I-Affordble Care Act (ACA), eyasayinwa engokomthetho ngo-2010, iye yaba enye yezingxenye eziphikiswa kakhulu zomthetho kahulumeni womthetho kahulumeni emlandweni wanamuhla. Kusukela ekumisweni kwayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yahlola ukuma kwayo komthetho-sisekelo ezimweni eziningana. Lo mcu oyinhloko osebenza kulezinqumo yifilosofi echaza yenkolo umqondo wokuthi uMthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqondwe njengoba wawubekwe futhi wagunyaziswa. Lendlela ihlele kakhulu indlela yokuhlaziya imibhalo yamahlulelo ye-AA kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nomthetho womthetho ongokomthetho onjengomthetho ka-Celaston, uMandla, nokuthengisa intela. Ngakho ukuqonda kokuqala kubalulekile ekuqondeni umthetho wezempilo we-United States ne-evo.

Ukufundisa kokuqala akuyona imfundiso yomthetho owodwa. Phakathi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, iveza ngokwehlukahluka okuhlukile kakhulu ngokwenhloso yokuqala (ilokho amaFrame ngokwawo ayekucabanga) kanye [[Fluct:2]] incazelo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni[[ (ngendlela umuntu onengqondo ngesikhathi uqonda umbhalo ongokomthetho). Umehluko usho ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi usekela izaba zemithetho esekelwe: izimpikiswano ezivela ku-Constitution, i-Frevetual Parts, ischrigiance, nenqubo yokuqala. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adluleyo, uqobo uyeka emfundisweni yezeko ebanzi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kobulungisa. Ithonya layo linikeza i-ACA i-a enkantolo ecacile yemiphumela engoko yokulawula i-Prosoficturessss, ukuguqula inzuzo yempilo, ukuvusethiweza komphakathi.

Kuyini Ukukholelwa Kudala Futhi Kungani Kubalulekile?

Emnyombweni wayo, inkolelo yokuqala ibambelele ekutheni incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo imiswe ngesikhathi sokudilizwa. Noma ikuphi ukushintsha kuleyoncazelo kumelwe kufike ngenqubo yokulungisa, hhayi ngokuchaza kabusha kokwahlulela. Abasekeli baphikisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kokuqala kuvimbela abahluleli, kubavimbela ukumisa izinqubo zabo siqu nokugcina ukulandisa okungokobukhomba ngentando yeningi. Njengoba uMahluleli wamuva Antonin Scalia, umsunguli ophambili, owaziwayo, owaziwayo: "UMthetho-sisekelo awuyona incwadi ephilayo; ufile, ibhukwana elifile, elifile, ibhukwana elifile" kodwa abagxeki, nokho, baphikisa ukuthi ubuKhohlo bakuqala bungaveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu emiqondweni yamanje nanokuthi umlando ngokuvamile ayicacile noma impikiswano. Naphezu kwenkulumo yokuqala, ukuphikisana kuye kwaba itshe lenhlangano engokwesiko nesihloko sezemthetho.

Ukuvelela kobufandandanda ekuveleleni eNkantolo kwaqondana nohlelo lwe-ACA lithagisa. Ukumiswa kukaMahluleli uScalia ngo-1986 kanye nokuqinisekiswa kukaMahluleli uClarence Thomas, uSamuel Alito, uNeil Gorfort, uBrett Kavangaugh, noAmy Coney Barrett , abathi bavumelana nohlobo oluthile lwe-Ascism." baye baguqula isikhungo sokuchaza amandla adonsela phansi. Ezimweni ze-AAA, lokhu kuye kwasho ukuhlaziya okunzima kombhalo, ukungaqiniseki kokufunda incazelo ebanzi yamandla ombuso, kanye nencazelo yokuqala yencazelo yamagama anjenge "merce," ne "intela," ehloniphekile" naphambili. Ingxenye elandela indlela yokucabanga kokuqala kwezehlakalo oluphakeme kuya enkantolo yeNkakhulu ukuya kwe-A ACA.

Ukuqamba Kwakuqala Kuyasebenza: Izenzakalo Ezinkulu Ze - ACA

National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius (2012)

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala okukhulu komthetho- sisekelo ka-ACA kusekelwe kumthetho-sisekelo ngokusemthethweni kugunyaza [1] imfuneko yokuba amaMelika amaningi alondoloze umshuwalense wempilo noma akhokhe isijeziso. Uhulumeni wavikela igunya ngaphansi kwe-Chwele Claus, ephikisa ukuthi isinqumo sokuyeka umshuwalense sithinta intengo yezentengiselwano. Nokho, iningi elinobulungisa eliyisihlanu, lilahla leyo mpikiswano. UJajini uJohn Roberts, ebhalela iNkadensela iNkantolo, ukholelwa ukuthi i-Cecassiclas, ayinikezi igunyazi i-Comssions ukuba ibophe abantu ukuba bangene emsebenzini wezentengiselwano; ilawula kuphela umsebenzi okhona. Le sizathu sasisekelwe ngokucacile kwezezimiso zomthetho wokuqala: ukuqonda "ummence" ngaphansi kwe-" noma "udetrate "istred" i-premensionssssssssssssss, izikhulu, izikhulu, izikhulu seNkame

UMahluleli uScalia, ohlangene noMahluleli uKennedy, uThomas no-Alito, waveza ukungavumelani okuhlukene okwathatha ukuthatha ukuma okuqinile ngisho nokuqinile. Baphikisa ngokuthi lo myalo wawungewona intela (ukuthethelela okuphindiwe nguhulumeni) ngoba igama elithi “ukwehlisa” embhalweni we-ACA lasikisela inhloso yokujezisa kunokuveza isilinganiso semali ekhokhwayo. Lo mfundi we-omfunda-mbhalo waqala wathatha ukuhlasela ngokuphindwe kabili ukuphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba athembele eMthethweni wezentengosini njengesisekelo. Ekugcineni, uMahluleli uRoberts usekela igunya elingokomthetho njengendlela esemthethweni yokukhokha intela, isiphetho abanye ababesigxeka njengencazelo yokuqala yentengo. [FF:]NFFFFF: [1]

UBurwell (2015)

kuMbuso v. Burwell, iNkantolo yacabangela ukuthi izimali ezigunyaziwe zikahulumeni zemali yomshuwalense wezempilo ezithengiwe ngentengo yempilo emisiwe (ngokuphikisana nentengo kahulumeni). Umbhalo wemithetho ethi inkxaso yemali wawukhona ngenxa yamapulani athengwe “nge-Exchange esungulwe yiZwe.” I-Platoffs yaphikisa ukuthi incazelo ecacile yalawomazwi ayenqabela ukuhwebelana kwemithetho. Uhulumeni waphikisa ukuthi ukufunda inkulumo ngomongo ngomongo-AACTH /toher ngesakhiwo se-onke kanye nenjongo ye-ACU / yenza i-ANCOMFRRR.

UMahluleli omkhulu uRoberts waphinde wabhalela iningi, kodwa kulokhu umbono wakhe wenqaba indlela eqinile yokufunda ngokufunda imibhalo yakuqala evumelana nokufunda okungaphezulu. Wavuma ukuthi umbhalo ucacile kodwa waphetha ngokuthi inkulumo ethi “wamiswa nguHulumeni” kumelwe ichazwe ngokwezinhloso ezibanzi. Ukuthola, wabhala,“ kungawenza umshuwalense wezempilo ngamunye” futhi uveze imiphumela engaqondakali: yona kanye leyo nto ehlulekayo ukubeka izivumelwano zayo siqu. Inguquko [1] [1][CT] I-SCUT, uThoma, no-Aladitower, ikhomba ezinhleni zokuqala, igcizelela ukuthi uma umbhalo ucacile, umsebenzi weNkanto ebhalwe njengemiphumela ebhalwe yize. Ngokukakhulu, i-SCUSCUSC. Ngokuvamile, i-Altonton ephikisayo.[1]

ECalifornia v. eTexas (2021)

Inselele enkulu yamuva kakhulu ye-ACA, iCalifornia v. Texas, ibuyele ebukhonzweni bomthetho-mthetho womthetho-mthetho wombuso [1] kodwa ngokuma okusha. Ngo-2017, iKhongolo yanikeza isigwebo sokuhluleka ukugcina umshuwalense, ibeka icala ku-$0. Abamangali baphikisa ukuthi ngaphandle kwentela (isijeziso sasingagcinwa njengentela), umthetho wawungeke usafaneleke ngaphansi kweSigunya Lentela futhi ngakho yonke i-A ASA kumelwe iwe. INkantolo, esingu72, ilahla icala lokungami, bephethe ukuthi abakwase-Folethi abakholi bebengalimele ukulimala ngokuphelele. Kodwa izigwebo eziningi zabhala ngokucabanga kokuqala, futhi ngokucabanga okukhulu.

UMahluleli uThomas, ongenela ekwahluleleni kuphela, waphikisa ngokuthi umyalo womthetho, ngisho nangaphandle kwesijeziso, udlula amagunya ombuso abekwe uKhongolose. Walandelela incazelo yokuqala ye-Chomark Claus, i-Clause Edict, i-Confective and the Power Power Power, u-Atting Power, ephetha ngokuthi abantu abaphoqelela ukuthenga umkhiqizo "awuzange uqondwe ngamandla ogunyazwe uMkhandlu. Wagxeka futhi iningi ngenxa yokuhluleka ukufinyelela izinzuzo, lisikisela ukuthi uqobo lufuna ukucacisa ngisho nalapho kubekwe icala ngokwezombangazwe. UMahluleli Alito, ngokuphikisana nomthetho owenziwe ngokuzimisela, uyena, uveza ukuthi umthetho awuwushintshi kakhulu kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza. Ukuhlaziya kwalo kuxhomeke kakhulu ekuqondeni kwencazelo yokuqala "reguathle"""" icala lokuqala lokuqala lobulungisa libonisa isenzo somthetho wokuqala lapho uhulumeni umthetho wesimenziwenziwe ngisho nomthetho owenziswa umthetho wokuqala.

Indlela Ukuzisungulela Kwenkolo Okuye Kwathonya Ngayo Ubuqaba BeNkantolo

Lezi zimo ezintathu zembula indlela: amajaji akuqala ahlola njalo amandla kahulumeni ngelens yencazelo engokomlando, ngokuvamile afuna ukunemba kombhalo kanye nokumelana nezimo ezisekelwe ezinjongweni ezibanzi zokwakha. NFIB, ubuShosada buzenzisa isisekelo sobuhlakani sokulinganisela iChwelex Claus. [[[FLT:]] kuMbhoshongo. [[FLT] v.[FLT], i-astrist [[FLT]], i-FLT], i-FLY (noma umzala wayo ofunda imibhalo) wazisa ukungavumelani okungalawuleki okunga, futhi okungashobozwa yi-aye yakwazi ukuhlanganisa ngisho nokuvimbela kwayo ngemva kwecala. Umthetho wokuqala, u-R.[FF] u-FM, u-Foctive, u-Foctive.[4]

Lokhu kucindezeleka kuqokomisa ukuphikisana okukhulu phakathi kwenkolelo-lwazi yokuqala. Abanye abaqambi, njengoMahluleli Scalia noJaji Gorfo, bamukela umbhalo wemibhalo njengomngane: incazelo ecacile yomthetho iyabusa, futhi iNkantolo ayidingi ukuphenya ngenhloso yomthetho. Abanye, njengoMahluleli uThomas noJaji Bork (umqondisi oyinhloko oyinhloko), bagcizelela incazelo yokuqala yamalungiselelo omthetho wemithetho yemithetho ngisho nalapho iholela ekuphumeleni kwemithetho ephikisana nenqubo yamanje. Izenzakalo ze ACAA zibonisa ukuthi ukukholelwa komthetho wokuqala akuvezibo ezimele ziveze imiphumela ewukuchazayo ukuthi ubulungisa obuhlukene bungasebenzisa iziphetho zezindawo ezihlukene mayelana nokukhokhathelisa intela, amandla okubukezwa kwezehlulelo.

Amacebo Neziphakamiso

I-listraryism inengxenye yayo yabagxeki ebhentshini. AmaJaji uBreyer, Kagan, noSotomayor ngokuvamile asekela umthetho-siseko ophilayo [[FLT: 0] ovumela izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ukuba zihlanganise izindinganiso zobuzwe. Ku-ACA litigation, baphikisa ukuthi i-Calme Claus kufanele ifundwe ngokuphandle ukuvumela uKhomishane ukuba ixazulule izinkinga zesizwe ezinjengezempilo ($_FLT) [iproblessssss quences angenakulindela. IJajini, evumelwaneni lokuvumelana ngemithetho ye-[Foctivetal:]. [FLT] uBurwell , ugcizelela ukuthi i-ACC' idinga ukuhlelwa kweNkakhulu lezentengosi yezente, futhi ingadingi ukucatshangelwa nje kuphela kwe-mfakelele, futhi ingabukhonjiwe ngokomthetho wokuqala; futhi i-usekeleleka ubufakazi obungcono kakhulu, njengoba kuveza ubufakazi obungcono, obunye obunye obunye obusekelayo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela engokoqobo yemithetho yabasunguli bezokwelapha ayiyona eyezempilo. Indlela eqinile yokunikeza izimali ezincintiswaneni ezilawulwa uhulumeni ingabangela izigidi ukuba zilahlekelwe. Ngokufanayo, ukuqeda imvume yomuntu ngamunye kungaphazamisa izimakethe zomshuwalense, kunyuse izilinganiso zalabo abanezimo zangaphambi kokuba khona. Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngenkathi yokuqala ne-ACA igcizelela ukuthi imingcele yefilosofi ejulile ayihlobene nokuchazwa komthetho-"indlela yokulawula umbhalo. Kodwa njengoba uMahluleli uRobert H. Jackson ake waphawula, uMthetho-Constitution “uzimisele ukumelana nenkathi yokuqala” futhi kumelwe isetshenziswe ezimweni ezintsha. Impikiswano eqhubekayo ngenkathi yokuqala ne-AA igcizelela ukwehlukana okujulileyo ngokuthi inkantolo kufanele inikele noma inhloso yokugcina lokho abakubona njengokuthembeka komthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wokuqala.

Izingcindezi Zezinqumo Zesikhathi Esizayo Ekwelapheni Nangaphandle

Njengoba iNkantolo yamanje ihlanganisa amajaji ayisithupha aye abonisa uzwela ngenkathi yokuqala, ifilosofi izoqhubeka ihlela izinselele zesikhathi esizayo ze-ACA(*) kanye nomthetho wezempilo obanzi. Izimpikiswano ezingakhona zihlanganisa uMedicaid, iziqondiso zemilaliso yomthetho, nomjovo kahulumeni. NFIB][FLT] , iNkathi kakade ilinganisela ukuncishiswa kwe-Mouse Clauska ngokunqabela uhulumeni ukuba unqande ukusongela kwemibuso ekhona yeMidicaid ukuxhasa ukunwetshwa kwemali. Okuthiwa kwemizwa ngokomlando ngobuhlobo nombuso. Ngokufanayo, noma yimuphi umthetho olawula izinqumo zempilo zabantu ngabanye noma ngokukhetha kwe-Medicareasss ze-ols. Uma kufunwa ukuba kuhlelwe i-Hundrst Congresston, noma kuhlelwe ngokusemthethweni, noma kungenziwa ngokulawula kwezentengo yezentengo yezentengo.

Ukwethula futhi kunemiphumela yomthetho wokuphatha nokuthobela izinhlangano. Ezinqumweni zamuva ezifana ne- Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo [2024], iNkantolo ibusa [ IChevron [[FLT:] [[FLT]] ukuhlehlisa, ukubamba inkantolo isebenzise isahlulelo sayo esizimele ekuchazeni imithetho, ngokuhlola ukunqoba kwemiyalo neyokuqala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho uMnyango Wezempilo neNkonzo Yesintu uchaza amalungiselelo achaza ngokungemuva i-ACAA, izinkantolo ngeke ziphinde zikwazi ukukuthatha isikhathi eside; ziyosebenzisa ukufunda kwazo, ngokunokwenzeka ngencazelo yokuqala yombhalo we-tectal. Izempilo ibikezela ukunqoba okwengeziwe kwemithetho emelene nemithetho emelene ne-ACCCCA, noma ukuvimbela ukuviductiontion, ngokweziseke sokuqala.

Ngaphezu kobuhlakani bempilo, ukubusa kobuProfeti kuthinta yonke into emalungelo ebhamu ( i-Diologian of Columbia v. Heller, iNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Breen) emthethweni wendawo ezungezile, umkhankaso, nokukhipha isisu. Izenzakalo ze ACAA zisebenza njengemicroscom: zibonisa indlela yokuqala yokucabanga kwazo zombili izikhomba amajaji (ngokulinganisela ikhono lawo lokufunda amandla amakhulu eMthethweni we-sisekelo) nokuwabeka amandla awo (ngezithethelela izinqumo eziyenziwa umthetho weze-democratic). Imiphumela ende eMelika ixhomeke noma emthetho weNkakhulu noma ehlala incikelelekile ezindaweni ezingaphezulu kwezingaye.[Fote][5][5]

Isiphetho

I-Affordal Care Act ibiyi-Act egunyazwe ukuvinjelwa kwe-grandsqualist. Ngaphezu kwezenzakalo ezintathu ezinkulu ze-aversist ephakathi kweshumi leminyaka, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphikisana nencazelo yokuqala ye-Chommercilla, iMandla anika i-Taxis, i-Pallace, i-Pallace, kanye no-Clausetable Act. Umthetho u-Claus noMqulu lwamayela olubalulekile. I-Opractism inikeza isimiso esinamandla sokuhlakanipha esinamandla sokubekela ukuqina komthetho we-A, kodwa ayizange ikhiphe imiphumela efanayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemiklamo ye-mbhalo, incazelo yasekuqaleni, nemithetho ye-A iveza ukuthi i-ACUProsophyine idinganice yomthetho womthetho owenziwayo; njengoba iNka iyaqhubeka ukubhekana nemiphumela yempilo yezentengo yesizwe engokwempilo.

[[Ukwenyuka:0] ukufunda okuphindaphindiwe:[[Ukwehlela:1]

  • [[[IQULT:0]NFIB v. Sebelius (202) – Umqondo Ogcwele[
  • [[UMTL:0] iNkosi v. Burwell (2015) – Umqondo Ogcwele
  • [[IQULE:0] ICalifornia v. Texas (2021) – Umqondo Ogcwele
  • [[Umthetho:0] Cornell Legin Institut yolwazi – uqobo lwe-Syncism[[QUL:1]
  • [[[QUL:0] Umthetho weHarvard Review – Ukulawula kobuLungu kukaThomas