Isingeniso: ISimemezelo Samalungelo Abantu Nendima Yaso EMthethweni Wokujezisa Oyinhloko

I-Bill of Rights [1] Inguquko yokuqala eyishumi kumthetho-sisekelo wase-United States yagunyazwa ngo-1791 ukuba ivikele inkululeko yomuntu ngokuphambana nohulumeni. Nakuba lezi zinguquko zasungulwa ukuba zivikele izakhamuzi egunyeni likahulumeni, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kuye kwakhula emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ukuze kuhlanganise eminye yemiphakathi esengozini kakhulu esimisweni somthetho-mthetho waseMelika, kuhlanganise neziboshwa ezigwetshelwe ukufa. Ukudilizwa kweMikhathi Yamalungelo engokomthetho nesijeziso sentambo yentambo kumelela enye yezindawo eziphikiswanayo kakhulu zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, lapho imibuzo yesithunzi somuntu, imingcele yobuqotho, nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni ehlangene khona. Ngoba iziboshwa ezisemigqeleni yokufa, lezi zingezona izimiso ezingokomthetho kodwa ziwumngcele wokugcina wokuvikela ukunqanda ukuvikelwa kwezwe.

Isigwebo sokufa besikhona eMelika kusukela enkathini yamakoloni, kodwa uhlelo olungokomthetho oluyizungezile luye lwavela ngokuphawulekayo. ISichibiyelo seSichibiyelo seNguqulo seNkathi Yesihlanu sivimbela ukuphatha ngonya nokungajwayelekile, futhi iSichibiyelo seSihla seSibonda seSithandathu sokuqungatha siqinisekisiwe, siye saba yisisekelo sawo wonke amacala amakhulu. Ukuqonda indlela la malungiselelo asebenza ngayo eziboshwani ezifayo kudinga ukuhlola kokubili izenzakalo ezingokomlando nezimpi ezingokomthetho zamanje. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwesivikelo somthetho okukhona ezikhulu futhi silahla iziboshwa, izinqumo zeNkanto evelele eziye zalungisa lezo sivikelo, nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziqhubeka zichaza lo mthetho.

Umlando: ISiphakamiso Samalungelo Abantu Nesijeziso Esiyinhloko Ekusungulweni Kwaso

Lapho iBhili of Rights ivunyelwa ngo-1791, isijeziso sokufa sasingesona nje isigwebo esingokomthetho kuphela kodwa futhi sasiwumthetho. ISishaya-mthetho Sokuqala, esahlongoza ukubuyiselwa kwesigwebo, sagunyaza nesigwebo sokufa sobugebengu bamazwe afana nokuphambana, ukuvukela umbuso, nokubulala. ISiphendu se-Heighth, esivimbela "isijeziso esingavamile," samukelwa ngaphandle kwenkulumo - mpikiswano ephawulekayo, futhi abakhiphi basofayo cishe babengahlosile ukuqeda isigwebo sokufa. Ngalesosikhathi, ukubulawa kwakuyizenzakalo zomphakathi, nezindlela ezinjengokulengiswa, ukushiswa esigxotsheni, nokukhandwa kwecala nokusetshenziswa kwecala kwakusasetshenziswa ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene.

Nokho, iSichibiyelo seNguquko Sesishiyagalombili saqala kuyi-Ngilandi Bill of Rights ka-1689, eyayenqabela "isijeziso esingejwayelekile" ekuphenduleni ngokuxhashazwa kwenkosi yaseStuart. Izinkantolo zaseNgilandi zazitolile leli lungiselelo lokubeka isijeziso esilinganayo noma esibangela ubuhlungu obungadingekile. Abakhi baseMelika bathumela lesi simiso, kodwa bashiya incazelo yaso eqondile ezizukulwaneni ezizayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiyochaza iSiphendulo Sesinxephelo Sesibhozo njengencwadi esiphilayo esinencazelo yaso ngokwezindinganiso zesithunzi eziphawula intuthuko yomphakathi ohluzekile," inkulumo yokuqala eqokonyiswe [[FLD:].[FLD]

Emlandweni omningi waseMelika, iBill of Rights yanikeza isivikelo esincane eziboshwani ezisohlwini lokufa. ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili asizange sisetshenziswe ezizweni kuze kube yilapho isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ] Robinson v. California[ (1962]), eyafaka ukubuyiselwa kwezeluleko ngeSimemezelo seNkathi Yezinguquko Yeshumi Eline Nesine. Ngaphambi kwalokho, isigwebo sesizwe sasingavikeleki kakhulu ekubukelweni komthetho. Ngisho nangemva kokuba iNkantolo ibifake izinhlelo zesigwebo sesithathu sesifunda sesivumelwano sesivumelwano sezwe, yayimanqikaza iziboshwa ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezingokomthetho zokubekela isigwebo sazomthetho noma izimo zokuvalelwa.

Isichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili Nesivikelo Ekujezisweni Okunonya Nokungavamile

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili siyisivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esibaluleke kakhulu seziboshwa ezigwetshweni zokufa. Umbhalo waso ufushanisiwe −"" ngeke kudingeke ibheyili yemali ehlawulisiwe, noma isijeziso esinzima nesingavamile esibekwe" kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuye kwaveza amakhulu emibono yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Ukwenqabela isijeziso sonya nengajwayelekile kuye kwachazwa njengokuvimbela izigigaba ezintathu zesijeziso: lezo eziwubukhakhazikhazi noma ezihilela ukuhlushwa, lezo ezingalingani nobugebengu, nalezo ezibekwe ngokungenangqondo noma ngokungafanele.

Izindlela Zokubulala Eziwubuthi Neziwubuthi

Incazelo yokuqala "yobugqila nengavamile" ihlanganisa izijeziso ezihlanganisa ukuhlukumeza noma ukufa okunganqamuki. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, lokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukushiswa esigxotsheni, ukuphulwa kwesondo, ukudwetshwa nokuhlatshwa kwemidwebo. Njengoba izindlela zokubulala zishintsha, izinkantolo kwadingeka zinqume ukuthi amasu amasha ayephula iSichibiyeli se-Eight. Ukubulala, igesi ebulalayo, kanye nomjovo obulalayo konke kuye kwabekelwa inseleleka, ngamazinga ahlukahlukeneyo empumelelo.

Wilkerson v. Utah (1879], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukubulawa ngeqembu elidubulayo, iphawula ukuthi kwakuyindlela evamile yokubulala futhi yayingahilethi "unya olungadingekile". [ Ku-Kemtler [ [1890]], iNkantolo yasekela ukucwasa njengendlela yomthetho, yalahla impikiswano yokuthi yayinikeza isijeziso esinempambayo nesingathandeki. Lezi zimo zakuqala zanikeza iziqondiso ezibanzi zokukhetha izindlela zokubulala. Nokho, indawo engokomthetho yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka njengobufakazi bezokwelapha nobusayensi ngokukhathalela ubuhlungu nokuhlupheka.

Inkathi yanamuhla yeSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo se-8 yaqala ngezindlela zokubulala Baze v. Rees [2008], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela khona inqubo ye-protocol yemijovo emithathu ebulalayo. INkantolo yamisa indinganiso efuna impoqo: indlela yokubulala iphula iSichibiyelo seSikhulu seSishiyaga-Akakhulu kuphela uma iveza izingozi ezingathi sína" futhi kukhona "ezingangenangozi, ezingenziwa kalula" ezingenza kube lula ukuba izingozi ezibulalayo. Lendinganiso ziye zabonakala kunzima ukuba zihlangane neziboshwa ezifayo, njengoba zifuna ukuzwa indlela ekhona futhi zibonisa ukuthi indlela yamanje iveza ingozi engadingekile yokulimala.

Muva nje, Gross [2015], iNkantolo yasekela ukusebenzisa kwemilaliso ebizwa ngokuthi i-midrowm metal-drogs, naphezu kobufakazi bokuthi umuthi ungase ungabangela ukungazi. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi iziboshwa zihlulekile ukuthola indlela eyaziwayo netholakalayo. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] bucklew v. [2010]]), iNkampelele phambili ukuthi iziboshwa zicela inselele ukuba zibulale indlela yokubulala kumelwe zibonise ukuthi indlela ehlukile i "efanele isetshenziswe kalula" futhi i-" futhi i-" ingenza ukuba lezi zingozi ezinzima kakhulu."

Isijeziso Esibuhlungu

ISichibiyelo Sesishiyagalombili futhi senqabela izijeziso ezingahambisani nobugebengu. Emongweni wesijeziso sentambo, lesi simiso siye sasetshenziswa ngokunamandla kakhulu ukulinganisela ukuthi yiziphi izigaba zezaphulamthetho ezingagwetshwa ukufa. Coker v. Georgia[ [777], iNkantolo Ephakeme yathi isigwebo sokufa siyisijeziso esingalinganisiki sokudlwengula owesifazane omdala, ngoba icala alihilelanga ukuthatha ukuphila komuntu. INkantolo yathi "ukufa kuhlukile] kwezinye isijeziso futhi kumelwe igcinelwe izono ezingathi sína kakhulu.

End v. Florida [19982], iNkantolo yathi iSichibiyelo Sesibhozo senqabela isigwebo sokufa kummangalelwa owahlanganyela eshweni esenzeka ngokubulala kodwa angabulali, azame ukubulala, noma ukuhlongoza ukuthi kubulawe. INkantolo yandisa lokhu kubamba i-TION] v. I-Arizona [1987], inquma ukuthi isigwebo sokufa singabekwa kumbulali owesigebengu owayeyilungu lika-"ma shyle" noma umthathisiswana wecala ongaphansi komphakathi futhi yasebenza "ngenwangakhathaleli muntu."

Isimiso sokulingana sisetshenziswa futhi ekuvikeleni izigaba ezithile zabamangalelwa. Attins v. Virginia [2002], iNkantolo yathi ukubulala abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni kuphula iSichibiyelo Sesi-8, ngoba amandla abo okusebenza kwengqondo ancishisiwe esimilo sabo. INkantolo ishiyelwe ezindaweni ezichaza ukukhubazeka kokuhlakanipha, okuholela ekuqhubekeni kwezindinganiso zokuhlola. Ngokufanayo, r. Simmonds[[FL:] [200]] [200], iNkantolo isho ukuthi isigwebo asiyona isigwebo sezonoshelwano ezinganeni eliphakathi kweminyaka engu-18 yobugebengu, ukugcunyuswa kwezindinganiso zezeze-culve.

Muva nje, ku-Hall v. Florida (2014 kanye Moere v. Texas (2017), iNkantolo yawisa imithetho kahulumeni esebenzisa imithetho eqinile ye-IQuex ukuze ichaze ukukhubazeka kolwazi, igcizelela ukuthi izinkantolo kumelwe zicabangele izindinganiso zomkhakha-khathi futhi zivumele indiva lephutha ekuhloleni. Lamacala abonisa ukuzimisela kweNkantolo ukuphoqelela i-Angcementation imfuneko ye-hendmentation ye-reeat syndromesss.

Ukujeziswa Kwecala Lokufa Okunonya

Intambo yesithathu yeSichibiyelo seSiphendulo se-8h igxila ezinqubweni ezikhona zemithetho kahulumeni, eziphula isijeziso sokufa. Furman v. Georgia [17]], iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha umbono othi isigwebo sokufa sihambisana nesigwebo sokufa, njengoba sasilawulwa yimithetho kahulumeni ekhona, yaphula izivumelwano zesigwebo se-Eighth neshumi elinesine. Isinqumo saphulwa, ngamunye wamahluleli amahlanu ababhali abaningi ngokwehlukana, kodwa isici esiyinhloko sasiyisizathu sokugwetshwa kwenhloko - dolobha futhi singenamthetho. UMbumbi weSigebelo odumile ngokuqhathaniswa nesigwebo sokufa "iphazwa ngombani," esikisela ukuthi isigwebo sasibekwe ngendlela ebanzi.

Ekuphenduleni Furman, amazwe amaningi amisa imithetho emisha yokujezisa isigwebo sentambo eklanyelwe ukuqondisa ukucubungula futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi isigwebo sokufa sigcinelwe amacala abhebhetheki kakhulu. Lemithetho yayivame ukukhomba icala nezinga elinecala, inikezwa ukuqondiswa ngezindlela zokuhlukanisa, futhi idinga ukubukeza okuzenzekelayo. INkantolo yasekela lemithetho emisha [[FLT:]] v. Georgia[[FLT:][3]][5] [6]] kanye nezingalathi ezikanye, isigwebo sokufa sasingalawulwa ngezici ezingekho ngokwezici ezisekwenziswayo, futhi isivikelo esisha sasiyikhonzile ukuphakamisa [FFFFFFF] [FFFF]]

Nokho, iNkantolo iqhubeke ilawula umngcele phakathi kokuhlakanipha okuqondisweyo nokungaqondisi. igodrey v. Georgia (1980), iNkantolo yabulala isigwebo ngenxa yokuthi inkantolo yayinesizathu esinzima kakhulu sokuchaza isimo sokubulala njenge "kakhulu kakhulu, enyanyekayo, ehlulekayo ukunikeza isiqondiso esinengqondo kubahluleli. [[FLT:]] Maynard v. Cartright [FLTY:3] [1988], iNkanto echaza ukubulala ngokungenangqondo", noma unya" yayingacacile. Lezi zinqumo zidinga ukuchaza izimo ezithiwe ngokuzimo eziqondeyo.

Inqubo Efanele Nelungelo Lokuqulwa Kwecala Elifanele

Ngalé kweSichibiyelo se-8, iziHlanzeko zesihlanu nezeshumi nane ziqinisekisa ukuthi akekho umuntu oyophucwa "ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho" ezimweni ezingokwezentambo, inqubo efanele idinga ukunamathela ngokucophelela ekubekeni isimilo sokungaboshwa ngokubulawa. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi "ukufa kuhlukile" nokuthi isivikelo sezentengiselwano ezidingekayo emacala entambo sidinga kakhulu kunasemacaleni avamile obugebengu.

Inqubo Efanele Ekulahlweni

Ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelelwa ekutholeni ofakazi, nelungelo lokuthola usizo lwezeluleko ezisemthethweni kuzo zonke izigebengu, kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu lapho ummangalelwa ebhekene nesigwebo sokufa. IsiHlanzi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elisheshayo nelinomphakathi, ijaji elingakhethi, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuphoqelelwa kwenqubo yokuthola ofakazi, nelungelo lokuphumelela ekusizeni izigwebo. [[FLT: 0] Stickland v. Washington[FLT][[FLY] [19984], iNkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ozi ozisholo ongenzi lutho ngeseluleko kumelwe abonise ukuthi ukuhluleka kweseluleko akunanzuzo futhi ukusolwa kokuzivikela. Ezindinganisweni zenhloko yenkanto, futhi iNkathi yeNka ihluleka ukuphesazelele lapho inkantolo inikeza ubufakazi obungagunyazayo, noma isigwebo esinikezwa phakathi nesehlulelo.

Inqubo efanelekile idinga futhi ukuba abamangalelwa abaholelwayo bathole isaziso esanele samacala kanye nesigwebo esingase sivele, ithuba lokunikeza isivikelo, nethuba elibalulekile lokubekela ubufakazi bukahulumeni inselele. Herrera v. Collins [1993], iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi ukuzisholo okungokoqobo okusekelwe ebufakazini obusanda kutholwa akunakwenzeka, ngokwako, kugunyaza isiboshwa esiwumgwedlwa esisemgqeni sokufa esiphethe iHabeas corpus phus, kodwa iNkantolo yashiya kuvulile ithuba lokuthi ukuzisholo okunjalo kungaphindwa nge-cmmost. Isinqumo siye sagxekwa ngokwenza isithiwa ukuba iziboshwa ezimsulwa.

Inqubo elindelekile enqulwini yehora

Ngemva kwesivumelwano senhlokomo nesigwebo, iziboshwa ezidonsa isigwebo sokufa ziyaqhubeka zijabulela inqubo efanelekile yokuvikela phakathi nokuhlola nokunxusa. Ilungelo lokudlulisa isigwebo sokufa aliqinisekiswanga nguMthetho-sisekelo, kodwa zonke izigwebo zenhloko- dolobha zinikeza imvume yokubukeza okuphoqelelweyo, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ifuna ukuba ukubukeza okunjalo kube nentsingiselo. [. Inkantolo yathuthukisa ukuvikelwa [[FLT:] v [FLT:].[6] [1986] [FF], iNkantolo yeSigwebo seNkathi se-Anderte (1986), ivimbela ukubulawa kwesiboshwa esiphindiweyo, futhi idinga ukukhishwa kwemvume yokubulala isigwebo. [FF] [F]

Inqubo efanele inqanda futhi inqubo yokuhlela, esebenza njengendlela yokugcina yokuhlola isigwebo sentambo. [U-Ohio Adult Parole Authority v. Wooard (1998), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi inqubo yokuzihlela kumelwe ihambisane nezimfuneko ezidingekayo ezidingekayo ezidingekayo, kodwa iNkantolo yenqaba ukuphoqelela izimfuneko zenqubo ezifanele, ishiye izinqumo zibanzi zokuhlela ngokuhleleka ngendlela ezibona kufaneleke ngayo.

Uphawu Lwenkantolo Ephakeme Luthi Amalungelo Okufa Ayawawashaya Indiva

[[FULT:0]Furman v. Georgia (1972]

Lelicala laphawula isikhathi esiphelile emthethweni wesigwebo sentambo eMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme, esinqumweni esingu-5-4, yasiqeda ngokuphumelelayo sonke isigwebo sentambo yokufa esasikhona, ibusa ukuthi ukubekwa ngokwentando yecala nesigwebo sokufa kwephule isijeziso sokufa se-Angth ne-14. Isinqumo saphumela ekuncishisweni kwesigwebo sokufa esingaphezu kuka-600 ne-moduration ekhishwa ezweni lonke kwaze kwaba ngo-1976. Nakuba Furman ayizange ilahle isigwebo sokufa esiqondile, iphoqelele ukuba ibone izigwebo zazo zokugweba isigwebo senhloko.

Gregg v. Georgia (1976)

[iNkantolo ePhakeme] kanye nezinqumo ezihambisana nayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho kwesigwebo sokufa ngaphansi kwemithetho emisiwe enikeza ukuqulwa okungagunyaziwe, ukuqondisa ukuqulwa kwejaji, nokubukeza okuzenzekelayo. INkantolo yanquma ukuthi isigwebo sokufa sisebenza ezimisweni ezingokomthetho ze-peni. /Isigwebo se-"Inkantolo] saqinisekisa ukuthi ukukhishwa kwecala nokunqandwa kwesigwebo ("i-palm"irrence") futhi saqinisekisa ukuthi isijeziso senhloko sisemthethweni.

Atkins v. Virginia (2002]

Atkins, iNkantolo yathi ukubulala abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni kuphula iSichibiyelo se-8h ngoba asisebenzi injongo engokomthetho yezesayensi yendlela yokusebenza futhi asisebenzi ekuncipheni kwesimilo. Isinqumo sawengamela [[FLT:] Penry v. Lyntaugh [1999] [i-1999], eyayivumele ukukhishwa kwezenzo ezikhubazekile zekhono zokuhlakanipha. [[FLT: 4.] [i-atkins] [[FLT:]] ithembele ezindinganisweni ezibonisa isimilo, njengoba kufakazelwa ngokwezimiso zomthetho nolwazi. Isinqumo siye saholela ekuchazeni ngendlela ephawulekayo ukukhubazeni inhloko yolwazi.

Roper v. Simmons (2005]

, iNkantolo yathi isigwebo sokufa asivumelani nesigwebo sezaphulamthetho ezazingaphansi kweshumi elinesishiyagalombili ngesikhathi sobugebengu bazo. INkantolo yanikeza ubufakazi obungokwesayensi ngokuphathelene nokukhula kobuchopho bentsha, obubonisa ukuthi intsha ayivuthiwe kakhulu, isengozini yokuthonywa ukucindezela kontanga, futhi ikwazi kakhulu ukuqondisa isimo esingcono kunabantu abadala. Isinqumo sasebugqilini statford v. Kentucky [19989] futhi yaletha i-United States ekuhleleni i-odrongsstion nemithetho yomhlaba wonke, njengoba iUnited States yayingelinye yamazwe ambalwa abenzi bezenzo ezingentsha.

[[QULT:0] u-Baze v. Rees (2008) kanye Grosssip v. Gross[ (2015)

Lezi zinkantolo zasungula uhlelo lwanamuhla lwendlela yokubulala futhi kunenye indlela engenzeka enganciphisa kakhulu leyo nkinga ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-Eight. u-Baze, iNkantolo yathi indlela yokubulala iphula iSiphakamiso se-Eighth Isimende se-Exchange kuphela uma idala ingozi enkulu yokulimala okukhulu futhi ikhona enye into engenzeka enganciphisa leyo ngozi. Glossip[, iNkantolo yasebenzisa lendlela yokusebenzisa i-algastion ekusekeleni ukusetshenziswa kwe-meazolam, inqaba ukuthi imithi iveza ingozi engekhoyo yobuhlungu. Lezi zinqumo ziye zayenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka ukuba inselele izinhluphelo ezibulalayo izibalo ezibulalayo, njengoba kudinga ukuveza indlela ekhethekile, ukusetshenziswa, ngokwezikhomba.

[[UMTL:0] Backlew v. Precythe (2029)

Ku i-Bucklew, iNkantolo yaqhubeka iqinisa indinganiso yendlela yokubulala. INkantolo yathi isiboshwa esibekela inselele indlela yaso yokubulala idinga indlela enokwenzeka nesetshenziswa kalula enciphise ingozi enkulu yobuhlungu obukhulu. Inkantolo futhi yalahla impikiswano yokuthi isiboshwa singabekela inselele indlela yokubulawa esekelwe esimweni saso sokwelapha esiyingqayizivele, inqume ukuthi ukutholakala kwendlela ehlukile kumelwe kuhlolwe ngendlela engabonakali noma esekelwe ezimweni zesiboshwa ngabanye.

Izimpikiswano Zamanje Nezinkinga Ezingaxazululwanga

Ukujova Nokuntula Kwezidakamizwa

Mhlawumbe indaba ecindezela kakhulu yamanje yesigwebo sokufa iyimpikiswano eqhubekayo ngemithetho ebulala imijovo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo- 2000, izinkampani ezithaka imithi ziye zakwenqaba ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ekubulaweni, okuye kwabangela ukuswelakala kwezidakamizwa ezibulalayo ezweni lonke. Ngenxa yalokho, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasebenzisa ingxubevange engakahlolwanga, zigcina imfihlo ngabathengisi bazo bezidakamizwa, futhi zaphendukela ekuhlanganiseni amapharamikhali nemithombo yangaphandle. Le mikhuba iye yaphakamisa inqubo engathi sína nezindaba zeSiphendulo Sesi - 8.

Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho elandelwayo yokuhlola imilaliso kudala izingozi ezingamukeleki zobuhlungu nokuhlupheka, ikakhulukazi lapho amaqembu abulalayo engakutholi ukuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha. Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme Glossip ne [FLT]] [[FLT]]] ibangele ukuba kube nzima ngeziboshwa ukuthola ukuvubukulwa kwezidakamizwa nezindlela ezisetshenziswayo, kushiyele zingakwazi ukufakazela ukuphulwa komthetho-mthetho-mthetho. Imithetho yoMbuso yokufihla imfihlo, njengaleyo ese-Oklahoma, eTexas, naseMissouris, isithiwe ukuculwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela ewusizo. Ukuntula kwezidakamizwa nakho kuye kwaholela ekucabangeleni izindlela ezithile, kuhlanganise nokucwa kwegesi, izigubhululeki, izigungu, i-oxy, imibuzo ye-ochemigno, imibuzo ewudiyo.

Ukucindezela Okungokwengqondo Nesithiyo Sokungalawuleki

Umthetho-sisekelo owenqabela ukubulala abahlanyayo, owenziwe Ford v. Wainwright (1986), uyaqhubeka uveza i-ligita. Indinganiso ye-mphikizano ifuna ukuba iziboshwa ziqonde kahle isizathu sokubulawa kwazo, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zazama ukusebenzisa lendinganiso eziboshweni ezigula kakhulu engqondweni, isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, noma ukukhubazeka. Amadison v. [FLT] [FLT] [2020]]), iNkathi iziboshwa eziboshweni eziqinile, ikholelwa ukuthi iziboshwa ezinezigwebo zecala ezingakwazi ukukhumbula ubugebengu bazo ngenxa yokubulala. Isinqumo sashiywa yimibuzo eshiyekile, kuhlanganise neziboshwa ezinkantolo eziningi eziphoqekekile.

Umphumela wempilo yengqondo obhekene nokufa unzima kakhulu ngoba ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima kungabhebhethekisa ukugula kwengqondo. Ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa ukuthi iziboshwa eziningi ezisohambweni lokufa zinesifo sengqondo esingathi sína, futhi ukuhlukaniswa nokucindezeleka komjaho wokufa kungaphoqelela iziboshwa ukuba zicindezeleke. Ukunqabela kweSichibiyelo seSichibiyelo sowesishiyagalombili ekumelaneni nokwenqatshelwa okungajwayelekile kungase kudinge ukuba kunikezwe amazwe ukuze kunikezwe ukunakekelwa kwengqondo okwanele ezigwebeni ezifayo, kodwa izinga lale sibopho liselokhu licacile.

Umehluko Wezinhlanga Nezenhlalo Nezomnotho

Naphezu kwesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo esinikezwa yiBhill of Rights, ukuhlukana ngokohlanga nangokomnotho kuyaqhubeka kuso sonke isimiso sokujezisa isigwebo sentambo. Ukuhlola okuningi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi isigwebo sokufa sibekwe ngokungenakulinganiswa kubamangalelwa ababulala izisulu ezimhlophe, abamangalelwa abamhlophe, nabamangalelwa abampofu. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yavuma lokhu kuhlukana kodwa iye yanqaba ukugomela ukuthi baphula uMthetho-sisekelo ngenxa yokungabi nabufakazi bokucwasana ngenhloso ecaleni elithile.

Ku uMclekey v. Kemp (1987), iNkantolo yenqaba inselele kuhlelo lokugweba lwenhloko - dolobha yaseGeorgia ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni okubanzi okubonisa ukuthi abamangalelwa ababulala izisulu ezimhlophe cishe bathola isigwebo sokufa kakhulu kunalabo ababulala izisulu zabaNsundu. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ubufakazi bezibalo bokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga, ukuma kodwa, akwanelanga ukusungula iSikhawulo se-Express noma isivikelo esilinganayo. Isinqumo siye sagxekwa kakhulu ngokubeka umthwalo ongenakulungisekahle ongabamangalelwayo ukuze babonise ukucwa ngokuyiphutha ezicaweni zabo. Umphumela, ukucwa kwesimiso sohlanga kuhlala kungaphenjelwe ngokwezimiso zomthetho.

Izimo zezezomnotho ezingokwezentengiselwano zifeza indima ebaluleke kakhulu emacalani okufa. Abalweli abangakwazi ukunikeza iseluleko somuntu siqu ngokuvamile bamelelwa abasebenzi abangasebenzi kakhulu nabangenamandla okuhlola anele futhi banikeze ubufakazi obukhona. Izinga lokumelelwa okungokomthetho linethonya eliqondile ekutheni ummangalelwa uthola isigwebo sokufa yini, kodwa uMthetho-sisekelo uqinisekisa kuphela ukuthi iseluleko siyasebenza, hhayi ukuthi iseluleko sisekelwe ngokwanele. Abadunyiswayo bezimiso zomphakathi ezisezindaweni eziningi badala ingozi yokuba abamangalelwa abangenacala bagwetshwe futhi abafanelekayo bagwetshelwe ukufa ngaphandle komthetho.

Umthetho Wezizwe Zonke Nezindinganiso Ezishintshayo Zokukhohlakala

I-United States ingelinye lamazwe ambalwa athuthukile asele agcina isigwebo sokufa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwawo kwesijeziso sokufa kuye kwathola ukugxekwa ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke nakohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe. INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yakhomba umkhuba wezizwe ezinqumweni zayo zeSichibiyelo se-Heighty, ikakhulukazi Roper v. ne- Attins v. Virginia, lapho iNkantolo yaphawula khona ukuthi i-United States yayiyi-endibiliza kakhulu phakathi kontanga yayo. Nokho, iNkanto ihlelwe ngokwemithetho yomhlaba wonke, kanye nobulungisa bethiwayo ukuthi ukuzenzela umthetho wezomthetho wezizwe ezingawumthetho.

Ukuthambekela kwezizwe zonke ekuqedweni kwesigwebo sokufa akunaphutha. Kusukela ngo-2025, amazwe angaphezu kwekhulu aye aqeda isijeziso sokufa kuwo wonke ubugebengu, futhi amanye amaningi aye ayeka ukusebenza. i-United States isengelinye lamazwe ambalwa ayaqhubeka ebulala iziboshwa, kanye neChina, i-Iran, iSaudi Arabia, ne-Iraq. Ukuvumelana okukhulayo kwezizwe ngemithetho yokufa kungathonya iSiphenduko se-8 sezesikhathi esizayo, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme icabangela ukuthi ingabe i-"izindinganiso ezihloniphekile zenhlonipho" ihlanganisa nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke.

Ikusasa Lesivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Kwababoshi Bemigqa Yokufa

Izindawo ezingokomthetho zeziboshwa ezisohlwini lwabafayo zibunjwa yisigijimi seNkantolo Ephakeme, isenzo somthetho, nombono womphakathi. INkantolo yamanje ePhakeme kakhulu iyangabaza izinselele zeSichibiyelo sezehlakalo seMiphetho, ikakhulukazi ezicabeni ezihlolwa ngezindlela ezizobulala, futhi iye yabonisa ukungazinaki izimiso zesigwebo sentambo zikahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo iqhubeke iphoqelela ukuba kuvikelwe isivikelo sezeluleko ezicatshazweni ezihilela ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, ukuncintisana, nezenzo zentsha ezibonisa ukuthi imingcele eyisisekelo somthetho eqinile ihlala iqinile.

Izenzakalo eziningana emkhathizwe zingawuvuselela umthetho. Izinselele zokusetshenziswa kwe-hypoxia kanye nezinye izindlela zokubulala ezintsha kungenzeka zifike eNkantolweni eminyakeni ezayo, njengoba amazwe ezama izindlela zokubulala ezingekho ezingozini zomjovo. Umbuzo wokuthi ukuvalelwa isikhathi eside emgqeni wokufa kuyisijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, futhi ukuthi isithiwa inqatshwe eNkantolweni Ephakeme ukuze iphinde ihlolwe ngesinqumo sayo [FLD:] COP].[FP [FK]

Ekugcineni, iSivumelwano samaLungelo sinikeza uhlelo lokuvikela amalungelo angokomthetho eziboshwa ezisohlwini lokufa, kodwa ukuphumelela kwaleso simiso kuxhomeke ekuchazeni nasekuqiqeni komthetho. IsiHlamiso seSichibiyelo se-Height seSijemi esimelene nesijeziso sonya nesingavamile, isiqinisekiso seSichibiyelo sesihlanu senqubo efanelekile, futhi ilungelo leSichibiyelo seSihla seSihla seSibo seSithathu lokuqulo sokwahlulela ngokulunga liyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvivinya ukubulawa okungenangqondo nokungalungisiswangalungisi. Nokho, la malungiselelo omthetho awazibulali bomthetho awazibulali, futhi adinga ukuqapha abameli abavikela izivumelwano, izinhlangano zamalungelo ombangowo, nezinkantolo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isithembiso se-Bill of Rights sifezelwa isigwebo esiphelele.

Isiphetho

ISiphakamiso samalungelo esingokomthetho seziboshwa ezisohlwini lwabafayo, simise izivikelo zomthetho-mthetho ezilinganisela izindlela zokubulala, inqabela ukugwetshwa okungalinganiyo nokungagwetshwayo, futhi siqinisekise ukuthi kulungile ukuqulwa ngokungemthetho ekubulaweni. ISichibiyeli se-Heighth, ikakhulukazi, siye saba isisekelo semithetho engokomlando evikela abantu ngokukhubazeka kongqondo, izigebengu zentsha, neziboshwa eziye zahlanya. Ukuchazwa kweNkanto ePhakakhulu kwalezi zimpikiswana kuveza izindinganiso zezezenhlalakahle kanye nokuqonda kwezesayensi, njengoba iNkantolo ngezinye izikhathi iye yaveza imingcele eyingozi ethinta izinga lokuvikelwa komthetho.

Naphezu kwalezi sivikelo, izinselele eziphawulekayo zisekhona. Ukuhluka kwezinhlanga nezenhlalo kuyaqhubeka kuhlasela isimiso sokujezisa isigwebo sentambo. Ukufihla isigwebo kunciphisa ukuhlongozwa okunengqondo kwesijeziso sokwahlulela esinesihluku nesingajwayelekile. Ukuswelakala kwezidakamizwa kuye kwaholela amazwe ukuba athathe izindlela zokubulala ezingahlolwanga futhi ezingabangela ubuhlungu. Ukucindezela kwesigwebo sokufa kwezizwe zonke kuyaqhubeka. IBhill of Rights iyodwa ayinakuzixazulula lezi zinkinga ezijulile, kodwa iyaqhubeka iyinhloloza emfundweni kahulumeni kanye nasemthonjeni wethemba leziboshwa ezifuna ukwahlulela okulungile.

Njengoba izimpikiswano ngesijeziso sentambo ziqhubeka, amalungelo omthetho - sisekelo asekelwe kuyi - Bill of Rights ayohlala eyisisekelo sezingxoxo ezingokomthetho nezingokwezimiso.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngesijeziso sokufa seNkantolo Ephakeme, bheka isigwebo secala lentambo i-Oyez] imbonakaliso yecala lentambo yentambo [ kanye ne- Deast Pental Information Center [[[FLT:]]'s Center's ment mentation Center [[FLT]] nezibalo zesijeziso sezenyuko]. Ukuhlaziya ngokuningiliziwe kwezecala le-Andex - mendement contment, [[FLT]] inikeza umbono wenkululeko yezentengiselwano, [[FFFLT]] engokomsebenzi wobuhlanga] [FFFFF] inikeza umbiko obanzisayomthetho wokwahlulela ngokucuma kwezentengo: [FL:]