaluleka kwayo. Indlela elinganiselayo ehlanganisa imithombo eyinhloko nemithombo yezindaba ephambili yenza ukuba kuqondwe ngokugcwele imisebenzi yokuhlangana.

Izinhlangano Ezinkulu Zezindaba

Imithombo emikhulu yezindaba njenge-New York Times, i-Washington Post, i-The Wall Street Journal, nabanye balondoloza abalobeli abanikezelwe bemibutho ebika ngemisebenzi yendlu nsuku zonke. Lezi zintatheli zinikeza umongo, isizinda, nokuhlaziya okusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde ukubaluleka kwezenzo zomthetho. Futhi bavame ukuvala izindaba ezingemva kwezingxoxo zezingxoxo zezikhululo, amasu azayo emithetho, kanye namandla ezombangazwe angabonakali ngokubuka imicimbi yasesitezini kuphela.

Izinhlelo zezindaba zethelevishini zihlanganisa iCNNN, iMSNBC, iFox News, kanye nezokusakaza nazo zihlanganisa imisebenzi emikhulu yaseNdlu, nakuba ukuhlanganisa kwazo kuvame ukugxila ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu noma eziphikisanayo. Izindaba eziwukhakhakha ngokuvamile ziveza izingxoxo namalungu endlu, zinikeza ukuqonda ngokucabanga kwawo namacebo. Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izimemezelo zezindaba ezihlukahlukene zingaba nezimo ezihlukene zomhleli, ngakho ukubheka imithombo eminingi kuyakusiza ukuba uqiniseke ukuthi uthola umbono olinganiselwe.

Imithombo Yezindaba Zezombangazwe Ezikhethekile

Izinhlangano zezindaba eziningana ezisebenza ngokuhlanganisa iSishaya - mthetho futhi zinikeza ukubika okuningiliziwe ngemisebenzi yendlu. UPolitico, iHill, ne-Rol Call Call zigxila ngokukhethekile ezindabeni zezombangazwe nezezishaya - mthetho, zihlanganisa ngokunye ukuhlanganisa izinqubo, inqubo yezombangazwe, nezimpikiswano zezimiso. Lezi zincwadi zinikeza imininingwane eminingi kakhulu yemibango yemithetho kunaleyo enikezwayo, ziyenze ibe imithombo eyigugu kulabo abafuna ukulandela imisebenzi yasekhaya eduze.

Lezi zikhangiso ezikhethekile zinikeza amapheshana ansuku zonke afingqa imisebenzi eyinhloko yengqungquthela, amavoti, nentuthuko ebalulekile yezombangazwe. Ukuqamba lamaphepha-ndaba kungaba indlela ephumelelayo yokuhlala unolwazi ngaphandle kokuhlola amawebhusayithi amaningi. Eziningi zalezi zincwadi zinikeza iziteshi ezixoxa ngemisebenzi yengqungquthela futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa kwezintatheli zezombangazwe ezinolwazi.

Ukugadla Kweqiniso Nokuqinisekiswa Kwamagugu

Kulesi sikhathi sokungaqondi kahle, ukuqapha imithombo yemali kungamathuluzi abalulekile okuqinisekisa izinkulumo ezenziwa phakathi nemicimbi yendlu noma ekuhlanganisiweni kwezindaba. Izinhlangano ezinjenge FactCheck.org, Politifact, neWashington Post Checker ihlola izitatimende ezenziwa abezombangazwe futhi ihlole ukunemba kwabo. Lemithombo ibaluleke kakhulu uma abameleli benza izinkulumo eziyiqiniso phakathi nezinkulumo noma lapho izindaba zinikeza ukwaziswa okuphikisanayo.

Uma kulandela inqubo yendlu, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi, ikakhulukazi lapho usebenzelana nezihloko eziphikisanayo. Imibiko yezindaba edluliswayo ngemibhalo engokomthetho nemithombo ehlola amaqiniso isiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ukuqonda kwakho kusekelwe ekwazisweni okuqondile kunokusekela i-spinal noma ukudukisa.

Cabanga Ngezinqola Nezinhlangano Ezihlola Izimiso

Cabanga ngezikhulu zezemithetho nezinhlangano zokucwaninga zezimiso zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningi kwemithetho nemisebenzi yendlu ngemibono ehlukahlukene. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Brookings Institution, i-American Enterprise Institute, i-Centre for American Progress, ne-Lifarance Foundation ikhipha imibiko yomthetho ecatshangelwa yindlu. Nakuba lezinhlangano zinezindlela ezithile zokuhlola, ukucwaninga kwazo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngemiphumela yemithetho ehlongozwayo nezimpikiswano zezimiso ezihambisana nayo.

I-Congregational Research Research Service iveza imibiko eningiliziwe ngezindaba zenqubo nomthetho, nakuba lemibiko ngokuyinhloko ilungiselelwe amalungu eSishaya-mthetho. Imibiko eminingi yeCRS yenziwa yatholakala obala ngamawebhusayithi ahlukahlukene futhi inikeza ukuhlaziywa okunegunya, okungewona amaqembu ezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ubuchwepheshe Obuhlasimulisayo Namathuluzi Emishini

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buye bakha amathuluzi nezinhlelo eziningi ezenza kube lula futhi kube lula ukusebenzisa lezi mishini.

X Izithoba

Izinhlelo eziningana ezihambayo ziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukulandela imisebenzi elandelwayo. I-apple, ekhona ku-IO no-Android, inikeza ukufinyelela ulwazi lwemali, amarekhodi okuvota, nokwaziswa kommisi-mthetho. I-program ikuvumela ukuba ufune amafaktha, ulandele intuthuko yawo, futhi ubone indlela abameleli bakho abavota ngayo. Ungahlela futhi izaziso zezindleko ozilandelayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyaphaphaphaphakanyiswa uma izenzo ezibalulekile zenzeka.

I-C-SPAN i-app, okukhulunywe ngayo ngaphambili, ayikuvumeli nje kuphela ukubuka izenzakalo eziphilayo kodwa futhi inikeza ithuba lokubona inqolobane yevidiyo enkulu yeziqephu zendlu edlule, ukuzwa kwekomiti, nezinye izenzakalo zomhlangano. Ukusesha kwe-program kwenza kube lula ukuthola izimpikiswano ezithile noma amavoti ofuna ukuwabukeza.

Izinhlelo zezindaba ezivela ezikhungweni ezinkulu zokukhipha imibiko zinikeza futhi ukuhlanganisa okuvamile, ngokuvamile ngesixwayiso esicacile esikwazisa ngokuphula izindaba eziphathelene nemisebenzi yasekhaya. Ukumisa lezi zixwayiso kuqinisekisa ukuthi awulahlekelwa yizenzakalo ezibalulekile ngisho nalapho ungalandeli izindaba ngenkuthalo.

Isixwayiso Nezincwadi Zezindaba Eziphuma Email

Izinhlangano eziningi namawebhusayithi kunikeza izixwayiso ze-imeyili namaphepha-zincwadi agxile emisebenzini yomphakathi. UKhongolo-mthetho.gov lukuvumela ukuba umise izixwayiso ze-imeyili zezikweleti ezithile, amalungu, noma izihloko, ukuthumela izaziso lapho izenzo ezihlobene nendaba zenzeka. Ihhovisi lommeleli wakho cishe linikeza amapheshana e-imeyili anikeza izici ngemisebenzi yawo nezikhundla zawo ezingokomthetho.

Izinhlangano zezindaba kanye namawebhusayithi ezombangazwe kunikeza imisebenzi yansuku zonke noma yamasonto onke eshwankathelayo. Lamaphepha-zincwadi angaba indlela ephumelelayo yokuhlala efundile, anikeze ukufushaniswa kwezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba uhlale uhlola imithombo eminingi. Izinketho ezithandwayo zihlanganisa iPolitico’s Playbook, amaphephandaba e-Axios, kanye namaphephandaba avela ezingxenyeni ezinkulu zezombangazwe.

Amasu Emithombo Yezindaba Ezenhlalo

Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana angaba amathuluzi ayigugu okulandela imicimbi yasekhaya uma isetshenziswa ngendlela efanelekile. Ngemva kokulandela ama-akhawunti ezikhulu zendlu, abameleli bakho, nezinhlangano zezindaba ezinedumela elihle eziseziteshini ezinjengo-Twitter zinikeza izimemezelo ezingokoqobo ngemisebenzi yenhlangano. Abameleli abaningi baphila ngezindlela zokuziphikisa phakathi nezimpikiswano ezibalulekile noma amavoti, benikeza imibono yabo ngezenzakalo njengoba zenzeka.

Nokho, imithombo yezokuxhumana iveza izinselele, kuhlanganise nokungaqondi kahle nokulandela imithombo ehlukene emelela imibono ehlukene nokuqinisekisa ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni yezokuxhumana nemithombo engokomthetho. Ukusebenzisa imithombo yezokuxhumana njengendawo yokuqala yokuveza intuthuko ebalulekile, bese ulandela amarekhodi angokomthetho noma amaphephandaba aphezulu, kunikeza indlela elinganiselayo.

Ukwenza izinhlu ze-witter noma amaqembu e-Facebook agxile ekuhlanganiseni i-conoration kungasiza ekuhleleni imithombo yezokuxhumana yokondleni kwakho futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi awuphuthelwa ushintsho olubalulekile. Izintatheli eziningi zezombangazwe nochwepheshe be-coconvement balondoloza izinhlelo zezembutho zezezokuxhumana ezikhuthele futhi banikeze ukuhlaziywa kwangempela kwesikhathi kanye nomongo phakathi nemicimbi emikhulu yendlu.

IMIZIMBI

I-RSS ilokhu iwubuchwepheshe obuwusizo obusiza ekudluliseleni ukwaziswa emithonjeni eminingi. Amawebhusayithi kahulumeni amaningi, izinhlangano zezindaba, nezincwadi zezombangazwe zinikeza i-RSSs ukudla okungaqoqwa ekufuneni umsebenzi womfundi odliwayo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uhlole imithombo eminingana ebhalwe entweni eyodwa, kukwenze kube lula ukuhlala unolwazi ngaphandle kokuvakashela amawebhusayithi amaningi ngamanye.

Amawebhusayithi omphathi wezindaba nezinhlelo ziqoqa izindaba ezivela emithonjeni eminingi, zikuvumela ukubona ukuthi izikhangiso ezihlukene zihlanganisa imisebenzi yendlu efanayo. Lokhu kungaba usizo ekuqondeni imibono ehlukene ngentuthuko yomthetho futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi awuvalekile emfucumfucwini yokwaziswa.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomumeleli Wakho

Ukulandela imicimbi yasekhaya kuba nengqondo kakhulu uma kuhlangene nokuthembisana ngokuzikhandla nommeleli wakho okhethiwe. Ukuqonda okwenzekayo endlini kukunika amandla okukhuluma ngokuphumelelayo nommeleli wakho ngezindaba ezibaluleke kuwe.

Ukuxhumana Nomumeleli Wakho

Ilungu ngalinye lendlu linakekela kokubili ihhovisi laseWashington kanye namahhovisi esigodi elilodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ulwazi lokuxhumana lommeleli wakho lukhona kuwebhusayithi ye House e www.house.gov, lapho ungahlola khona nge-zip ukuze uthole ummeleli wakho. Abameleli abaningi banikeza izindlela eziningi zokuxhumana nabo, kuhlanganise nocingo, i-imeyili, iposi, namafomu okuxhumana kulayini.

Uma uthintana nommeleli wakho ngemisebenzi yezomthetho noma yendlu, ukuveza ingcaca nokwaziswa kwenza ukuxhumana kwakho kuphumelele kakhulu. Izinombolo zemali eziqondile, chaza ukuthi lendaba ithinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakini, futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi yisiphi isenzo ongase usenze njengommeleli wakho. Amalungu asebenza ngokuxhumana okuhlangeneyo asingatha umbiko oqondile, imiyalezo yomuntu siqu inemiphumela emikhulu kakhulu kunokuveza izinhlamvu noma izikhalo ezijwayelekile.

Ukuba Khona EmaHholo Asemadolobheni Nezenzakalo Zesigodi

Abameleli abaningi baqhuba imihlangano yehholo lasedolobheni noma ezinye izenzakalo ezisezifundani zabo lapho abameleli bengabuza khona imibuzo futhi baxoxe ngezindaba ngokuqondile nommeleli wabo. Lezi zenzakalo zinikeza amathuba okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngemisebenzi yendlu, ukubuza ngezikhundla zommeleli wakho ngokomthetho, futhi uzwe ngokuqondile kumphathi wakho okhethiwe ngomsebenzi wabo eSishaya - sisekelo.

Ulwazi oluphathelene namahholo edolobha nezenzakalo zesigodi ezizayo lutholakala ngewebhusayithi yommeleli wakho noma ngamaposi abo e-imeyili. Ukuya kule zenzakalo akukuvumeli ukuba ungene ngqo nommeleli wakho kodwa futhi kukusiza ukuba uqonde ukukhathazeka kwabanye abantu kanye neminye imisebenzi yezombangazwe esifundeni sakho.

Ukuvakashela ICapitol

Uma unethuba lokuvakashela iWashington, D.C., ukubuka iCapitol futhi ubheke imicimbi yendlu uqobo kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okukhumbulekayo nokufundisayo. Izindawo zokuhlala zivulekele umphakathi uma indlu isesikhathini, uvumele izivakashi ukuba zibuke imicimbi isuka phezulu. Ukungena egumbini elibukweni kudinga isiponji, esingatholakala ehhovisi lommeleli wakho.

Ihhovisi lommeleli wakho lingahlela futhi ukubuka i-Capitol futhi lingase likwazi ukwenza imihlangano ilula nommeleli noma amalungu ezisebenzi. Lokhu kuhambela kunikeza amathuba okubona inqubo yomthetho mathupha nokuxoxa ngokuqondile ngezindaba ezikhathaza ummeleli wakho noma izisebenzi zakhe.

Ukuqonda Izirekhodi Nokulandisa

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu sokulandela inqubo yasekhaya siwukulandelela indlela abameleli abavota ngayo futhi bababeke icala ngezinqumo zabo.

Ukufinyelela Amarekhodi Okusakaza

Irekhodi lokuvota eliphelele lelungu ngalinye lendlu litholakala obala ngemithombo eminingi. Iwebhusayithi ye House Clerk inikeza umbhalo osemthethweni wakho konke ukuvota okubhaliwe, okuphenywa yilungu, usuku, noma inani levoti. UKhongolo-mthetho. unikeza futhi amarekhodi okuvota emongo wezikweletu ezithile, ebonisa indlela amalungu avota ngayo emthethweni othile.

Izinhlangano eziningana ezingafaki nzuzo ziqoqa futhi zihlaziye amarekhodi okuvota ukuze atholakalele umphakathi. I-GovTrack.us inikeza izimpawu zobungane zomphakathi zokuhlola amarekhodi okuvota, kuhlanganise nezibalo zokuthi abameleli bavota kangaki neqembu labo, irekhodi labo lokuba khona, kanye nezikhundla zabo ezindabeni eziyinhloko. I-Vote Smart nezinye izinhlangano zomphakathi zilandela amarekhodi okuvota futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa kwezikhundla zabameleli ezisemkhankasweni ezihlukahlukene.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zemisindo

Akuyona yonke imivoti esendlini ebhalelwe ngokweyodwa. Ukuvota kwezwi namavoti akwakhi amarekhodi ezindawo zamalungu ngamanye, futhi lezizindlela zivame ukusetshenziswa ezindabeni ezingahlangani. Amavoti aqoshiwe kuphela, abizwa nangokuvota okubizwa ngeminxeba, akha umbhalo wesikhundla selungu ngalinye. Ukuqonda lomehluko kubalulekile ngoba abameleli bangavota ngokwehlukile ezindabeni ezingokwendawo kunokuthatha izikweletu zokugcina, futhi akuyona yonke imivoti ebaluleke ngokufanayo.

Amavoti e-produc ingabaluleka njengamavoti engxenye yokugcina. Abameleli bangavotela noma bamelane nemithetho elawula impikiswano emalini, izinguquko eziguqula umthetho, noma izenzo ezithinta ukuthi isikhwama sifika yini phansi. Ngokulandela la mavoti angokwesiko anikeza umfanekiso ophelele wezikhundla zommeleli necebo lomthetho.

Amanothi kanye nokulinganiselwa

Izinhlangano eziningi zezezimali nenzalo yamaqembu zishicilela amakhadi okuphawula ukuthi amanxusa asekelwe kumavoti abo ezindabeni ezibalulekile enhlanganweni. Lezi zingcasha zingaba amathuluzi awusizo ukuqonda indlela abameleli abavota ngayo ezindaweni ezithile ezihlukene, nakuba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kanye nombono wezinhlangano eziwadalayo.

Izinhlangano ezisebusweni bemibono zikhipha amakhadi okubhala, kusukela emaqenjini anokuthatha indiva njenge-American Conservative Union kuya ezinhlanganweni ezikhululekile njengaseMelika yeDemocratic Action, kanye namaqembu aqondene nezihloko agxila ezindabeni ezinjengokuvikela indawo ezungezile, inkululeko yomphakathi, noma inqubo yokushaya umthetho. Ukuhlola amaphepha ezincwadi ezihlelweni eziningi ezinemibono ehlukene kunganikeza umbono olinganiselwe kakhulu ngerekhodi lommeleli lokuvota.

Ukulandela Imisebenzi Yamakomiti

Nakuba ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo kunakekelwa umphakathi, umsebenzi omningi wendlu oqashelwayo uyenzeka emakomitini.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Sekomiti

Indlu inezinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti: amakomiti amile anezikhundla ezihlala njalo ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso, akhethe amakomiti asungulwe izinjongo ezithile, namakomiti ahlangene ahlanganisa amalungu avela kokubili endlu naseSikhungweni. Amakomiti azimele ahlukaniswa abe yizibopho ezincane ezigxile ezicini eziqondile zokulawula kwekomiti.

Ikomiti ngayinye inezikhundla zezindawo ezithile zenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, iKomiti yezindlela ne-Fract iphatha umthetho wentela, iKomiti Yezinkonzo ezihlomile isebenzelana nenqubo yokuvikela, futhi iKomiti yezeMaziko nezohwebo ihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi ezihlanganisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, ukuxhumana, nokuvikela abathengi. Ukuqonda kukusiza ukuba wazi amakomiti okumelwe alandele ezindabeni ozikhathalelayo.

Ukubuka Izindaba Zekomiti

Izindaba zamakomiti zifeza izinjongo eziningi: zivumela amakomiti ukuba aqoqe ukwaziswa ngezindaba, anikeze ukuqondisa kwezinhlangano zamagatsha eziphethe, futhi ahlole umthetho ngaphambi kokuvota. Ukulalela ngokuvamile kunikeza ubufakazi obuvela kofakazi abangochwepheshe, izikhulu zezokuphathwa, noma amaqembu athintekile, kulandelwe imibuzo evela emakomitini.

Amakomiti amaningi manje ahlala ngokungenandaba, futhi amavidiyo agcinwe ekhona kakhulu kuma-website amakomiti. Izimiso zokuzwa zikhishwa kusengaphambili, zikuvumela ukuba uhlele ukubukela ukuthethwa kwezindaba zesithakazelo. Izindlebe zamakomiti zinikeza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezindaba kunamazwi angaphansi, njengoba ofakazi benganikeza ubufakazi obuqinile futhi amalungu anesikhathi esengeziwe sokubuza.

Ukuphawula KwamaKomiti

Amakomiti ahlela ukuvotelwa kwemithetho lapho amakomiti ecabangela khona futhi elungisa umthetho ngaphambi kokuvota ukuthi angabika yini kuyo yonke indlu. Izindawo zilapho umsebenzi omningi oningiliziwe womthetho owenziwe ngemishini uyenzeka khona, njengoba amalungu ekomiti enikeza ukubuyiselwa, amalungiselelo empikiswano, nokuxoxa ngokuvumelana. Amakomiti amaningi manje avula izikhangiso emphakathini futhi athelele i-intanethi, okwenza kube sobala kulelizinga elibalulekile lenqubo yomthetho.

Izintambo ezilandelana zingasiza ngokukhethekile ekuqondeni imininingwane yomthetho nezimpikiswano ezihlobene namalungiselelo akhethekile. Izinguquko ezinikezwa phakathi nokubhapathiza kanye nezingxoxo eziphathelene nakho zembula ukukhathazeka nezinto eziza kuqala zamalungu ahlukahlukene futhi zingasiza ekubikezeleni ukuthi umthetho ungamukelwa kanjani phansi kwendlu.

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwezehlakalo Ezinkulu

Ezinye izimemezelo zendlu zikhanga umphakathi ngokukhethekile futhi zingadinga amasu ahlukene ukuze uzilandele ngokuphumelelayo. Ukuqonda indlela yokulandela lezi zenzakalo ezikhethekile kuqinisekisa ukuthi awuphuthi isikhashana esibalulekile emlandweni wenhlangano.

Isifundazwe Sezithulo Zobumbano

Ikheli likaMongameli weSizwe se-Union, elinikezelwa minyaka yonke esiqenjini esihlangene somhlangano we-Congress, lingesinye sezenzakalo ezibonwa kakhulu. Nakuba kungezona iNdlu ehambayo, ikheli lenziwa egumbini lendlu futhi lihlanganisa amalungu endlu ngokuphawulekayo. Inkulumo isakazwa kuyo yonke iminxanxathela emikhulu nezindlela zezindaba zentambo, futhi ingosi ye House inikeza ukugeleza.

Ukulandela iState of the Union akuhlanganisi ukubuka nje inkulumo ngokwayo kodwa nokunaka ukusabela okuvela kubaholi beqembu eliphikisayo, ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe bezombangazwe, nokuphenya okuyiqiniso kwalokho okushiwo ekhelini. Lenkulumo ngokuvamile ibeka uhlelo lwemithetho yonyaka ozayo, iyenza ibe isenzakalo esibalulekile sokuqonda imisebenzi yendlu ezayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwezimfuneko

Izenzakalo zokuhlolwa ziphakathi kwezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu nezingavamile emlandweni wendlu. Indlu inamandla okunquma izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli. Ukuhloma okungokomthetho kuhilela ukuhlola okukhulu kwamakomiti, ukuqulwa kwecala, futhi ekugcineni izimpikiswano ezisesitezini nakuvota ezisezihlokweni zokungagunyazi.

Lapho kuqalwa, zithola ukusakazwa okukhulu kwezindaba nokunakwa umphakathi. Izindaba zamakomiti ezihlobene nokuphenya ngokuvamile zisakazwa ngezimiso eziningi nezinkonzo ezigelezayo. I House ngokuvamile yenza amalungiselelo akhethekile okuqinisekisa ukuthi umphakathi uyakwazi ukungena ekuhlolweni, uqaphela ukubaluleka kwazo okungokomlando.

Ukukhetha Abakhulumayo

Ukukhethwa kweSpeaker of the House, okwenzeka ekuqaleni kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngasinye esisha, kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile esimisa indlela yokuhlela isimiso somthetho. Nakuba ukhetho oluthi Speaker luyinqubo evamile, ukhetho oluphikiswayo lungahlanganisa izimemezelo eziningi nezingxoxo ezivusa amadlingozi. Lezi zimo ziyasakazwa futhi zinikeze ukuqonda ngamandla ezombangazwe ngaphakathi kwe House nasemaphathini.

Izimpi Ezinkulu Zemithetho

Izingxenye ezithile zomthetho zidonsa ukunakekela komphakathi ngenxa yokubaluleka kwazo noma impikiswano. Izindleko ezinkulu njengenguquko yezempilo, umthetho wentela, noma amaphakethe ezemisebenzi ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izimpikiswano ezithathelwanayo, izinguquko eziningi, nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezombangazwe. Ukulandela lezimpi zokushaya umthetho kudinga ukunakekela hhayi nje ezicini ezisezingeni eliphansi kodwa nasemisebenzini yamakomiti, esekela ukuphikisana, kanye necebo lezombangazwe.

Phakathi nezimpi ezinkulu zezemithetho, ukusakazwa kwezindaba kuyakhula, futhi imithombo eyengeziwe iyatholakala ukuze ilandele intuthuko. Izinhlangano zezindaba zivame ukunikeza ama-log aphilayo noma ukuhlanganisa ngokukhethekile amavoti abalulekile. Ukusebenzisa le mithombo ngokunenzuzo kuyilapho uhlola imithombo eyinhloko kuqinisekisa ukuthi unokwaziswa okuningiliziwe kanye nomongo owusizo.

Imicebo Yemfundo Yokuqonda Okujule

Ukulandela inqubo yendlu ngokuphumelelayo kudinga ukuqonda okuthile ngenqubo yokuhlela, uhulumeni waseMelika, nenqubo yokushaya umthetho.

Imithombo Yemfundo Engokomthetho

Indlu yabameleli inikeza imithombo yemfundo ngewebhusayithi yayo, kuhlanganise nezincazelo zezinqubo zendlu, inqubo yokushaya umthetho, nomlando wenhlangano. Lengcebo iklanyelwe ukusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo futhi ibaluleke kakhulu ngalezo ezintsha ukuba zilandele imicimbi yemibuthano.

I-Congressional Research Service iveza imibiko ngezihloko eziningi ezihlobene ne-Congress nenqubo yomthetho. Nakuba lemibiko ilungiselelwe amalungu oMkhandlu, eminingi yenziwa itholakale obala futhi inikeza ukwaziswa okunegunya, okungesikho kwesigaba esiphethe ngezinqubo zenhlangano kanye nezindaba zezimiso.

Imivubukulo Engokwemfundo

Izinhlangano zezemfundo zinikeza imithombo eminingi yezesayensi eqondene neSishaya-mthetho. Iminyango eminingi yezesayensi ilondoloza amawebhusayithi anokwaziswa okuphathelene nezinqubo zobungqungquthela nohulumeni waseMelika. Omagazini bezincwadi be-Academic banyathelisa ukucwaninga ngokuziphatha komphakathi, izinqubo zomthetho, kanye nemiphumelo yezimiso, nakuba le mithombo ingase ibe yeyobuchwepheshe kakhulu kunesidingo sezilaleli.

Izifundo ze-inthanethi eziphathelene nohulumeni waseMelika nenqubo yokushaya umthetho zitholakala ngezindawo zesikhulumi ezinjenge-Courra, edX, ne Khan Academy. Lezizifundo zinganikeza ulwazi oluhleliwe ngendlela iSishaya - mthetho esisebenza ngayo kanye nomongo wezinhlangano zezombangazwe zaseMelika.

Izincwadi Nezincwadi

Izincwadi eziningi zichaza indlela iziKhongolo-mfuyo ezisebenza ngayo futhi zinikeze ukuqonda ngenqubo yomthetho. Imisebenzi yesigaba njenge "The Dence of Legisation" ka-Eric Redman noma "Corer: i-Electoral Connection" kaDavid Mayhew inikeza imibono ewusizo ngokuziphatha kobungqungquthela. Izincwadi zamuva kakhulu zezintatheli nososayensi bezombangazwe zinikeza ukuhlaziywa okuthuthukisiwe kweSishaya-Hulumeni samanje.

Izindaba zamalungu endlu nezisebenzi zomhlangano zinikeza imibono engaphakathi ngendlela lenhlangano esebenza ngayo ngempela.Lezindaba zomuntu siqu zingakusiza ukuba uqonde amandla abantu kanye nezibalo zezombangazwe ezilawula imiphumela yemithetho.

Ukunqoba Izinselele Ezivamile

Ukuqonda izithiyo namasu okukwazi ukuwanqoba kungakusiza ukuba uhlale uthembisene umshado futhi wazi.

Ukwaziswa Okuningi

Indlu icabangela amakhulu ezikweletu isikhathi ngasinye, ibamba izikhulu zamakomiti eziningi futhi yenza izincwadi eziningi kakhulu ezigciniwe. Ukuzama ukulandela yonke into akunakwenzeka futhi akudingekile.

Ikhambi liwukuba okhethayo futhi ube necebo. Gxila ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwe noma ezithinta umphakathi wakho. Sebenzisa amathuluzi anjengezixwayiso ze-imeyili ne-RS ukuze uhlunge ukwaziswa futhi ulethe izinciphiso ezibaluleke kakhulu ekwazini kwakho. Yamukela ukuthi awukwazi ukulandela yonke into nokuthi ukutshelwa ngezindaba eziyinhloko kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuzama ukulandelela yonke imisebenzi yasekhaya.

Ukuqonda Izinqubo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Izinqubo zendlu zingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zidida, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangenasizinda senqubo yephalamende noma inqubo yokushaya umthetho. Amagama afana "nokwenziswa kwemithetho," "umbuzo ongaphambili," kanye "ukuthambekela kokuphinda uthathe isinyathelo" kungenzeka kungajwayelekile futhi ukubaluleka kwawo kungacacile.

Ungadunyazwa ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwemiqondo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba ubuka izenzakalo eziningi futhi ufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, lezi zinqubo ziyokwazi ukujwayela kakhulu. Gcina izinto zokukhomba lapho ubuka izenzakalo, futhi unganqikazi ukubheka amagama noma izinqubo ongaziqondi. Amawebhusayithi amaningi nezincwadi zinikeza ukuchaza amagama ayimfihlo angaba imithombo ewusizo.

I - partisan Bias Nemininingwane Engalungile

Kulendawo yezombangazwe yanamuhla ehlukene, ubandlululo oluhlukanisayo nokwaziswa okunganembile kuyinselele enkulu kunoma ubani ozama ukuhlala enolwazi. Imithombo yezindaba ehlukene ingaveza imisebenzi efanayo yendlu ngezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu, futhi imithombo yezokuxhumana ingandisa ukwaziswa okudukisayo noma okungamanga.

Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekukhetheni nokwaziswa okunganembile siwukubheka imithombo eminingi enemibono ehlukene futhi uqinisekise ukwaziswa emithonjeni eyinhloko. Uma ufunda umbiko wezindaba ngemisebenzi yendlu, hlola irekhodi elingokoqobo lokuvota noma hlola izenzakalo zangempela uma kungenzeka. Sebenzisa imithombo ehlola iqiniso ukuze uqinisekise izenzakalo. Ungakuthembi ukwaziswa okubonakala kuklanyelwe ukuvusa intukuthelo noma okuqinisekisa izinkolelo zakho ezikhona ngokuphelele.

Isikhathi Esinzima

Abantu abaningi abanaso isikhathi sokubuka amahora okuqashelwa kwendlu noma bafunde imibiko emide yamakomiti. Ukulinganisela isifiso sokuhlala unolwazi neminye imithwalo yemfanelo kuyinselele evamile.

Ukuphumelela kuyisihluthulelo. Sebenzisa amathuluzi anjengamaphepha-zincwadi, izixwayiso, kanye nezindaba kufushanisa ukuhlala wazisiwe ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi esiningi. Gxila ukunakekela kwakho ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu nezenzakalo. Khumbula ukuthi ukuhlala unolwazi akudingi ukuqapha umzuzu ngamunye wesiqephu ngasinye sendlu, ngisho nokulandela amavoti amakhulu nezimpikiswano eziyinhloko kukubeka phambili kwezakhamuzi eziningi ngokwezivumelwano zomphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganyela Isivumelwano Sesigqi

Ukulandela imicimbi yasekhaya kungaphezu nje kokuzijwayeza ingqondo noma indlela yokuhlala wazisiwe ngezenzakalo zamanje. Kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokuthembisa uhulumeni nokuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi zinaka lokho abameleli bazo abakhethiwe abakwenzayo, kuqinisa ukulandisa futhi kuthuthukisa izinga lokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Abameleli basabela kakhulu kubantu abatshelwe futhi abathembiswe ukuthembisana. Uma uthintana nommeleli wakho ngomthetho, ukukhulumisana kwakho kunezici ezisindayo uma ubonisa ulwazi ngezindaba nenqubo yomthetho. Uma uvota okhethweni, uma waziswa ngerekhodi lommeleli wakho kukuvumela ukuba wenze izinqumo ezingcono ngokuthi bafanelwe yini ukusekelwa kwakho okuqhubekayo.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo zomuntu ngamunye, ukuthembisana umphakathi okusakazekile kudala intando yeningi engcono. Uma izakhamuzi eziningi zinaka imisebenzi yokuhlangana, kuba nzima ngabameleli ukuba benze okuphambene nesithakazelo somphakathi ngaphandle kokubhekana nemiphumela. Ukubheka izinto ngokugqamile nomphakathi kusebenza njengemishini yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla futhi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi inqubo yomthetho ifeza okuhle okukodwa.

Ukuqonda imininingwane yomthetho kanye nezimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimiso kukuvumela ukuba uhlanganyele ngokunenjongo ezingxoxweni eziphathelene nezindaba ezibalulekile. Kukusiza ukuba udlulele ngalé kwamaphuzu okukhuluma ahlukene ukuze uhileleke ekuhilelekeni kwemikhakha yemibuzo yezimiso.

Uhlu lwemithombo oluqinile

Ukukusiza ukuba uqale ukulandela imicimbi yendlu, naluluhlu olubanzi lwemithombo yesihluthulelo ehlelwe ngokwezigaba:

Imithombo Kahulumeni Engokomthetho

  • Indlu.gov: Indlu engokomthetho yewebhusayithi yabameleli egcwele ukugobhoza, ulwazi olungamalungu, nemithombo yemithetho
  • .gov: Iqoqo lokwaziswa kwemithetho yemithetho kuhlanganise nombhalo wesimemezelo semali, isimo, kanye namarekhodi okuvota
  • Umlando weSiphakamiso : Umlando ongokomthetho wendlu neSigele izinqubo ezitholakala ngeGPO ne-Muzi - zincwadi woMkhandlu
  • Ihhovisi lendlu likaCreki : amarekhodi angokomthetho, amarekhodi okuvota, ne House Journal
  • Committee Website: Ikomiti ngayinye yendlu igcina ingosi yayo ngezimiso zokuzwa, ama-rekhodi, nemibiko
  • I-Government Office yokunyathelisa[: Imvume emaphepha kahulumeni angokomthetho kuhlanganise ne-Congregational Record nemibiko yekomiti

Phila Izincwadi Nemithombo Ye - video

  • C-SPAN: Unyaka ophelele, ongahleliwe wemicimbi yendlu ngethelevishini, iwebhusayithi, kanye nama-apps e-makhalekhukhwini
  • Indlu.gov Live quad: Ukugeleza okuqondile kwemicimbi yesitezi sendlu
  • Committee Live streas: Amakomiti amaningi ageleza ezindlebeni ahlala kumawebhusayithi awo
  • U-UTUbe: Imikhondo yendlu engokomthetho namakomiti namavidiyo agcinwe ngeqophelo kanye neminye imifula ephilayo

Izindaba Nokuhlaziya

  • Politico: Izindaba ezikhethekile zezombangazwe ngokuhlanganisa okuningiliziwe
  • iGqubula: izindaba ze-Congregational kanye nokuhlaziywa
  • Ucingo oluphelele: Izindaba zagxila kuKhongolose naseCapitol Hill
  • [ Amaphephandaba angaphandle : The New York Times, Washington Post, Wall Street Journal, kanye namanye ababhali be-conoration
  • Inethiwekhi yezindaba ekwazi ukuhlanganiswa: CNN, MSNBC, Fox News ngokuhlanganisa imisebenzi emikhulu yendlu

Ukuthungatha Nokuhlaziya Amathuluzi

  • GovTrack.us: inhlanganiso yomngane wokulandelana kwezindleko kanye namarekhodi okuvota
  • [[UMTH:0] Umqokozo : ukudlulisa amarekhodi nezikhundla ezinkingeni
  • opensets.org: Umkhankaso wokwaziswa kwezimali nemininingwane edlulisayo
  • FactCkeck.org: Okungahlangani neqiniso ukunqandwa kwezibalo zezombangazwe
  • PolitiFact: ukuhlola iqiniso nezibalo zezinkulumo zezombangazwe

X Izithoba

  • App: intela ye-optic, amavoti, nokwaziswa kwesimiso somthetho
  • C-SP: Bheka ukwenzeka okusebenzayo kanye nokungena kwezinqolobane zevidiyo
  • News Apps: Izinhlelo zezinhlangano ezinkulu zezindaba ezihambisana nokuhlanganisa nokuqapha

Imicebo Yemfundo

  • [[UMTL:0] Imithombo yemfundo yendlu: Ukuhlelwa kwezinqubo nenqubo yomthetho eMzini.gov
  • Imibiko yenkonzo yokucwaninga ye-'Fregion's'' [: ukucubungula kokugunyaza kwezindaba zesimiso nezinqubo
  • Ekholijini: Courra, edX, ne Khan Academys kuhulumeni waseMelika
  • Academic Resources: amawebhusayithi eYunivesithi neminyango yesayensi yezombangazwe

Isiphetho

I-Inst House of Slaves Applications iyingxenye ebalulekile yesabelo sobuzwe esinolwazi emphakathini wentando yeningi. Nakuba umsebenzi ungase ubonakale unzima ekuqaleni, imithombo eminingi namathuluzi akhona namuhla kwenza kube lula kakhulu ukuhlala waziswe ngemisebenzi yobunxusa. Ukusuka ekubukeni okuqhubekayo kwe-C-SPAN ukulandelela izikweleti ezisemqoka eKhondluni.gov, kusukela ekufundeni imibiko yekomiti eningiliziwe kuya kulandela ukuhlaziywa kwezindaba kuvela kubalobi bezindaba, izakhamuzi ziyakwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa ngalokho abameleli bazo abakhethiwe abakwenzayo.

Isihluthulelo sokulandela izinhlelo zasekhaya ngokuphumelelayo ukusungula icebo elisebenza ezithakazelweni zakho, esimisweni, nasezingeni lokuthembisana. Akudingeki ukuba ubheke umzuzu ngamunye wesiqephu ngasinye sendlu noma ufunde umbiko wonke wekomiti. Kunalokho, gxila ezimpikiswaneni ezibaluleke kakhulu kuwe, sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze uhlunge futhi udlulisele ulwazi olufanele, futhi uhlole imithombo eminingi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola ukwaziswa okunembile, okulinganiselayo.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuhlala unolwazi akuwona umsebenzi ongenzi lutho. Ulwazi olutholayo ngokulandela imicimbi yasekhaya luba luyigugu kakhulu uma ulusebenzisa ukuze uhlanganyele nommeleli wakho, uhlanganyele enkulumweni yeningi, futhi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi ebhokisini lonothi. Ukunaka kwakho nokuthembisana kusiza ekuqiniseni ukulandisa ngentando yeningi futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu yabameleli isebenza njengeNdlu yabantu ngempela.

Njengoba uqala noma uqhubeka nohambo lwakho lokulandela imisebenzi yobuhlanga, zibekezelele. Ukuqonda inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yomthetho kuthatha isikhathi, futhi izinqubo kanye namagama kuzoba nokujwayela kakhulu njengoba uzuza okuhlangenwe nakho. Ungadunyazwa ukudideka kokuqala noma inani elikhulu lokwaziswa okutholakalayo. Ngisho nokubophela isilinganiso esiphansi somcimbi omkhulu, ukubuka izimpikiswano ezibalulekile, noma ukulandelela izimpikiswano ezimbalwa eziyinhloko kuveza ingxenye ebalulekile ekuphileni komphakathi nokubusa kwentando yeningi.

Impilo yentando yeningi yaseMelika ixhomeke ekutholeni ulwazi, ebophekile ezakhamuzini ezinaka lokho uhulumeni wazo akwenzayo. Ngokulandela ukulandisa kwendlu, awugcini nje ngokutshelwa − uhlanganyela emsebenzini obalulekile wesizwe sentando yeningi futhi usiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka elandisa kubantu abakhonzayo.