Ukwakhiwa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo komthetho kwakha i-licky yesimiso sentando yeningi esisebenzayo. Nakuba imithetho izalwa ngenqubo yokushaya umthetho, incazelo yayo, ukusebenza, kanye nokusinda okukhulu ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekuchazeni igatsha lokwahlulela, ikakhulukazi i-United States Supreme Court. Lobu buhlobo obuhlangene buqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho awuyona iqoqo eliqinile kodwa uyindlela eqinile yokulungisa isimo, esabela ekushintsheni kwenqubo yezesayensi, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, nezindinganiso ezivumelanayo. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho emiswa ngayo ngokwemithetho yezemithetho yezomthetho yezehlulelo kunikeza umbono obalulekile ngokulinganayo kwesimiso sombuso waseMelika.

Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Okuyindaba: Kusukela KuBill Kuya Emithendeni

Inqubo engokomthetho yokwenza umthetho kahulumeni ihlelwe ngokucophelela eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo. Isivumelwano siqala ukuphila kwaso lapho siqanjwa yilungu leSishaya-mthetho. Kumelwe sidlule kokubili iNdlu yabameleli neSigele ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba inikezwe uMongameli. Lohambo lugcwele izithiyo ze-procedtura, kuhlanganise nezithiyo zekomiti, izimpikiswano zaphansi, futhi okukhona ngaso sonke isikhathi kungenza ukuba i-Preacester i-palcessss ibekwe umthetho, ivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa, noma i-veto, iphinde ithunyelwe kuKhomisha lapho kudingeka khona izinombolo ezimbili ezingamashumi amathathu emagumbini omabili emagumbini ukuba zikhulu ukuba zidume, futhi zikwazi ukudlula i-Redea.

Le nqubo ebonakala ilula ithonywa kakhulu amandla angaphandle. Amaqembu afuna ukukhokha izintambo, izinhlangano zobuthakathi, kanye nezinkampani ezinamandla zitshala imali kakhulu ekulolongeni ulimi lwezindleko. Umbono womphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma ushintshwa ngenxa yendaba ethile, ungadala amandla ezombangazwe adingekile ukuze asunduze umthetho nge-drockbock. Nokho, ngisho nangemva kokuba umthetho usube umthetho, uhambo lwawo alupheli. Umthetho ungaphansi komthetho wemithetho esemthethweni. Ingqungqungquthela yenhlangano ayikwazi ukudlulisa izivumelwano zokuthatha noma imithetho yokuthatha ifa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma imuphi umthetho umelwe uwe emagunyeni eSishayantengweni, ngokuvamile i-Commercioce Claus u-Preace noma amagunya agunya agunyazwe ngaphansi kweSishayamthetho we-14, oye waba yimoto enkulu yemithetho yemithetho yomphakathi. Ukuhlola komthetho kwangempela lapho iqala enkantolo, futhi isilinganiso senkantolo.

INkantolo Ephakeme: Umqondisi Wokugcina Wezomthetho Nomsizi Womthetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme uwukuchaza umthetho, kodwa amandla awo adlulela kude kakhulu kunokucaciswa. Ngemfundiso yokubukeza kokwahlulela, okokuqala wagcizelela ecaleni lengqophamlando Marbury v. Madison (1883), , iNkantolo inegunya lokumemezela izenzo zeSishayamthetho. Lamandla enza iNkantolo ibe isishayamthetho ophambene noMthetho owephula umthetho. INkanto enqumayo nemithetho eqondile lapho kuphakama izimpikiswano zenqubo yayo.

Ukuchazwa kwencazelo.

Enye yezimpikiswano eziphikelela kakhulu ezihlobene nendima yeNkantolo umehluko phakathi kokuchaza umthetho nokuwumisa ngempumelelo ebhentshini. Abasekeli bombhalo baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji kufanele athembele kuphela encazelweni ecacile yombhalo ongokomthetho ngesikhathi ebhalwa. Ngokungafani, abameleli "Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo" baphikisa ukuthi izinkulumo ezibanzi zomthetho-mthetho, njengenqubo ehambela phambili ne"sivikelo esilinganayo," kumelwe zichazwe ngokukhanyiselwa ngezindinganiso ezisekelwe entweni ezisemqoka. Le filosofi iyingxenye yenhliziyo yezinqumo eziningi zecala, lapho umphumela wecala uxhomeke khona kwifilosofi yomthetho wobulungisa.

Isimiso Sezinkanyezi Esikhohlisayo

Ukuzinza kweNkantolo kuncike kakhulu idecis, isimiso somthetho sokunamathela ekwakhekeni. Lemfundiso iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokungaqiniseki emthethweni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele ukuthi [ idecissis [ ayisona isenzo esikhulu sokushintsha okungokomthetho, njengoba kuboniswa iNkanto eyenzekayo [FT:]." Uma isiqalo sitholakala singasebenzi, singaqondakali, noma singavumelani kakhulu nezici eziyisisekelo zesizwe, iNkanto ezomthetho izakuyilawula. [b] inquluko iwumthetho yeze.[5]

"Siphetha ngokuthi, emkhakheni wemfundo yomphakathi, imfundiso ethi 'yohlukene kodwa elinganayo' ayinandawo. Izikole ezihlukene azilingani ngokwemvelo." — IJaji eliyinhloko u-Earl Warren, Brown v. Board of Education[

Izifundo Ezitholakala Emacalani Asezweni: Indlela Imithetho Namalungelo Ehlukahlukene Ngayo

Izifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu zendlela imithetho enziwa futhi ishintshwe ngayo zivela ekuhloleni izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme eziyingqophamlando. Lamacala awazona nje izinqumo ezingokomthetho; ayiwo amaphuzu ashintshayo angokomlando abonisa ukuphikisana kwesizwe nezinhloso zalo zomthetho-sisekelo.

Marbury v. Madison (103): I-Foundation of Judicial Power

Phambi uMarbury, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiyinhlangano ebuthakathaka ngokuqhathaniswa. IJaji elinguJohn Marshall yathatha ithuba elanikezwa yimpikiswano yezombangazwe phakathi kokuphatha kuka-Adams ophumayo nokuphathwa kwe-Jefferson ukumisa ithuluzi leNkantolo elinamandla kakhulu: ukubukeza kokwahlulela. William Marbury, ijaji lasebusuku, wayenqatshwe umsebenzi wakhe. Nakuba uMashall wathola ukuthi iMarbury inelungelo lokuphatha, ekugcineni wanquma ukuthi iNkantolo ayinakukhipha umthetho ngenxa yokuthi umthetho onikeza iNkantolo amandla okuthisana nomthetho wokuqala (unyaka ka-1789) wawungawutholi umthetho wezomthetho oyinhloko. Lokhu kunyakazisa iNkakhulu yezombangazwe wasungula iNkadelelo lokuchaza i-Constitution, ifomu eliwunikeza imvume engokomthetho wokuqala.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): UWruling Precedent ukusolisa okungalungile

Isinqumo seNkantolo cishe iminyaka engu-60, sibhekene nalesi sinqumo ne-Foctson [[FLT]] yavumela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ngaphansi kwemfundiso "yokuhlukana kodwa elinganayo". I-NAACP, eholwa uMahluleli wesikhathi esizayo uThur Good Marshall, ngokumelene nalesi sibonelo ngokugxila hhayi ezikhungweni ezingokomzimba kodwa ethonyeni ezingokwengqondo ze-American American. Isebenzisa ubufakazi bezesayensi yezenhlalo, iNkantolo yeSikhulu ngaphansi kweJani lika-19649 ISirren yakhipha umbono ohlukeneyo omemezela ukuthi "Izakhiwo zemfundo zemfundo azinakele. Brow[FLT] ayizange nje ishintshe umthetho; ayishintshanga i-voctive Rights, ihost Yomthetho ka-Ovinist Trectiveks. IMithensivence Ingu ka-1966666 iyaqhubeka iyaqhubeka ngokushoshosholo.

I - United States v. iNixon (1974): Akekho Ongaphezu KoMthetho

Phakathi nehlazo laseWatergate, uMongameli Richard Nixon waveza ilungelo eliphelele lokuvimba izimfihlo ze-tepi kanye namaphepha abhalwe nguLeon Jaworski ongumshushisi Okhethekile. INkantolo yabhekana nempikiswano eqondile phakathi kwegatsha eliphetheyo nesimiso sokwahlulela. Esihlangeneyo engu 8-0, iNkantolo yavuma ukuthi nakuba isikhulu sikhona ilungelo lokuvikela izimfihlo zempi, ukuxhumana, noma ukuvikela kwesizwe, akunakwenziwa ngokuphelele. Ukubekwa kwelungelo kukaMongameli welungelo akunakuziqeda izidingo eziqondile zesimiso somthetho wokwahlulela ngokugcina ubufakazi. Isinqumo seNixon saphoqelelwa ukuba ikhulule amakhasethi, esambula ukuhileleka kwakhe ekusithekeni kwakhe ngokuqondile. [FL:] United States v.[FFFF]

Intambo-we (i-Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health (202): Umjikelezo woshintsho olungokomthetho

Imfundiso eqinile yamalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu eMelika inikeza isifundo esiqinile sendlela imfundiso engokomthetho engamiswa ngayo, ilungiswe futhi ekugcineni ihlehliswe. Roe v. Wade waqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo lokukhipha isisu ngaphansi kwe-Sect Procession Clause yeSichibiyelo se 14, ukumisa uhlelo oluqinile lokulinganisela amalungelo abesifazane ngokumelene nesithakazelo sikahulumeni sokuqondisa impilo nokuvikela ukuphila. [[FLT:] Iminyaka ecishe ibe ngumthetho wezwe [FLT:], nakuba yashintshwa [FLT] .[FLT] v.[FLD]

Nokho, izinguquko ekwakheni kweNkantolo ngenqubo yokumisa zaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu. ku-Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health, iNkantolo ilawula [ i-Roe[ kanye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] , iphethe ukuthi ukukhishwa kwesisu akuyona isivikelo somthetho wemithetho esemthethweni. Isinqumo sabuyisela umthetho wokukhipha isisu ezifundeni, okuphumela ekuguqulweni kwezwe okusheshayo nokumangalisayo. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT:] icala] [FLT] [FLT]] [imen:] [inkantolo ephakeme] [ingaguqula umthetho olandelwayo, futhi ebonakalisa umthetho ongokomthetho, kodwa engokomthetho ongokomthetho, kodwa ewugunyaza engokomthetho.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ukwandisa amalungelo ayisisekelo

Ukulwela ukulingana komshado kubonisa indlela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo engakhula ngayo ukuze iqaphele amalungelo amasha. Emashumini eminyaka, imibhangqwana efanayo engongokwasezibophweni yanqatshelwa ilungelo lokushada. Icebo elingokomthetho elaqhubekelwa ngezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezinkantolo zezikhalo zikahulumeni, lakha ukuhlobana no-Lawrence v. ITexas [i-2003], eyabulala imithetho engokomthetho. [[FLT]] [i]... [obergefell v. Hods, Justicey Anthony Kennedy] wabhala umbono owenaniswe kakhulu ukuthi ilungelo lokushada liyilungelo eliyisisekelo enkululekoni yomuntu, futhi imibhangqwana efanayo ehloselwe ukuhlobana kulo hlelo oluyi-"Iviceldice noluence 14 ye-Clad, ngokuphumelelayo, inguqulomo yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho omkhulu wezente.

Ukusuka Enqumweni Kuya Eqinisweni: Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinqumo Zokwahlulela

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme asiwona umlingo; idinga ukufezeka. Inkantolo incike kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni nasezinkantolo eziphansi ukuba inikeze ukuphila kwayo. Uma iNkantolo ikhipha umthetho, kuxhomeke kuKhomishane ukunquma ukuthi izowudlulisa yini umthetho omusha ovumelana nombono weNkantolo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokushaya kweSishayamthetho weQumbulo Amalungelo Omthetho Shelby County v. Khomar, iSivumelo asikwazanga ukudlulisa indlela entsha yokuvota, ngokuphumelelayo ukuvimbela amalungelo okuvota phakathi kwesizwe.

Igatsha eliphetheyo lifeza nendima enzima. Abameli basebenza ngokuqinisekisa iziyalo zeNkantolo. Umlando ubonisa ukuthi lokhu akunikezi isinqumo ngaso sonke isikhathi. uMongameli uAndrew Jackson uyaziwa (nangoba kungenzeka ukuthi akakho umbhali) ocashunwa njengasho isinqumo sikaMahluleli omkhulu Marshall [[FL:0]] Warcster v. Georgia [1832]), "uJohn Marshall wenze isinqumo sakhe; manje mvumele ukuba siqikelele. Lokhu kugcizelela ukulinganiselwa okuphelele kwamandla okwahlulela: iNkantolo ayinayo ibutho. Igunya layo lisekelwe ekulinganini kwayo kanye nasevumeni amanye amagatsha ukuvumelana. Uma lokhu kuphula umthetho ngokwawo, umthetho ngokwawo uyaphikiswa.

Izikhulu Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nekusasa Lomthetho

INkantolo Ephakeme iyaqhubeka isenphakathi kwezimpikiswano ezingomthetho eziphikisana kakhulu. Amacala amanje ahlola imingcele yamalungelo ezibhamu ngaphansi kweSiphendulo Sesibili (] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen]), ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho wokuvuma emakholijini ([[FLT:]] izimfashini ze-piredgings v. , namandla ezinhlangano zokuqondisa uhulumeni ukuchaza imithetho eziyisebenzisayo ([FLT:] Light Enterswork ([FPrect:][FLD]][FF]][FFF]]

Inqubo yokugunyazwa kwamajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaba yeyezombangazwe kakhulu, iveza ukuqonda ukuthi ingosi yeNkantolo ithinta ngokuqondile inqubo yomthetho waseMelika. Ukusuka kwenani elingu-6 kuya kwelama-3 elingaguquki kuningi lamanje elingu-6 kuya kulokhu kuthatha indinganiso kakade sekuholele ezinguquko ezinkulu ekukhipheni isisu, amalungelo ezibhamu, nenkululeko engokwenkolo. Isifundo esiyinhloko siwukuthi "ukwenza nokushintsha" komthetho kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Ayigciniwe emahholo eKhotha; idlala kunoma isiphi isigwebo sokwahlulela, futhi icala ngalinye linikeza imvume yecala, futhi imvume yecala ngalinye linikeza i-crit of cretoriortariri.

Isiphetho: Ingxoxo Ehlala Njalo Yentando Yeningi

Inqubo yokwenza nokushintsha umthetho ingxoxo engapheli phakathi kwabantu, abameleli babo abakhethiwe, kanye nenkantolo. Icala leNkantolo Ephakeme yezwe akuwona nje amaphuzu aphansi ezincwadi zomlando; ayizici ezigxekayo ezichaza amalungelo, inkululeko, nemithwalo yemfanelo yezakhamuzi zonke. Brown v. , , [[FLT]], [[FLT]] i-United States v. Nixon[FLT] , [[FLT:]] [ogberg] [og] wafa [[FLT], [indlela], futhi [ingenakuqhubeka nezimiso ezingokomthetho eziphelele] [FLT] [FLT] ibonakalisa ngempela ukuthi icebo lokuphila kwayo liyimpikiswa futhi icebo elicwe ngokuqondana. Inqubo engcono kakhulu yezimiso zomthetho ezingcono kakhulu.