Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Semfuneko Eyinqaba

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela emelene nokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Lokhu kuvikela kudlulela ngqo ekuthatheni amarekhodi nezinqolobane, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bahlala ekhabetheni likahulumeni, isisekelo sobuso, noma isimiso sokugcina amafu. INkantolo Ephakeme ibambelele njalo ukuthi ukuphenywa noma ukuthumba okuqhutshwa ngaphandle kwemvume kuyinto engenangqondo, engekho imvume eqashelwayo. Imfuneko yokuthola isebenza njenge-oply acurectorat (inserty) egunya lombuso, iqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho nezinhlangano zikahulumeni akuhlali hlangothi ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Umqondo ongokomthetho we- “ ukulindela okunengqondo kwe-” yenza indima ebucayi ekunqumeni ukuthi isiqinisekiso siyadingeka yini. Katz v. United States [1967], iNkantolo yamisa ukuthi iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela abantu, hhayi izindawo, futhi ukuthi isiqinisekiso siyadingeka lapho umuntu elindele khona imfihlo ehlukile ukuthi umphakathi ukulungele ukuqaphela ngokunengqondo. [ku-FLT] kumarekhodi enu nomthombo wezincwadi, lokhu kuhlola kuba okunenzuzo: kuyilapho ezinye izinto zisobala, ezinye ziqukethe imininingwane eyimfihlo enikeza isivikelo seSiphetho Sokwesine. Nakuba kunjalo, izinkantolo ziqaphela ukuthi ingxenye yesithathu yemithetho yemithetho, njengoba kubhekwa [FLY] [FF][3] futhi zikhona.[4]

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi imfuneko yokugunyazwa akugcini ekucwaningeni okungokoqobo. I-Vold Communications Act (SCA), ingxenye ye-Electronic Communications accy Act (ECPA), imisa izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza ukudluliswa kwezokuxhumana kwe-electronic nemibhalo egcinwe yimishini. Izinqolobane eziningi manje zikhona ngokwezinombolo, kanye nokufakwa phakathi kwezimfuneko zomthetho-mthetho kanye nezivikelo zomthetho wemfihlo kuhlela indlela ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabacwaningi okungafinyelela ngayo le mibhalo egciniwe.

Lapho Kudingeka Inqaba Yomlando Weningi Nezinqolobane

Umbuzo obalulekile uwukuthi amarekhodi afunwayo ngempela i- “ elepublic ” noma ukuthi anesithakazelo esivikelekile semfihlo. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zilondoloza uhide lwezincwadi, kusukela ezivumelwaneni zezwe nasezintabeni zenkantolo ukuya emafayilini ezisebenzi, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, kanye nezinto zokucwaninga eziyimfihlo. Imfuneko isebenza kakhulu lapho:

  • Amarekhodi asendaweni engekho emphakathini. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhabethe elikhiyiwe ehhovisi likahulumeni, i-metamlifa yephasiwedi evikelwe, noma ikamelo lesiphakeli elinokwethunyelwa okudinga imvume yokungena nokusesha.
  • Amarekhodi abekwa uphawu noma abekwe ngaphansi komyalo ovikelayo. namanxusa aqondisa avame ukukhipha iziyalezo zokuvikela imfihlo noma uphenyo oluqhubekayo. Ukufinyelela amarekhodi agxiviziwe ngaphandle kwemvume kuphula uhlelo lwenkantolo i &ctsquo; i-odas futhi kungakha ukuseshwa okungekho emthethweni.
  • Indlela yokuhlola ingena. Isebenzisa amathuluzi okukhipha amafayela acinyiweyo, iqhuba ukuseshwa kombhalo ophelele we-metam, noma i-octing systems engokoqobo zonke zidinga isiqinisekiso ngoba zifinyelela ngalé kwesilinganiso sokuhlolwa kwenqubo.
  • Amarekhodi anemininingwane eyimfihlo. amarekhodi ezokwelapha, intela, amarekhodi okutholwa, amafayela enkantolo yezingane, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezisebenzi kunezimo ezikhudlwana zemfihlo. Ngisho noma zifakwe enkampanini yomphakathi, isiqinisekiso sidingeka kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlolwe.
  • Amarekhodi agcinwa umgcini wesithathu wengxenye evikela ngasese ngokusemthethweni. Imitapo yezincwadi, izibhedlela, izikole, nezikhungo zenkonzo ye-inthanethi angagcina izinqolobane ezingekho ngqo kuhulumeni kodwa ezihlobene nophendlo lukahulumeni. Imithetho enjenge-Health Inshuwarence Portatubility and Accostability Act (HIPAA), i-Family Educational and Ancy Act (FERPA), kanye ne-SCA ibeka izimfuneko ezivame ukugunyaza imvume yokuveza.

Kuyinkolelo eyisimanga evamile ukuthi noma yiliphi iphepha eliphethwe yinhlangano kahulumeni litholakala ngokungena ngokungenamingcele. Eqinisweni, iSichibiyelo sesine sivikela ukubanga kwabantu okunokwaziswa okuvela kulawo mibhalo. Isiqinisekiso siqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena kuthethelelwa ngokunokwenzeka ngembangela futhi kulinganiselwe.

Izingqwembe Zezinombolo, Izinqolobane Zezinqolobane Zamafu, Nokutholakala Kwazo Kude

Ukwanda kwezinqolobane zemikhondo yemitapo kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokomthetho wendawo nokuba nempahla. Izisebenzi zamafu zingatholakala emazweni ahlukene noma emazweni, futhi amarekhodi angalinganiswa ezindaweni eziningi. United States v.Microsoft Corp. (2088) (i- &lquo;Microsoft Ireland &lqudo; noma ukulawulwa kwe-CLOUD Act, okuholele e-CLOUD Act), okuholele ekutholeni imibuzo esekelwe emibhalweni ye-operaterritial nge-emails ezigcinwe kwamanye amazwe. I-CLOD Act ngokulandelayo icacisa ukuthi izikhungo kumelwe ziveze ulwazi lwazo, ukugcinwa, noma ukulawulwa kwayo kuphiwe, noma kuphilwe ukunikezwa kwemikhondo esekelwe ngokusekelwe ezindaweni ezigciniwe obalaneni zikahulumeni ngokwayo.

Imithetho yomthetho nemithetho yomphakathi, njenge Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) kanye nombuso wayo olinganayo, inikeza indlela ehlukile yokungena kwezincwadi. Nokho, lemithetho ngokuvamile isemthethweni engokwemvelo futhi ayiwusebenzisi umthetho lapho umthetho ufuna amarekhodi obugebengu. Isicelo se-FOIA singase sinqatshwe uma amarekhodi ekhululekile ekuchazisweni (umz., ukugcinwa komthetho, imibhalo ehlolwayo ephazamisa ukuphenywa kwezemvelo), futhi i-clone ecela isivikelo somthetho nge-athom nge-accom i-“ ehlola. ” i-The umehluko phakathi kwezicelo zomthetho ubalulekile: ukuphenya izinjongo zobugebengu ezingase-Exppartstion okungadinga ukugunyazwa kwemvume yomphakathi.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba imfuneko yokugunyazwa ingeyiphutha, inqwaba yamacala amisiwe avumela ukuphethwa kwamarekhodi omphakathi kanye nezinqolobane ngaphandle kwemvume. Ukuqonda lokhu kunqabela kubalulekile kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nabasekeli bezindaba zomuntu siqu.

  • Imvume. Uma umuntu enegunya elingokoqobo noma elingokomthetho ekulawuleni amarekhodi ngokuzithandela, akukho mvume edingekayo. Imvume kumelwe ibe ngeyokuzithandela, futhi umuntu kumelwe abe negunya elingokoqobo noma elisobala lokunikeza ukufinyelela. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni azinakumane zifune imvume njengesimo somsebenzi noma ukufinyelela izinkonzo.
  • Izimo eziqinisekile. Uma kunosongo olusheshayo lokubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukuphunyuka komsoleki, noma ingozi kubantu, izikhulu zingangena futhi ziseshe ngaphandle kwemvume. Ezinqolobaneni, lokhu kungasebenza uma kukhona ukwaziswa okungakholekiyo okuzosuswa amarekhodi, akhishwe, noma asuswe ngaphambi kokuba imvume itholakale. Imvume kumele ibhalwe ngeqiniso futhi ingakhishwe izikhulu.
  • Imfundiso yombono oyisikhohlakalo. Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona amarekhodi noma ubufakazi ngaphandle kombono ocacile, lezozinto zingabanjwa ngaphandle kobufakazi, uma imvelo ebotshwayo isobala ngokushesha. Lokhu okuhlukile kusebenza kumarekhodi angokoqobo ashiywe evulekile noma ebonakala ngefasitela, kodwa agunyazi amashadidi noma amafayela.
  • Isenzakalo sokufuna ukuboshwa. Lapho umuntu eboshwa ngokomthetho, izikhulu zingase zisesha indawo ngaphakathi kwe-mue’ izilawuli ezisheshayo (umzk., isikhwama sezincwadi noma isikhwama) ngaphandle kwemvume. Le ngxenye ilinganiselwe futhi ayidluliseli ezinqolobaneni ezikude noma ezisebenzisini.
  • imvume e-partid-partimed ne “ ukusesha komuntu siqu ” imfundiso. Uma umuntu ozimele (engasebenzi njengenxusa likahulumeni) ehlola amarekhodi bese eguqula ngokuzithandela ubufakazi ekulungeniseni umthetho, iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuvamile asisebenzi. Ngokufanayo, uma isisebenzi esinegunya sivuma ukusesha amafayela emisebenzini, imvume ingase ingadingedingeki. Izinkantolo zibheke ingqikithi yezimo ukuze zinqume ukuthi ukuseshwa komuntu siqu kuzimele ngempela noma ukuthi uhulumeni uyakukhuthaza.
  • Ukudela nokulahla. Amarekhodi alahliwe ngamabomu noma ashiywe endaweni yomphakathi (umzk., udoti oshiywa eceleni komgwaqo) angaseshwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu kushiyeka kulinganiselwe; amarekhodi agcinwe endaweni yokulahla evaliwe noma afakwe ngokulindele ukufihla imfihlo angaphinde avikelelwe.

Lezi zingxenye ezihlukene zithathwa izinkantolo. Uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo ehlukile iyasebenza. Emlandweni wezinqolobane, izimpikiswano ezivamile ziphakama ngemvume kanye nobukhulu bemibhalo yesithathu, ikakhulukazi uma umgcini kahulumeni evuma ukuphenya ingosi eyodwa equkethe ukwaziswa komuntu siqu kwabantu abaningi.

Inqubo Yokuthola Imvume Yokuqopha

Inqubo yokugunyaza iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuseshwa kunengqondo nokuthi amalungelo abantu ngasese avikelwe. Izinyathelo zinje:

  1. I-Investigative Predicate. i-actives project project sho ukuthi i-alkhodi ingenza umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi imibhalo iqukethe ubufakazi bobugebengu. Imbangela engenzeka ingavela emazwini ofakazi, ubufakazi obuphathekayo, ukuhlola, noma ukuhlaziya. Indinganiso iphansi kunobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa ngokunokwenzeka kodwa obuphakeme kunensuntswana nje.
  2. Ukufaka i-Affidavit. Isikhulu esihlolayo sifunga i-affidavit ebhaliwe enikeza amaqiniso asekela imbangela okungenzeka. I-affidavit kumelwe ibe nikeza imininingwane nengaqondile, ichaza ubugebengu obuphenyelwayo, i- nexus phakathi kwamarekhodi nobugebengu, futhi kungani amarekhodi etholakala endaweni ezophehlwa. Izinqolobane zezimiso zemishini, i-ffidavit kufanele ikhulume ngesimo samafayela wemishini yezobuchwepheshe, indawo yesiphakeli, nanoma yiziphi izinqubo zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo ukuze kutholakale ukwaziswa ngaphandle kokuyihlola.
  3. Jodicial Review. Umahluleli ozimele noma imantshi uhlola i-affidavit nanoma yiziphi izincwadi ezisekelayo. Umahluleli uhlola ukuthi izimbangela zikhona yini nokuthi isiqinisekiso sichaza indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi izinto ezizothathwa ngokuzichaza ngokwaneleyo. Imvume akumelwe ibe yimvume evamile i – ayinakugunyaza uhambo lokudoba. Imfuneko ibaluleke kakhulu ezinqotsheni zezinqolobane: isibopho kumelwe siphawule amarekhodi athile, uhlu lwezinsuku, noma izintambo, noma okungenani ukuchaza indlela yokuhlola okulinganisela okuthi i-data okuthinta.
  4. Isenzo kanye nokwenziwa. Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela okungenzeka, imvume ikhishwe. Imvume kumele ikhishwe phakathi nesikhathi esicacisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-14, kuye ngegunya) futhi ngokuvamile phakathi namahora emini ngaphandle kokuba inkonzo yasebusuku igunyaziwe. Phakathi nokubulala, abaphathi kumele banamathele emfundweni wemvume. Bangathatha kuphela amarekhodi achazwe. Endabeni yamarekhodi emidwebeni, kungadingeka badale umfanekiso wezembobo yonke isivinini futhi kamuva bakhiphe ucingo olungebonakali ekhonzweni lemininingwane yenkantolo ngaphansi kwesiqondiso senkantolo noma inkosi ekhethekile emiswe ukuba ivikele inzuzo noma izinto ezingabalulekile.
  5. Dlulisa nohlu. Ngemva kokubulala, isikhulu kumelwe sifake u-endulo nenkantolo, sihlele izinto ezithathweyo. Uhlu lwezinhlamvu lubalulekile ukuze kubonakale futhi luvumele amaqembu athintekile ukuba avivinye uphendlo kamuva.

Emibhalweni yezinga likahulumeni, izinqubo zingahluka kancane, kodwa umthetho-sisekelo ufana. Izimo eziningi ziye zamukela izimfuneko eziqinile zokufuna amarekhodi ogesi, ahlanganisa amalungiselelo avela kwimithetho ye-SCA noma imithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu kahulumeni.

Izicelo Zokuqopha Umphakathi Zitholakala Futhi Zibonakale

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa idala ukungezwani phakathi kwe-&rsquo yomphakathi; inelungelo lokwazi kanye ne-&rsquo. Imithetho yerekhodi lomphakathi iklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala kwangaphandle kukahulumeni ngokuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlole futhi zikopishe izincwadi ezigcinwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni. Nokho, lemithetho futhi inemibandela evikela imfihlo yomuntu siqu, imfihlo, nokugcinwa komthetho. Imfuneko yenezela ungqimba olwengeziwe lwezimo lapho abaqalisi bomthetho befuna khona amarekhodi ezinjongo zophenguluko.

Kubacosheli bezindaba, abacwaningi, nezakhamuzi ezingabodwa, ukuqonda uma imvume idingeka kungasiza ekunikezeni imithombo futhi kuqaphele lapho isicelo sikahulumeni singangatshazwa ngokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma inkampani kahulumeni ifuna ukuba kutholakale izinqolobane zemishini ngaphandle kwemvume, umgcini-mqaphi angase abe nelungelo lokwenqaba ngaphandle kokuba inkampani ingabonisa ukuthi ikhona. Ngokuhlukile, uma amarekhodi esobala futhi ehliswa i-FOIA, iqembu elicelayo kungase kudingeke ukuba liphishekele ukudluliswa kwemvume, inqubo ehluke ngokuphelele kumthetho.

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinamarekhodi kumelwe zisebenzise izimiso ezicacile zokusabela ezicelweni ezivela kumthetho osemthethweni. Izinhlangano eziningi ziye zamisa abagcini abaqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela uma imvume idingeka futhi lapho uhlelo lwenkantolo ludingeka khona lunganele. Ukungawamukeli kahle amarekhodi avikelweyo kungaholela ekubekeni isibopho somphakathi, ukumangalela, ukumangalela komuntu wesifuba, nokuyaluza. Izinhlangano kufanele zicabangele futhi inkolelo ewukungaqondisisa i &ndash]; umqondo wokuthi inhlanganisela yokwaziswa okubonakala kungadibenyelisi lutho, uma kungenandaba, lapho kukhishwa, kungaveza izindaba eziyimfihlo, futhi kuveza ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqapha ukuveza izindaba zangasese.

Intuthuko yamuva nje yemithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu kahulumeni, njenge-California Consumer Infishial Act (CPA) ne-Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (VCDPA), kanye nemithetho efanayo kweminye imibuso, iye yasungula izibopho ezintsha zezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziqoqa ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. Lemithetho idinga isiqinisekiso noma uhlelo olufanayo lomthetho ngaphambi kokuba inqubo yomthetho ikwazi ukufinyelela izigaba ezithile zemininingwane, ngisho noma leyo mininingwane igcinwe nguhulumeni ngokwakhe.

Isiqondiso Esiwusizo KwabaseCustodia of Archives

Abacustodian bemibhalo yomphakathi nezinqolobane ze- &nnash; kuhlanganise nabaphathi bezincwadi, omabhalane, abaphathi-marekhodi, nabaqophi bamarekhodi i-andash; kumelwe bakulungele ukusingatha izicelo zokungena. Imikhuba elandelayo engcono kakhulu ingasiza ekusebenziseni imfuneko:

  • Wazi umthetho osebenzayo. Zijwayeze ngemithetho yerekhodi yomphakathi, imithetho kahulumeni enjenge-FOIA ne-ECPA, kanye nemithetho yenkantolo ehlobene nayo. Gcina ishadi lamanje elibonisa uhlobo lombhalo nenqubo edingekayo engokomthetho (i-athomorant, uhlelo lwenkantolo, noma isicelo esilula).
  • Ifuna isiqinisekiso semininingwane ezwelayo. Emibhalweni equkethe ukwaziswa komuntu siqu noma okuyimfihlo okungavuleki emphakathini, gcizelela isiqinisekiso ngaphandle kokuba isicelo sivela kumuntu omniningo yakhe impikiswano noma isebenza ngokusobala. Uma ungabaza, hlola iseluleko somthetho ngaphambi kokuba wenze amarekhodi.
  • Ikhasi ngalinye elicelayo. Gcina uhlu lwezicelo zokufinyelela, kungaba ezigunyaza umthetho noma ezinye, kuhlanganise nesisekelo esingokomthetho esithenjiwe kanye nempendulo. Le mibhalo ingabaluleka kakhulu ekuvikeleni izinselele zokwembula noma izisho zokuphula umthetho.
  • Sebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ekuphenyeni okuncane. Uma uthatha isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni samarekhodi enombolo, sebenza nochwepheshe be-IT ukukhipha kuphela ukwaziswa okuchazwe kumbhalo. Cabangela ukusebenzisa amagama okuseshwa, izihluzo zosuku, kanye nezinye iziqondiso zobuchwepheshe ukuze ugweme ukuveza izinto ezingabalulekile noma ezihloniphekile.
  • Isivikelo sokeni lokuwinwa kwezingane. Emibhalweni ethathwa njengobufakazi, igcina iketanga eliqinile lezinqubo. Lebula imisebe yezindaba, gcina izingodo ezinemininingwane zalabo abaphatha amarekhodi, futhi uwagcine ngokuqiniseki. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukungakwazi ukugcinwa enkantolo futhi kusiza ekuhlanganiseni noma yiziphi iziphakamiso zokuguqula.
  • [ Izisebenzi ezifundisayo. Ifundisa njalo ngezimfuneko ezifanele, imithetho yemfihlo, nezibopho zezimiso zokusebenza. Iqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izisebenzi aziqondi ukuthi azigunyaziwe ukuvuma ukuseshelwa inxusa ngaphandle kokuba zinegunya elingokomthetho lokwenza kanjalo.

Ukulinganisela Ukubona Ikusasa Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu: Ukuthambekela Kwamuva

Inkathi yezibalo iye yashukumisela izinkantolo ukuba ziphinde zihlole izimiso zeSichibiyelo seSine seMithetho yomthetho weSinambuzane. Riley v. California (2014, iNkantolo ePhakamileyo yathi amaphoyisa adinga isiqinisekiso sokuhlola okuqukethwe ucingo lwecell esenzweni ukuze abanjwe, ukuqaphela ukuthi imishini yanamuhla inemininingwane yomuntu siqu ebanzi. ” lendlela yokucabanga iye yasetshenziswa yizinkantolo eziphansi ekubekeni izinqolobano zokugcina, izinqolobane zezokuxhumana zezenhlalakahle, futhi ngisho nemininingwane ebhekisa kakhulu eseseni eyimfihlo, ngisho nalapho ukwaziswa kunikezwa ngengxenye yenkonzo yesithathu yenkonzo noma i-meo kuhulumeni.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imfuneko yokubonana kukahulumeni iye yakhula kakhulu. Imali emnyama, ukuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa, nokungalingani kwezimiso kuye kwashukumisela ukufuna ukuba umphakathi uthole ukwaziswa okusukela emarekhodini okuqondisa abaphathi ekubhikisheni amafaceni okuxhasa izimali. Imfuneko yokugunyaza angayithinti imizamo enjalo engokomthetho yokubona ngaphansi kwe-FOIA noma umbuso uvule imithetho egciniwe, hhayi ngokugcinwa komthetho. Nokho, uma kufunwa amarekhodi afanayo ukuze kugcinwe umthetho, imfuneko egunyazweni aqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ombuso okufuna awenziwa.

Imithetho iye yasabela ngemithetho evumela izimfuneko ezisemthethweni. Izifunda-mazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho efuna imvume yokuthola ukwaziswa kwendawo yemishini ye-electron, ukuphenya iposi ezinhlangothini ezintathu, noma ukuthola imibhalo yabafundi. I-Imelisboc Act (edluliswe njengengxenye ye-USA Liberty Act kodwa engamiswanga ngokugcwele njenge-stialone; kodwa, izifunda eziningi ziye zamukela umthetho ofanayo) zigunyaza isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni sokuphoqelela abanisi bama-imeyili ukuba baveze okuqukethwe ama-imeyili asebe abadala kakhulu kunezinsuku ezingu-180. Ukuthambekela kucacile: isivikelo se-stautivery sinwe ukugcwalisa amagement okungathi i-Gastment yodwa kuphela ayingemboli, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngenxa yemidwe yizincwadi ezingekhona ezinhlanganweni ze-o zinhlangano.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokuthola nokuhlola amarekhodi omphakathi nezinqolobane ziyisisekelo somthetho-sisekelo wokubusa. Zivikela abantu ekuphazanyisweni okuzimele kukahulumeni kuyilapho zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho nezinhlangano ukuba zenze uphenyo olusemthethweni. Izikhulu zemibhalo kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile, ziqonde uma imvume idingeka futhi uma isebenza. Imithetho yomphakathi neSimemezelo sesine se-jurisprance iqala ukuvela ngobuchwepheshe, futhi ukuhlala benolwazi kuyisivikelo esingcono kakhulu ekuvimbeleni amaphutha angokomthetho abizayo.