Isimiso sesimiso sokhetho singenye yezisekelo eziphambili kakhulu kodwa ngokuvamile ezinganakwa izinqandayo zendlela idemokrasi esebenza ngayo. Indlela amavoti ahunyushelwa ngayo ezihlalweni esihlalweni esisesakhiweni somthetho esinethonya eliqondile, indlela amaqembu akha futhi ancintisana ngayo, nokuthi izakhamuzi zizizwa kanjani izindaba zazo. Izimiso zezokulawula aziwona amathuluzi anamandla okulawula; zingaba nezimiso ezinamandla ezingathuthukisa noma ziqede intando yokhetho. Ukuqonda amakhelidi nemiphumela yazo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda isimo sangempela sokumelelwa kwezombangazwe ezweni lakubo nakwezinye izindawo.

Lesi sihloko sihlola imindeni emikhulu yezimiso zokukhetha. (Iyokuqala-Past-The Post, Ukumelelwa kwe-Mixpoted Systems, ne-Ranked Fivers Voing(i-full) nemiphumela yayo. Ekugcineni, uzoba nomfanekiso ocacile wesizathu sokukhetha imithetho egxile kakhulu empilweni yentando yeningi.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zomdlalo

Phakathi nendawo, isimiso sokhetho siyimithetho enquma indlela amavoti afakwa ngayo kukhetho ashintshwa ngayo abe ukwabiwa kwezihlalo ephalamendeni noma esishaya umthetho. Lemithetho ichaza yonke into kusukela kubukhulu besifunda (indlela abameleli abaningi abakhethwa ngayo esifundeni ngasinye) ukuya esihlelweni sokuvota (indlela abavoti abazwakalisa ngayo okuthandayo) endleleni esetshenziselwa ukuhlela izihlalo. Ukukhetha kwalezi zimo kunezimiphumela enzulu nelindelekileyo ezweni lezombangazwe.

Izimiso ze-Electoral zihlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezintathu: izimiso zobubanzi/ubuningi, izimiso zokuhlukanisa, izimiso zokuhlanganisa, kanye nezimiso ezixubene. Umkhaya ngamunye unezinhlobo eziningi, ngisho nezincane ezibuthakathaka phakathi kwesimiso zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu. Ngokomlando, umklamo wezimiso zekhethelo uye wabunjwa ngezibalo zezombangazwe, amakoloni, kanye nendlela yokuhamba. Ngokwesibonelo, amakoloni aseBrithani ngokuvamile azuza i-Past-Post system, kuyilapho amazwe amaningi ezwe laseYurophu ethotyelwe i-Propotiontion ukuze alawule ukuhlukana okujulile kwezenhlalo.

Ukuhlolwa kwezifundo zezimiso zokhetho, okuholwa izazi ezinjenge-Arend Lijphart ne-Rein Taagepera, kuye kwaveza ukutholwa okukhulu ngokuphathelene nobuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho yekhethelo nophawu. Internationalpolate Institute for Democracy and Electoral Conservation (International IDEA) igcina ingosi ebanzi yemiklamo yezimiso ze-operal emhlabeni wonke, ivumela abacwaningi nabakhiqinisi bezimiso ukuba baqhathanise imiphumela ehlukahlukeneyo emazweni.

Isiqalo-Past-The Post (FPTP)

U-Past-Past, owaziwa nangokuthi i-iperbody eyodwa, yisimiso sokhetho esilula nesidala kakhulu esisasetshenziswa kakhulu. Uvoti ngamunye uvotela umuntu oyedwa esifundeni esisodwa (noma u-Past), futhi ovota kakhulu uwina isihlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bafinyelela inani elikhulu yini. Lesimiso sisetshenziselwa ukukhetha i-voti yesizwe yemithetho emazweni anjenge-United Kingdom, i-United States (orrow Congress), i-Canada, neNdiya (yokuvota).

Izinzuzo Ze - FPTP

Amandla ayinhloko e-FPTP alula. Abaqondisi bayaqonda ukuthi bakhetha umuntu oyedwa ozongenela isikole, futhi onqobayo yilowo onezivoti eziningi. Lokhu kucacisa kuholela emiphumeleni esheshayo, ewujuqu ngobusuku bokukhetha. I-FPTP futhi ithambekele ekukhiqizeni ohulumeni abaningi abayingxenye eyodwa, okungenani ezingxenyeni ezimbili, ezingenza ukumiswa komthetho nokulandisa okucacile. Abavoter bazi kahle ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elinecala lokubusa, lenza kube lula ukuvuza noma ukujezisa ama-ctubes.

Enye inzuzo i-FPTP ebizwa ngokuthi ukuhlobana okuqinile okukhona phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli. Isifunda ngasinye sinelungu elilodwa eliphawulekayo lephalamende izakhamuzi ezingaya kulo ngezindaba zendawo. Lo msebenzi wenkonzo wobukhomanisi uvame ukuvezwa njengenzuzo ye-FPTP, ikakhulukazi emazweni amakhulu anezithakazelo zezifunda ezihlukahlukene.

Izingozi Ze - FPTP

Amaphutha e-FPTP athengwa kahle. Inkinga ecacile kakhulu ukuthi ayifani: amaqembu angawina amaphesenti amakhulu evoti ethandwayo kodwa athole isilinganiso esincane kakhulu sezihlalo, noma ngokuphambene. Ku-2019 ukhetho lukahulumeni jikelele wase-United Kingdom, i-Conservative Party yawina 436% yevoti kodwa 56.2% yezihlalo, kuyilapho i-Liberal Demorat yawina 11.5% wezihlalo kodwa 1,7% zezihlalo. Lokhu kusuka phakathi kwevoti nezihlalo ze-ovoti kanye nezihlalo kungenza isimiso sizizwe singafanele futhi kunciphise ukwethembana.

FPTP futhi yenza "amavoti athandwayo" — amabhola aphonswa ukulahlekelwa okungathathi lutho ekumeleni. Ezihlalweni eziphephile, abasekeli beqembu elincane bangase bazizwe bengenalo ithonya, ukuvota okucindezelayo nokukhuthaza ukuvota lapho abantu bengavoti khona umvoti othandwa kakhulu kodwa ongase ahlulele ukukhetha kwabo okungathandeki kakhulu. Lo mkhuba ongokwesiko uhlanekezela ukubonakaliswa kwezindinganiso zangempela zezombangazwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-FPTP ithambekele ekuqiniseni isimiso esinezingxenye ezimbili, indlela eyaziwa ngokuthi uMthetho kaDuverger. Amaqembu amathathu alwa ukuze athole indawo ngoba amavoti awo abhekwa njengachithayo. Lokhu kungalinganisela uhlu lwezinketho zenqubo ezinikezwa abavoti futhi kuncishiswe izindaba ezibalulekile ezingaphandle kwemvumelwano enkulu. Isimiso sithambekele futhi ekuthatheni imingcele yesifunda ukuze athole iqembu elilodwa, njengoba zibonwa njalo eUnited States. [ACE Electoral Knowlet] inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemiphumela ebanzi ngalé kwemingcele ehlukene.

Umfuziselo ongokwengxenye (PR)

I-Propotional amemotion ihlanganisa umkhaya wezimiso eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isabelo sezihlalo umncintiswano unqoba ngokulinganayo nengxenye yevoti ethandwayo. Lokhu kumane kufinyelelwa ngezindawo ezinezingxenye eziningi lapho amaqembu akhona ezinhlu zabazo, futhi izihlalo zabelwa ukusebenzisa amapulani anjengendlela enkulu kakhulu esele noma indlela ephakeme kakhulu (umz., d'Hondt noma Sainte-Laguë). I-PR iyisimiso esivelele sokhetho emazweni aseYurophu, esetshenziswa amaphalamende asemhlabeni emazweni anjenge-Jalimane (ngenxa yeBndestag, esimisweni sesigaba esixubene), i-Sweden, i-Netherlands, ne-Israel.

Izinzuzo Ze - PR

Inzuzo esobala kakhulu ye-PR ukulingana kwayo. Amaqembu amancane angawina izihlalo ngokulingana nokusekela kwawo, okusho ukuthi imibono eminingi yezombangazwe imelelwe kusishaya-mthetho. Lokhu kungaholela ekwenzeni inqubo ebanzi eveza ukuhlukahluka kwe-vota. Izakhamuzi ezisekela iqembu elincane zibona amavoti aguqulwa ngokwendlela engokoqobo, ethambekele ekukhuliseni ukwaneliseka kwevoti futhi ekuhloleni okulinganayo.

I-PR ikhuthaza futhi izimiso eziningi, ezingakhuthaza ukuqashelwa nokuyekelelwa. Izimiso zivamile ezimisweni zePR, ziphoqelela amaqembu ukuba azwane futhi akhe ukuvumelana kunokuphoqa umphamba ophumeleleyo. Lokhu kungaholela ezimisweni eziqinile nezilinganiselayo esikhathini eside, njengoba ukuguquguquka okusheshayo kubangelwa amandla ahlangene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-PR inciphisa isikhuthazo sokuvota ngeqhinga, njengoba ukuvotela iqembu elincane kunga "kungadinwa" — kusiza ekuhlanganyeleni kwesihlalo seqembu lonke.

Izingozi Ze - PR

Abagxeki baveza ukuthi iPR ingaholela ezindlini zomthetho ezihlukene ezihlukene ngamaqembu amaningi amancane, okwenza kube nzima ukwakha ohulumeni abaqinile. I-Italy ne-Israel ziye zabhekana nezikhathi zokuguqulwa njalo kukahulumeni ngenxa yokungahleleki okuhlangene. Emaphalamendeni ahlukene kakhulu, amaqembu amancane ashisekela ukushisekela izinto angasekela amandla amakhulu, njengoba kubonakala kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu lapho amaqembu angenaluzwela aye akwazi khona ukukhipha imvume yemithetho.

Enye i-drack i-spack ukuxhumana okubuthakathaka phakathi kwabantu abakhethwayo nabameleli ngabanye. Ezifundeni ezinkulu ezinezingxenye eziningi, abavoti bangazizwa bengenalutho kunoma yiliphi ilungu elithile lephalamende, futhi ukulandisa kuyancipha kakhulu kunasezifundani ezinezingxenye eyodwa. Ukuhola kweqembu ngokuvamile kulawula uhlu lwabameleli, kubanika amandla aphawulekayo ukuthi yiziphi abantu abakhethwayo nabanciphiwayo. Ezinye izimiso zePR zidinga abavoti ukuba bakhethe phakathi kwezinhlu ezivaliwe ezingenawo amandla okuthonya uhlelo lwesigaba esithile, nakuba zikhona izigaba zoluhlu oluvulekile zenza izimpawu zesigaba se-Finland ne-Brazil.

Izimiso Zokuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Izimiso ze-electoral ezixubene zizama ukuhlanganisa izinzuzo zombili ze-FPP ne-PR ngokuba nezinhlu ezimbili zokumelela: iqoqo lezifunda ezinelungu elilodwa lapho umvoti oyedwa ekhethwa ngobuningi, futhi iqoqo lezihlalo ezibekelwe ngokwesilinganiso ukubuyisela noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kwemiphumela yesifunda. Umehluko ongcono kakhulu yi-Mixted-Mber Proportonal (MMP) esetshenziswa eJalimane, eNew Zealand, nasePhalamende lase-Scotland. Olunye uhlobo, i-Mixbeber Majoritarian (MM), lusebenzisa ukuvota okungaboni lutho olufanayo ngaphandle kwenqubo yokuxhumana, njengoba kubonwe eJapane ne-South Korea.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Ezixubile

Izimiso ezixubile zingafinyelela kokubili ukumelelwa kwendawo kanye nokulinganiswa kwayo yonke. E-MMP, abavoti bafaka amavoti amabili: esinye sesibhalisa nesinye sohlu lweqembu. Izihlalo zohlu zabelwa ukuletha isihlalo seqembu ngalinye esiphelele esihlanganyela ngokuvumelana nesabelo salo sokuvota, ukulungisa izikhawu ezihlukene ezikhiqizwa yizifundazwe yi-odwa. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho njengeqembu lonke sibonisa intando yokhetho kuyilapho umvoti ngamunye ebizwa ngokuthi ummeleli wendawo.

Lenhlanganisela ingathuthukisa ukuthembisana kwabavoti ngokunikeza okungcono kakhulu kuwo womabili amazwe. Amaqembu amancane angawina izihlalo ohlwini, kuyilapho amalungu amakhulu ehlala eqinile esendaweni. IJalimane ne-New Zealand ziye zabona ukubusa okuqinile nemiphumela elinganayo, futhi izimiso zawo ezixubile zivame ukubekwa njengezibonelo emazweni acabangela inguquko. iNhlangano ye-Elector Reformation [[ inikeza izincazelo ezifinyele zendlela ye-MMP esebenzayo.

Izingozi Zezimiso Ezixubile

Ubunkimbinkimbi bezimiso ezixubile yinselele yabo enkulu. Abavota kumelwe baqonde umehluko phakathi kwamavoti abo amabili nendlela esebenza ngayo inqubo yokuvota. EJalimane, umqondo "wezihlalo eziphezulu" ungadida ngisho nakubantu abangaphakathi kwezombangazwe. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kungaholela ekuncipheni izinga lokuqaphela abavoti namaphutha angenzeka ebhokisini lebhola.

Enye impikiswano ingenzeka ekusebenziseni inqubo ehleliwe. I-paries ingazama ukudlala isimiso ngokufaka abafuni besigodi abanamandla ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho befuna amavota. Kwezinye izimiso ezixubene, abavoti abahlukanisa amathikithi abo bangase bangaqondi ngokugcwele ithonya lezinto abazikhethayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokulungisa i-comparation ingaveza imiphumela engalindelekile, njengalapho iqembu liwina izihlalo zesigodi eziningi kunaleyo ebelingaba nelungelo lokuthola isilinganiso esilinganayo, okuholela ekubeni ipalamende ekhuliswe ngokugcwele kanye "nezihlalo eziphezulu" ukuze libuyisele ukulingana.

Ukukhetha Okuqinile Okungasetshenziswa (RCV)

Ukuvota okungakhethwanga, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukuvota okusheshayo, kusetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinezingxenye ezizimele futhi kuvumela abavoti ukuba bakhethe izigaba ngokulandelana. Uma kungekho mvoti othola amavoti okuqala, umvoti omncinyane omningi kakhulu oyedwa uqedwe, u-RCV usetshenziselwa ukhetho lwesizwe eAustralia (ngendlu yabameleli) nase-Ireland (ngesikhulu), futhi amabhola abo afakwa kukhetho olulandelayo olubekwe e-mibhodlekeni. Le nqubo iphindaphindeka kuze kube yilapho omunye umbhexeshi ewela isango elikhulu. I-RCV isetshenziselwa ukhetho lwesizwe (ngeyodwa iNdluyabaast) ne-Ireland (ngeyokuhlela i-Pucesterce), kanye nakukhetho oluningi lukahulumeni e-United States, kuhlanganise naseMineapollas, naseSan York City.

Izinzuzo Ze - RCV

I-RCV iqinisekisa ukuthi owinayo usekelwa kakhulu (noma okungenani ungowamukelekayo kakhulu ngemva kokukhipha indilinga). Isusa umphumela womonakalo, lapho othatha isigaba sesithathu ehlukanisa khona ivoti futhi avumele umuntu ongathandwa kakhulu ukuba anqobe. Abaxhasi bangasekela ukukhetha kwabo kweqiniso kuqala ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuchitha ukuvota kwabo, ngoba ibhola labo lizoshintshela kumfundi wesisekelo uma ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala kususiwe. Lokhu kukhuthaza umkhankaso ongcono kakhulu njengomsekeli we-coce wesibili ofuna izintando ze-ice kwabasekeli bempi.

I-RCV futhi inciphisa isikhuthazo sokuvota. Ngenxa yokuthi abavoti bangahlela abavoti ngokwethembeka kunokuba bakhethe okuncane kakhulu kobubi obubili, isimiso sithatha ngokunembe kakhulu abavoti. Ingaholela futhi ekumeleni okuhlukene kakhulu, njengoba imifelandawo yalabo abavotayo ingaba inxusela abacela ububanzi bengxenye yesiphambano.

Izingozi Ze - RCV

Ukugxekwa okukhulu kwe-RCV kuwubunkimbinkimbi bayo obuhlobene nokuvota okulula. Abanye abavoti bathola inqubo ephezulu idida, iholela ekwaphulweni kwamabhola agqwalisiweyo − ibholaot agcwaliswa ngokungeyikho futhi angakwazi ukubalwa. Ezindabeni lapho i-RCV intsha, imikhankaso yemfundo yabavoti iyadingeka, futhi ngisho nalapho, amazinga amaphutha angaba makhulu kunangaphansi kwe-FPTPP. Inqubo yokubala ibuye ithathe ijubane, njengoba indilinga lokudluliswa kwevoti enziwayo kumelwe ithathelwe, ngezinye izikhathi imiphumela ethatha amahora noma izinsuku.

Okunye okukhathazayo ukuthi i-RCV ingaveza imiphumela engalingani ngokulinganiselwe lapho isetshenziswa ezifundeni eziningi (njengoba ngokwezigaba ze-choice i-winner, eyaziwa futhi njengevoti eyodwa edluliswayo). Nokho, uma isetshenziswa kuphela ezifundeni eziyingxenye eyodwa, i-RCV ayikhululi ngokuhlukanisa okuyisisekelo phakathi kwevoti yeqembu elivotayo kanye nesabelo sesihlalo; imane iqinisekisa ukuthi umnqobi wesifunda ngasinye unesisekelo esikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundo zisikisela ukuthi i-RCV ingabalela abavoti abambalwa uma behlakazekile ngokwendawo, njengoba abathandiwe bengase babe nevoti yokuqala engcono ukuba baphile.

Umphumela Obanzi Wesimiso Se - Electoral Umklamo Wokumelela Okwezombangazwe

Ukukhethwa kwesimiso sokhetho akuthinteli nje kuphela indlela izihlalo ezihlukaniswa ngayo − kuguqula lonke uhlobo lobukhoma bentando yeningi. Izinga eliyi-mithathu libaluleke kakhulu: ukuthembisana kwamavoti, ukuthuthukisa isimiso, nokusabela kwezimiso.

Ukuhlanganyela Nokubuya

Ukucwaninga okungaguquki kubonisa ukuthi izimiso zokulinganisa zithambekele ekubeni nomvoti ophakeme kunezimiso eziningi. Isizathu sicacile: kuyi-FPTP, abavoti abaningi abahlala ezihlalweni eziphephile banomuzwa wokuthi amavoti abo awasho lutho, ayacindezela. EPR, zonke izivoti ziqonde ukumelelwa kweqembu eliphelele, zinika izakhamuzi isikhuthazo esinamandla sokuhlanganyela. Imininingwane yomhlaba wonke ibonisa ukuthi isilinganiso sokuphendukela emazweni anePR sicishe sibe amaphuzu amahlanu-7 aphakeme kunasemazweni nge-FPTPPP, ngisho nangemva kokulawula ezinye izici ezifana nokuvota okuphoqelelwa. Izimiso ezixutshiwe zithambekele ekutheni i-injini yokuhlanganyela.

Izimiso zeqembu

Izinqubo ze-Electoral zithonya kakhulu inani lamaqembu ancintisanayo futhi awine izihlalo. I-FPP ngokwendlela ehlelekile ivumela ukuncintisana okunezigaba ezimbili, kuyilapho i-PR iveza izimiso eziningi. Inani lamaqembu lithinta uhlobo lohulumeni abahlangene abakhiweyo. Ezimisweni emibili ehlukene, ukubusa kuvame ukuba kube ukukhetha okuguquguqukayo phakathi kwemifelandawo emibili; izinguquko zenqubo zingashintsha ngokuphazima kweso futhi ziphawuleka njengamandla. Ezimisweni eziningi zePR, izingxoxo zomfelandawonye ziveza ukwenziwa kwezimiso ezihlangene kakhulu, kodwa ngokuvumelana okukhulu. umsebenzi owenziwa nguMichael Gaglagher noPaul Mitchell[FLD] [FLD1] unikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi kwendlela yezimiso zokulawula isimiso sogesi.

Imiphumela Engokomthetho Nokumelelwa Kobuncane

Isimiso senqubo yokukhetha singathinta futhi ukuthi yimaphi amaqembu emphakathini. Ku-FPTP, ama-produces agxishiwe ezwe ngezinye izikhathi angazuza ukumelelwa uma ekha izigodi ezithile (njengoba kunjalo kubantu abambalwa abakhuluma izilimi) eCanada). Nokho, indawo esakazekile njengeqembu elinamaqembu ezinhlanga noma amaqembu ezinhlanga asakazekele ezifundeni eziningi. Izimiso ze-PR, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinemikhawulo ephansi nezinga eliphezulu, zivame ukuveza izishaya - mthetho ezihlukene kakhulu ngokweziqu zobulili, uhlanga, nobuhlanga. Amazwe amaningi ane-PR anamaphesenti aphakeme kakhulu abesifazane epalamende, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuthi amaqembu ancitshiswa ukuba adluliselwe ekudlulisweni kwezindawo.

Imiphumela yezimiso futhi iyahluka. Ezimisweni zezesayensi yezokuphatha, izinqubo ngokuvamile zibonisa ukukhethwa komvoti wezindaba futhi zingashintshashintsha kakhulu ngenxa yezinguquko kuhulumeni. Ezimisweni ezilinganayo, izimiso zithambekele ekuboniseni ukuvumelana okubanzi, nezindlela zokusebenzisa imali eziqinile nezimiso zezenhlalo ezivikela amaqembu angenabungozi. Izazi zezomnotho zezombangazwe eziqhathanisiweyo ziye zathola ukuthi ukumelelwa kwemali elinganiselwe kanye nokungalingani kwemali ehlawulwa kakhulu kwezenhlalakahle, ngokunokwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi lesimiso sinikeza izwi lokuthola imali ephansi engcono kakhulu efuna abavoti abangaba bancintiswayo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-Electoral ziyimicimbi eqinile engekho hlangothi. Ziyimithetho eyisisekelo ehlela indlela amandla ahlukaniswa ngayo, indlela izakhamuzi ezihlanganyela ngayo kwezombangazwe, nendlela isigebengu esizibonisa ngayo izinhlobonhlobo zomphakathi esiwukhonzayo. Izimiso zePast-Pest inikeza ukucaca kanye nokuma kwezwe kodwa ngezindleko zokulinganisela nokungalingani. Ukumelelwa kwemithetho kuqinisekisa ukulunga kodwa kungenza ukuba buthaka futhi kunciphe izibopho zendawo. Izimiso ezixubanisayo zizama ukuhlanganisa kokubili, kodwa ziveza ubunkimbinkimbinki. Izimiso ezinqinisiwe zizama ukuthuthukisa imiphumela emikhulu ezindaweni ezithile kodwa azidingi izimpikiswano ezihlanganisa isilinganiso.

Kuzakhamuzi nabenzi bezimiso ngokufanayo, ukuqonda lokhu kuxoshwa kwemithetho kubalulekile. Asikho isimiso sokhetho esiphelele, kodwa ezinye zifanelana kangcono nomongo nezindinganiso ezithile. Labo abakhathalela ukumelelwa kwentando yeningi kufanele bahileleke ekuklanyweni kwezinhlangano zabo siqu ezikhethayo, bakhuthaze izinguquko ezihambisana nezimiso ezibaluleke kakhulu.