Inqubo yenkantolo ingazizwa inamandla, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangakaze bahileleke empikiswaneni. Icala ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi elezakhamuzi noma elezelele, lilandela indlela ehlelwe kahle kusukela ekuhlolweni kokuqala kuya esinqumweni sokugcina. Ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye akunciphisi ukukhathazeka kuphela kodwa futhi kukusiza ukuba wenze izinqumo eziqondile, usebenze ngokuphumelelayo nommeli wakho, futhi ugweme amaphutha abizayo. Lesiqondiso sinweba izinyathelo ezibalulekile enqubweni yenkantolo, sinikeze ukuqonda okuwusizo kanye nomongo ojulile kunoma ubani olungiselela ukusebenzisa isimiso somthetho.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo

Ngaphambi kokuba umise icala, kumelwe wazi ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo enegunya lokulizwa. Isimiso senkantolo yase-U.S. sisebenza emikhondweni emibili ehambelanayo: uhulumeni nombuso. Ngamunye unesigaba sakhe siqu senkantolo equlwayo, izinkantolo eziphakathi, nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu. Icala linquma indawo eqondile.

Federal v. izinkantolo zikaHulumeni

izinkantolo zezentengiselwano zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano phakathi kwezifundazwe, noma amaqembu avela ezindaweni ezihlukene lapho isilinganiso sempikiswano singaphezu kuka $75,000]. Icala likahulumeni elivamile lihlanganisa ukuwinwa kwamali, ukulahlwa kwemvume, nokuquliswa kwecala okusemthethweni. U.S. ingosi yenkantolo [ inikeza ukuwohloka kwemithetho.

Izinkantolo zesizwe zinezigunyazo ezibanzi ezindabeni eziningi zomphakathi nezezigebengu, kuhlanganise nezimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, umthetho womkhaya, izimpikiswano ezithatha indawo, nokwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni. Amacala amaningi aqala enkantolo enkantolo equlwayo, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo yesifunda, noma inkantolo yesifunda kuxhomeke kuhulumeni.

Izinga Lenkantolo Ngaphakathi Kwesimiso

  • [[INkantolo:0] Izinkantolo ezingathi shubhu: lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ufakazi, nemithetho yokuqala yenziwa. Lezinkantolo zinquma amaqiniso futhi zisebenzise umthetho.
  • [ Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo: Babukeza izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha angokomthetho. Akukho bufakazi obusha obunikezwayo; kunalokho, abameli bafaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezidluliswayo.
  • Inkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu (Inkantolo ePhakeme): ngokuvamile izwakala kuphela amacala ahilela imibuzo engokomthetho ebalulekile noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zikhiphe khona izinqumo eziphikisanayo. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. i-O.

Ukuphonsa Icala

Ukumangalelana kuyisinyathelo esingokomthetho sokuqala ukumangalelana. Kudinga ukulungiselela nokunamathela ngokucophelela emithethweni elandelanayo ehluka-hlukene ngesimiso sokulawula.

Misa Indaba KaJuriscion NoVenue

Jouristition ibhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo elingokomthetho ukuze izwe icala. Kumelwe umise kokubili ukubusa kwecala (igunya lenkantolo phezu kohlobo lwento) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu (amandla enkantolo phezu kommangalelwa). IVenneue[ iyindawo eqondile lapho icala kufanele libekwe khona, ngokwendawo lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona noma lapho kwenzeka khona isenzakalo. Ukugadla enkantolo engalungile kungaphumela ekulahlweni.

Lungisela amadokhumende angokomthetho nehele

Ibhukwana eliyinhloko yi-plaint (noma isicelo), ehlela izikhalo zomlahli we-poltiff nesisekelo esingokomthetho salokho akushoyo. Ezicaleni zobugebengu, uhulumeni ufaka icala noma ulwazi. Izakhi eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Amazwi acacile ayiqiniso abangela lempikiswano.
  • Iziqulo ezingokomthetho, njengokulahlekelwa isivumelwano noma ukunganaki.
  • Le nkinga yatholakala, engase ihlanganise ukulimala kwemali, imithetho, noma izahlulelo ezihlazisayo.

Izinkantolo eziningi zifuna ukuba isikhalo sihlelwe ngokwemithetho ethile mayelana nemingcele yemingcele yemingcele yemingcele yephepha, yesigamu, nephepha. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zamukela ukuhlelwa kwe-electronic e-pactures (e-ifil) ezikwizindawo zomnyango njenge-PACER yecala likahulumeni.

Ama - flue Ahamba Endizeni Ne - Fee Waivers

Inkokhelo yokubhaka iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Enkantolo yesifunda yombuso, imali yokukhokha njengo-2025 iyi-R22 emacaleni omphakathi. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zivame ukukhokha u-R140-40-$400. Uma ungakwazi ukukhokha imali, ungafaka isikhala esicela i-opiser ngokubonisa i-intelligence. LawHelp.org Indawo inikeza isiqondiso ekutholeni izikhokhisi kanye nezinye imithombo ye-proboo.

Ukukhonza Umvikeli

Ngemva kokufaka i-all, kumelwe umazise ummangalelwa ngokusemthethweni ngokomthetho enkantolo. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-processing yenqubo. Inkonzo efanele iyadingeka; uma ummangalelwa engakhonzwanga kahle, icala alikwazi ukuqhubeka futhi lingase lisuswe.

Izindlela Zokukhonza

  • [ Inkonzo yeyomuntu siqu:[ Isiphakeli senqubo, i-herpist, noma omunye umuntu onegunya unikeza isikhalo futhi abize ummangalelwa ngokuqondile.
  • Inkonzo ebekwe phezulu: Uma ummangalelwa engenakutholakala, inkantolo ingavumela umuntu omdala onomthwalo wemfanelo ukuba asebenze ekhaya noma ebhizinisini lommangalelwa, kulandelwe ukuthunyelwa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Inkonzo ngeposi:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela inkonzo ngeposi eligunyaziwe nelithi lokubuyisa eliceliwe.
  • Isicelo esithenjiswa yi-Publication: Uma indawo yommangalelwa ingaziwa, inkantolo ingavumela isaziso ngezincwadi zamaphephandaba /a ekugcineni.

Ubufakazi Benkonzo

Phakathi nesikhathi esimisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 30-90), i-paltiff kumele ifake isiqinisekiso senkonzo enkantolo, ebonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ukhonzwa kahle. Ukwehluleka ukwenza kanjalo kungabambezela icala noma kuphumele ekuxoshweni.

Ukusabela Kwesivikelo

Uma eseyitholile, ummangalelwa unefasitela elilinganiselwe angaphendula. Enkantolo kahulumeni, isikhathi ngokuvamile siyizinsuku ezingu - 21 ngemva kwenkonzo.

Ukusabela Okungase Kutholakale

  • Impendulo: [ Ummangalelwa uyavuma noma aphike impikiswano ngayinye. Noma isiphi isimangalo esingaphikwanga singase sivunywe. Impendulo ingaphakamisa futhi ulwelwelo lokuyenqaba (umz., umthetho wokulinganiselwa, ukunganaki okunikelayo).
  • Ukukhipha: [ Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi isikhalo asisho isikhalo esingokomthetho noma inkantolo ayinagunya. Uma ivunyiwe, icala liyaxoshwa (ngokuvamile uma kuthathwa ikhefu ukuya esiphethweni).
  • Ibalauclaim: Ummangalelwa ugomela ngokuzisholo kwakhe ngokumelene ne-pasttiff. Ezinkantolo eziningi, ama-claim abophekile uma ephuma enkingweni efanayo.

Ukwahlulela Okungakhohlakala

Uma ummangalelwa ehluleka ukuphendula phakathi nosuku olumisiwe, ummangalelwa angacela isahlulelo esingalingani nomthetho . Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkantolo ingena ekwahluleleni i-paltiff ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Nokho, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqhubeke eveza umonakalo uma ukuzisholo kungokwenani elinganqunywanga.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Emide

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe icala, inkantolo namaqembu enza imisebenzi eminingana ezindabeni eziwubala, aqoqe ubufakazi, futhi ahlole.

Ukuthola

Ukuhlolwa kuwukunikezana ubufakazi obuhleliwe. Zombili izinhlangothi kumelwe ziphendule ukwaziswa okubalulekile, ngisho noma kulimaza isimo sazo. Amathuluzi avamile okuthola izinto ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [ Izimo:[ Ubufakazi obubodwa obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo phambi kwentatheli yenkantolo, enabameli bazo zombili izinhlangothi ezikhona.
  • Izicelo zokuveza: izicelo zokwenza amabhukwana, ama-imeyili, izithombe, noma obunye ubufakazi obubonakalayo.
  • [ Izicelo ze-active: izisho omunye okumelwe azivume noma aphike izimpikiswano ezicacile.

Ukuthola icebo kungaba nokuphikisana. Izinkantolo zivame ukunikeza iziyalo zokuvikela ukuze kunqandwe ukuhlukunyezwa noma umthwalo ongafanele. American Bar Association inikeza iziqondiso mayelana nezindlela zokuthola izindlela ezingcono kakhulu.

Ukuhamba

Ukuthatha izinto zangaphambi komthetho kungaxazulula izimpikiswano ngaphandle kokuya ekulingweni. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • [[INTLA:0] Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo sesifushaniso: Ama-Ague ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi iqembu elihambayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0]Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezelweni enkantolo.
  • [ Motion to Compel Discovery: icela inkantolo ukuba itshele omunye umuntu ukuba anikeze ubufakazi abugodli.

Ingqungquthela Yangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

Ijaji liphethe umhlangano ukuze lixoxe ngesimo secala, izimpikiswano ezimngcingo, ukumisa izikhathi ezimisiwe, futhi likhuthaze ukuhlaliswa. Ezinhlalweni eziningi, inkantolo ifuna ukungenela noma izingqungquthela zokuthatha indawo [ ngaphambi kokuba usuku lokuqulwa kwecala lumiswe.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kungaba ukuqulwa kwecala ebhentshi (ukwahlulela kunquma) noma ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli (ukunquma amaqiniso).

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Ecaleni lejaji, abahluleli abangase baphenywe abameli nomahluleli phakathi [[FLT: 0] bangabanga nombono oyingozi ukuze bavulule ubandlululo. Uhlangothi ngalunye lungasebenzisa izinselele zokukhulula (inani elilinganiselwe ukuxosha abajaji ngaphandle kwesizathu) nezinselele zembangela (engalinganiselwe, kodwa kumelwe ibonise ubandlululo). Ijaji lokugcina lihlanganisa abantu abangu-6/12 ezicaleni zombango zangaphakathi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Inhlangothi ngayinye inikeza ukubukeza kwalokho ubufakazi obuzokubonisa. Lena akuzona izimpikiswano kodwa amabalazwe omgwaqo. i-lacttiff (noma ukushushisa) iyaqala.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

I-paltiff iveza icala layo eliyinhloko, ibiza ofakazi nesiboniso. Ummangalelwa angahlangana nofakazi ngamunye. Khona - ke ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe, alandelwe ubufakazi obuphikisayo obuvela kumholi. Imithetho yobufakazi ibusa lokho okungavunywa; amahemuhemu ngokuvamile awakhishwa ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe ufakazi ohlukile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ohlangothini ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ukuthi kungani umthumeli othatha iqiniso kufanele alawule ngokuvumelana nalo. Ummeli we-paltiff uthatha kuqala futhi agcine kwezinye izifunda. Ngemva kokuphetha izimpikiswano, ijaji liyala abasizi ukuba basebenzise umthetho.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

Ijaji noma amajaji ahlulele ngamabomu futhi akhiphe isinqumo. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, isinqumo kumelwe sisekelwe ekuqapheleni ubufakazi [ [cishe]; ezimweni zobugebengu, kumelwe singangatshazwa ngokunengqondo.

Izinhlobo Zezifungo

  • Geomere-neralir Verdict: I-optic short or mhexhelwayo.
  • Icala eliyindida: Ijaji liphendula imibuzo eyiqiniso, futhi umahluleli usebenzisa umthetho.

Ngemva kwesinqumo, umahluleli ungena ekwahluleleni – umyalo wenkantolo ongokomthetho onikeza noma ophika ukukhululeka. Isahlulelo singahlanganisa ukusebenza okukhethekile, ukulimala kwemali, ukukhululeka, noma isimemezelo samalungelo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngaphakathi kwefasitela elimfushane (futhi izinsuku ezingu-10-30), umcimbi angabhala nge-pane njenge:

  • Motion for Accounting Indict (JNOV): icela inkantolo ukuba ibeke eceleni isinqumo sejaji uma singanele ngokomthetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha:[ Izihloko ezithi phutha phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala zathinta umphumela.
  • [[INTLOBO] I-Motion to Amend noma Ifaka Ukuthola: ekuqulweni kwebhentshi, icela umahluleli ukuba acacise noma alungise lokho abakutholile.

Ukukhanga

Uma iqembu elithile likholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala yenze iphutha elingokomthetho, bangadlulisela icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izikhalo azizona izaba zokuqulwa futhi; inkantolo ehlola umlando wamaphutha omthetho.

Ukuphawula Ukukhanga

Iqembu elikhangayo kumelwe lifake [[FLT: 0] uphawu lokukhanga phakathi kophawu oluqinile lwesikhathi (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 30 kusukela ekwahluleleni). Ukungawutholi lo mkhawulo wesikhathi kulahlekelwa ilungelo lokudlulisa.

Amaphupho Amafushane

Zombili izinhlangothi zibhala izincazelo ezimfushane ezichaza ukuthi kungani isinqumo senkantolo kufanele sisekelwe noma sishintshwe.

Isinyathelo Sokubukeza

Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene kuye ngendaba: isebenzisela imibuzo engokomthetho (ayibekelwe umahluleli wokwahlulela), imposiso esobala[ ekutholeni okuyiqiniso, kanye nokusebenzisa ukwahlulela ekunqumeni imibandela engokobufakazi noma engokwesiko.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, lowo olahlekelwayo angase acele inkantolo ephakeme noma e - United States ukuba abukeze, kodwa izicelo ezinjalo azivamile ukunikezwa ngaphandle kokuba icala lihilela indaba engokomthetho ephawulekayo.

Isinqumo Nokuphoqelelwa

Ngemva kokwahlulela okokugcina, umuntu owinayo kumelwe abuthe uma lowo olahlekelwayo engavumelani naye ngokuzithandela.

Izindlela Zokuphoqelela

  • I-asnishment:[ Inkantolo iyala umqashi obolekwe imali ukuba aqondise ingxenye yeholo noma izimali ze-akhawunti ukuze anelise ukwahlulela.
  • [ Izehlulelo: Icala libekwa endaweni yempahla noma yendlu yonecala. Isahlulelo sikhokhwa uma impahla ithengiswa.
  • iBank Levy: Inkantolo iyala ibhange lobolekwayo ukuba lishise futhi liphendule imali.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuthatha ukwahlulela: Ukuthatha futhi kuthengisele impahla yongenayo eyokwehliswa ukuze kwanelise isahlulelo.

Izikweletu eziningi ziyakhokha lapho uwiswe ngezimali, ezingamisa ukuqoqwa kwemizamo. Isiqondiso se- Nolo ekwahluleleni [ sichaza ukulinganiselwa nokungakhululeki okuvikela izinto ezithile.

Impi Ehlukile Yokuxazulula Njengendlela Efanayo

Nakuba inqubo yenkantolo iyindlela engokwesiko, amacala amaningi axazululwa nge ukudlulisa izinqumo noma u-arbitation[ ngaphambi kokufinyelela icala. I-Media ihlanganisa iqembu lesithathu elingathathi hlangothi elisiza ukuxazulula izingxoxo; umlamuleli akafaki sinqumo. I-Arbit ayifaki mvume yokungathathi hlangothi ezwa ubufakazi futhi inikezele isibopho noma isibopho. Izinkantolo zivame ukukhuthaza noma ukucela ababambene ukuba bazame ukuxazulula impikiswano njengezindleko zokuxazululwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa. Ukuqonda lezi zinkethozo angalondoloza isikhathi, imali, nokucindezela komzwe ngokomzwelo.

Amacebiso Awusizo Okulawula Inqubo Yenkantolo

  • Gcina amarekhodi acophelelayo:[ Gcina zonke izincwadi, amaface, amalishi, nobufakazi obuhlobene nendaba yakho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Umethe yonke imikhawulo emisiwe: Ukungawutholi umsebenzi omisiwe noma ukubukeka kwenkantolo kungaphumela ekuxoshweni noma ekuqedweni.
  • Umsebenzi nommeli ofanelekayo: Ngisho nasenkantolo evumayo, iseluleko somthetho sibalulekile. Izinhlangano eziningi zosizo zinikeza ukuhlola kwamahhala kwemali ehhala.
  • Cwangcisa imithombo yosizo lwakho siqu:[ amawebhusayithi enkantolo, imitapo yomthetho, kanye nezingosi zolwazi zomthetho ezinedumela elihle njenge Cornell Information Institute [ inikeza amafomu neziqondiso.

Ukumisa inqubo yenkantolo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokungenakuphikwa, kodwa isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile futhi kufanele. Ngokuqonda uhambo olusuka ekuphoqeleleni ukuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa (ne-"i-application") nangokusebenzisa imithombo ekhona ) ungasondela entweni yakho engokomthetho ngokucaca okukhulu nangokuqiniseka. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungummangalelwa ofuna ukukhululeka noma ummangalelwa ovikela amalungelo akho, ukwaziwa yithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu onalo.