Table of Contents

Isingeniso: Igalelo Elide Lobulungisa

Umzabalazo womthetho wakudala obhaliwe womthetho kuya ekuphikiseni okubalulekile kodwa ukuthi kungani lezi zikhathi zibalulekile futhi ziqhubeka zithintana. Ukuqonda lo mlando kubalulekile kunoma ubani owenzile.

Isisekelo Sasendulo Nokuzalwa Kobulungisa Obulotshiwe

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kwezinkantolo zanamuhla nemithetho - sisekelo, imiphakathi yasendulo yalwa nenselele yokumisa ubulungisa ezweni elichazwa amandla angenakuguqulwa nokwethembeka kwezizwe.

Umthetho KaHammurabi (u - circa 1754 BCE)

Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zomqondo wasendulo ongokomthetho yi- ikhodi likaHammurabi, umbhalo wesizwe waseBabiloni obhalwe etsheni. Lombhalo awulona ukuqonda kwanamuhla kokulingana — wawusebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezisekelwe esigabeni somphakathi nasobufanayo — kodwa umelela umqondo wenguquko: ukuthi umthetho kufanele ubhalwe obala, futhi usebenza kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, okungenani ngokwezimiso. Isimiso esidumile se "iso ngeso" sasiwumzamo wokulinganisela isijeziso nokuqinisekisa ubulungisa obulinganayo. I-stale, manje ibekwe ku [FLT]] umnyuziyamuzo [[FLT:], ibonisa ukuthi isifiso sokuhleleka nokulinganisa.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Kwase - Athene Nokuqala Kwezakhamuzi

Ekhulwini lesihlanu leminyaka i-BCE, idolobha lase-Athene lasungula umbono oweqisayo: udemocracy , noma ukubusa kwabantu. Nakuba kwakunephutha elikhulu ngezindinganiso zesimanje — abesifazane, izigqila, nabantu bakwamanye amazwe bakhishwa — izakhiwo eziyinhloko zase-Athens njengenhlangano, umkhandlu, nezinkantolo. Izakhamuzi zingavota emithethweni, inqubo yomphakathi, futhi zibambe izikhulu ukuba ziphendule. Lena kwakuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo somqondo obusayo odinga imvume yokubusa. Izikhulu zefilosofi ezinjengoSocrates, uPlato, no-Aristotle zaphikisana ngesimo sobulungisa, ziveza uhlelo lwezimo zezombangazwe olusasithonyayo nanamuhla.

Umthetho WaseRoma Nombono Wamalungelo Emvelo

IRome Republic futhi kamuva uMbuso wamaRoma wasungula isimiso somthetho esinemininingwane esasungula imiqondo eyinhloko enjengomthetho wemvelo , umqondo wokuthi amalungelo athile azuzwe yibo bonke abantu. IThe 12,tep Tables (i-Cura 450 BCE) yanikeza isisekelo somphakathi somthetho wamaRoma, kuyilapho kamuva abameli abanjengoCicero baphikisa ngokuthi ubulungisa abuyona nje indaba yomhlangano kodwa busekelwe ezimisweni zendawo yonke. Umthetho wamaRoma wathonya ukusungulwa kwezimiso zomthetho womphakathi kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi ekugcineni ukufakwa kwezincwadi ezinjenge-U.S Declaration of Independetion.

Ukuqedwa Kobugqila: Ukubuyiselwa Kwembulunga Yonke

Izinkulungwane zeminyaka, ubugqila babuyinhlangano eyamukelekayo cishe kuwo wonke umphakathi wesintu.

Ukukhula Kwenhlangano Yenkolo

Ikhulu le-18 nele-19 labona ukuvela kwezinhlangano ezihleliwe ezihlanganisa i-Olaudah Equiano, ikakhulukazi eBrithani nase-United States. Amaqembu enkolo, ikakhulukazi amaQuaker, ayephakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuphikisa ukuthi ubugqila babuyisono. Ababhali, ababeyizigqila, nabashisekeli bempi — kuhlanganise no-Olaudah Equiano, u-Fred Douglas, noWilliam Wilberforce — basebenzisa izinkulumo, izincwadi, nezicelo zokwakha ukuphikiswa komphakathi. Izigqila zangaphandle zaqedwa yiBrithani ngo-18807, ukunqoba kokuqala okunzima.

UMthetho Wokuvinjelwa Kwezigqila WaseBrithani (1833)

Ngo-1833, iPhalamende laseBrithani ladlula i-Bolition Act , eyavimbela ubugqila kuyo yonke ingxenye enkulu yoMbuso waseBrithani. Lomthetho wengqopha - mlando wakhulula amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu abagqilaziwe. Uhulumeni waseBrithani wakhokhela abanikazi bezigqila (hhayi abagqilaziwe), kodwa isenzo sabeka isiqalo esinamandla sembulunga yonke. UK] Isethiwebhusayithi yePhalamende le-[ inikeza imibhalo emikhulu yalewashilomzuzu we-mfat.

Inqubo Yokusakaza NeSichibiyelo Se - 13 (1863 - 18865)

Phakathi kweMpi Yombango yaseMelika, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wakhipha [[FLT: 0] i-Emamporation Proclation ngo-January 1, 1863. Nakuba yasebenza kuphela ekulawuleni ekuvukeleni, yasusa injongo yempi futhi yenza ukunqandwa kwenjongo yeSivumelwano soMbuso we-Union. Lesi simemezelo savumela futhi amadoda aseAfrika akhonza eMbuthweni we-Unian, isici esibalulekile emphumeleni wempi. iSimende sempi ukuya ku-Umthetho-U. (1865) wamandla ongokomthetho) sabuqeda unomgomo wobugqibo wonke umbuso eUnited States. Lezenzo aziqedangabuhlanga noma ukufinyelela impumelelo yangempela, kodwa zaphazamisa ukuhlangana kwezizwe eziningi ezingokomthetho.

Ukwephulwa Kwesizwe Emhlabeni Wonke Nefa Lakho

Ifa lobugqila — kuhlanganise nobuhlanga obuhleliwe, ukuhlukana kwezomnotho, nosizi olungokwezenhlalo — liyaqhubeka namuhla, kodwa inhlangano yokuqeda izikhali yabonisa ukuthi ukuqoqa inqwaba yabantu, ukucaca kokuziphatha, nezenzo zezombangazwe kungabhidliza ngisho nezinhlangano ezigxilile zokucindezelwa.

Inhlangano yabesifazane yokuziqhayisa: Ukusho ukuthi ucingo

Umzabalazo wamalungelo abesifazane cishe udala njengedemokrasi ngokwayo, kodwa wahlanganisa umzabalazo onamandla, ohlelekile ngekhulu le - 19 nasekuqaleni kwelama - 20.

UMhlangano WeziMpophoma ISeneca (1848)

NgoJuly 1848, iqembu elincane labashisekeli benkolo eUnited States — kuhlanganise no - Elizabeth Cady Stanton noLucretia Mott — lahlanganisa i- Senika Falls Convention enhla neNew York. Lona kwakuyingqungquthela yabesifazane yokuqala yamalungelo abesifazane eUnited States. Lomhlangano waveza u-Declaration of Sentiments , incwajana ebekwe eSivumelweni se-Humelelo eyamemezela: "Sinala la maqiniso okuzenza azenzeke ngokulinganayo: ukuthi wonke amadoda nabesifazane badalwa ngokulinganayo." Isidingo sabesifazane sabesifazane saze saphikiswana phakathi nenhlangano, kodwa yaba umgomo ophakathi wamashumi eminyaka.

ISichibiyelo Se - 19 (1920)

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-77 yokuthatha isinyathelo sokungakhathali — kuhlanganise nokumasha, ukubulawa kwendlala, ukunxenxa, nokungalaleli kwezakhamuzi — iSishaya-Mkhandlu sase-U.S. sadlula iSichibiyelo se-198 ngo-1919, futhi sagunyazwa ngoAugust 1920. Lokhu kulungiswa kwanikezwa ilungelo lokuvota, okungenani ngokwezimiso. Ngokwenqubo, abesifazane abaningi abanombala, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abamnyama eJim Crow South, babesalokhu beqedwe ngesimiso samashumi eminyaka. Umzabalazo wokuvota waqhubeka kahle kakhulu kunakho konke u-1960.

Izinhlangano Zembulunga Yonke Ezibanga Ukuhlasela

Ukulwela ukulwa kwabesifazane kwakungokwezizwe zonke. INew Zealand yaba izwe lokuqala elizijezisayo ukuba linikeze abesifazane amavoti ngo-1893, lilandelwa yi-Australia ngo-19902, iFinland ngo-1906, noNorway ngo-1913. Amakhosikazi aseBrithani athola amalungelo alinganayo okuvota ngo-1913. Emazweni amaningi, abesifazane abahamba nge-Emline Pankhirst nangeSiturn Union (WSPU), asebenzisa amasu empi, kuhlanganise ne-arson nendlala, ukuze bafune ivoti. Abesifazane eUnited Kingdom bathola amalungelo okuvota alinganayo ngokuvota ngo-198083. Emazweni amaningi, abesifazane, i-ssuffilensss's afikangazelist ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II noma ngisho nangemva kweMpi Yezizwe II.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Abantu: Ichitha UJim Crow

I - Civil Rights Movement e - United States yayiwumphakathi obhikishayo ngokumelene nokuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga nobandlululo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo kwakuyisinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme esiphendulwe umzuzu. INkantolo yavumelana ngokunquma ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi kwakungenakulinganiswa ngokwemvelo futhi ngenxa yalokho kwakungavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho, igumbuqele imfundiso "ehlukene kodwa elinganayo" eyasungulwa Pnetic v. Ferguson [186]). Lesinqumo saqinisa inhlangano futhi sanikeza ukusekela okungokomthetho kwemizamo yokususa i-RCURC, nakuba ukukhiqiniswa kwemiza ngokumelene nemfundiso eqinile neyo emhlophe.

IMontgomery Bus Boycott noMartin Luther King Jr.

Ngo-1955, uRosa Parks wenqaba ukuyeka isihlalo sakhe eMontgomery, ebhasini lase-Alabama, efaka uMonery Busbott. Umfana uCottcott wathatha izinsuku ezingu-381 futhi waphumela ekunqumeni kweNkantolo Ephakeme ukuthi ibhasi alikho ngokweziqu zobufundisi. Umfana futhi wasungula uDkt. Martin Luther King Jr. ekuveleleni kwesizwe. Ifilosofi yenkosi yokulwa nonyamezelo olungenabudlova, eshukunyiswa uMahatma Gandhi, yaba yikhampasi eqondisa ukuziphatha okuhle.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Ka - 1964 Nomthetho Ka - 1965 Wokugunyaza Amalungelo Abantu

Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1944 wawuwumthetho wesizwe ogcwele kakhulu kusukela ekuvuselweni kabusha. Wawenqabela ukucwaswa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wesizwe emsebenzini, izinhlelo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswa yi-othoric. Lonyaka olandelayo, [[FLT:] [2] uMthetho we-Vation Rights ka-65] ka-1956[FLT] wemistriciox, njengokuhlola ukuvota, njengokuhlola nokukhokha intela kobuni, okwakusubalwe izigidigi, okuncitshiswe i-Bla i-Blash America. Lemithetho emibili imelela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho ye-Octal Rights. [FLT:]

Ifa Nokuqhubeka Kwempi

I - Civil Rights Movement ayizange ibuqede ubandlululo. Ukubulawa kwenkosi uMartin Luther, uJr. ngo - 1968, ukudlondlobala kwenhlangano yamaphoyisa eBlack Power, nonya oluqhubekayo nokungalingani kwezomnotho kwabonisa ukuthi ukulingana ngokomthetho akwanele. Nokho, leli hlelo lashintsha ngokuyisisekelo isimo esingokomthetho nesomphakathi sase-United States futhi lakhuthaza izimpi zobulungisa emhlabeni wonke.

I - LGBTQ+ Amalungelo: Ukusuka Edwaleni Kuya Ekulinganiseni Komshado

Ukulwela ubungqingili, ubungqingili, ubulili, ubulili, i - transgender, ne - queer (LGBTQ+) kwavela emlandweni wokushushiswa nokungalawuleki kwaba umzabalazo wamalungelo abantu oqashelwa emhlabeni wonke.

IStonewall Riots (1969)

Emahoreni okuqala kaJune 28, 1969, amaphoyisa ahlasela i- Stonewillall Inn, ibhanile yongqingili eDolobha laseGreenwich. Ukuhlasela okunjalo kwakuwumkhuba futhi kunobudlova, kodwa kulokhu abaxhasi nezakhamuzi zendawo balwa. Ukubhikisha kwaqhubeka izinsuku eziyisithupha futhi kwaba yisici esiyinhloko se-LGBTT+ amalungelo. Strollall yaguqula umza ohlakazekile, oqaphile ngokuqaphazanyiswayo waba yimpoqo yenkululeko. [[FLT:][FLT]]

Inkinga Yengculaza Nokuthatha Izenzo

Iminyaka yawo-1980 kanye nawo 1990 yaletha umqedazwe wengculaza, owabhubhisa i-LGBTQ+ umphakathi. Uhulumeni ongenzi lutho nowesakazekile i-homophobia waholela ekwakhekeni kwamaqembu alwayo anjenge-EPAT (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power). Amasu okuhlasela kwawo — kuhlanganise nokufa kwabangenayo, ukubhikisha eFDA nase-NIH, kanye nokusakazwa kokwaziswa okulondekile okungahlangene — kwaphoqelela uhulumeni ukuba ashelise ukuvunyelwa kwezidakamizwa nokucwaninga ngezimali. Inhlekelele yengculaza yaletha futhi yaveza ukubonakala okukhulu nozwela emphakathini weLGBTQ.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

NgoJune 26, 2015, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. yanquma ukuthi [i-FLT:0] i-Obergefell v. Hodges ukuthi umshado ofanayo wobulili uyilungelo eliyisisekelo elivikelwe yiSiphendu se 144th. Isinqumo esisemthethweni esingumshado ofanayo wezwe lonke, ukunqoba okwabonakala kungenakucatshangwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ngaphambili. Lesinqumo sanciphisa inguquko esheshayo embonweni womphakathi nasekuqapheleni okungokomthetho, kusukela ekuguquleni isigebengu se-somu ku-. [FLT:]

Amalungelo Okudlulisa Imali Nezinselele Eziqhubekayo

Nakuba ukulingana komshado kuyingqophamlando, umzabalazo we LGBTQ uyaqhubeka, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadlulayo. Abantu abathatha imishado babhekene namazinga aphakeme kakhulu obudlova, ubandlululo, nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Lenhlangano manje igxila ekutholeni isivikelo sempilo, ukunqanda ukungalingani, nokuqaphela ubulili.

Imizabalazo Yembulunga Yonke Yokulingana Nobulungisa

Ukulwela ukulingana akugcini nje ezweni elilodwa, kodwa emhlabeni wonke, abantu baye bavukela ukucindezela, befuna isithunzi, inkululeko nobulungisa.

Inhlangano Emelene Ne - Aparathid ENingizimu Afrika

I-Anti-Apartheid Movement yayingenye yemikhankaso ephumelela kakhulu yezizwe zonke emlandweni. Ubandlululo kwakuyisimiso sokuhlukanisa izinhlanga nobukhulu obumhlophe esasiphoqelelwa nguhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika kusukela ngo-1948 kuya ku-1994. Ukumelana ngaphakathi, kuholwa yi-Afrikaan National Congress (ANC) nezibalo ezifana noNelson Mandela, kuhlangene nokwehla kwembulunga yonke, ukuncibilika, nokujenga, ekugcineni kwaphoqa uhulumeni ukuba axoxisane. Ngo-19949, i-Afrika, uhulumeni wayo wokuqala wezinhlanga zezizwe, futhi u-Nelson Mandela waba ngumongameli wokuqala woMnyama. Isibonelo saseNingizimu Afrika sibonisa amandla akho kokubili ukulwa kwembulunga yonke.

INtwasahlobo yama - Arabhu (200 - 2012)

Kusukela ngo-December 2010, igagasi lobhikisho nokuvukela kwahlasela amazwe ama-Arabia, kusukela eTunisia kuya eGibithe, eLibya, e-Syria, naseBahrain. Izakhamuzi zafuna ukuphela kokubusa kwempoqo, ukonakala, ithuba lezomnotho, namalungelo abantu ayisisekelo. Nakuba imiphumela yaxubana — amanye amazwe abhekana nempi yombango, amanye abuyela ekubuseni ngempoqo — i-Arab Spring [ yabonisa ukuthi ngisho nombuso wobushiqela ominyene kakhulu ungavinjelwa yisixuku, ukuvukela okudumile. Umzabalazo waphinde wabonisa amandla ezokuxhumana abantu njengethuluzi lokuhlela nokusakaza.

Amalungelo Ezakhamuzi Nobulungisa Bezwe

Abantu besizwe emhlabeni wonke baye balwela ukuqashelwa, amalungelo ezwe, nokusinda kwempucuko. ISimemezelo seZizwe Ezihlangene samalungelo abantu be-Ivority (UNDRIP), esithathiwe ngo- 2007, sinikeza uhlelo lwezizwe ngezizwe lwale ngxabano. Izinhlangano ezifana no-Idle No More eCanada nokumelana neDatal Accounses Pirline e-Stance Rock eUnited States ziye zaletha ukuhola kobuholi bempi yendawo ezungezile neyobulungisa besimo sezulu.

Ukulwela Amalungelo Okungavumelani Nezinto

Inhlangano yamalungelo omzimba iye yafinyelela intuthuko enkulu, kuhlanganise ne- American enemithetho yokukhubazeka (ADA) ngo-1990 e-U.S. nase Ukunqanda amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile [ [[FLT]] eZizweni zeZizwe. Lemithetho iye yanda ukutholakala ezindaweni zomphakathi, ekuthuthweni, nasemsebenzini, kodwa izisholo ziyaqhubeka zisunduza ukufakwa ngokugcwele, ukususwa komzimba, nokuqashelwa kokukhubazeka njengesici esibalulekile sezinhlobo zabantu.

Ukuqhubeka Nempi: Imikhawulo Yamanje Yokulingana

Naphezu kwentuthuko echazwe ngenhla, ukulwela ukulingana nobulungisa kusekude kakhulu.

Ukucwasana Ngokobuhlanga Nokungalingani Kwezimiso

Ubandlululo lobuhlanga luseyinkinga esakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Umzabalazo weBlack Live Matter, owathola ukuvelela kwembulunga yonke ngemva kokubulawa kukaGeorge Floyd ngo - 2020, uye waletha ukunakekela okuvuselelwe onyameni lwamaphoyisa, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, nokungalingani kwezomnotho okubhekene nemiphakathi yabaNsundu nabakwaBrown. Lenhlangano idinga ukululaza amaphoyisa, ukuguqula isimiso sokwahlulela sobugebengu, nokulungisa izimpande ezijulile zobandlululo lwesimiso sobuhlanga.

Ukulingana Kwezinhlanga Nobulungisa Obuzalayo

Ukungalingani kwe-Gender kuyaqhubeka kuwo wonke amazwe. igebe elikhokhayo lisalokhu libalulekile, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane abanemibala. Abesifazane bancishiswa ezindaweni eziphetheyo zezombangazwe nasezinkampanini. Ukufinyelela empilweni yezempilo yokuzala, kuhlanganise nokuvimbela inzalo nokukhipha isisu okuphephile, kulokhu kuyimpikiswano enkulu. Ukugumbuqelwa [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade eUnited States [2022]] kumelela isithiyo esikhulu sobulungisa bokuzala futhi kubangele igalelo elisha lezenzo.

Ubulungisa Besimo Sezulu Nokulingana Kwendawo Ezungezile

Inkinga yesimo sezulu ayiyona nje impikiswano yendawo ezungezile; iyimpikiswano yobulungisa. Imiphakathi empofu kakhulu nengaphansi kakhulu — ngokuvamile enemibala — isengozini enkulu yezinhlekelele zesimo sezulu, ukungcola, nokuswelakala kwezinto. Umqondo wobulungisa obubodwayo ufuna ukuba amakhambi enhlekeleleni ahleleke kakhulu, akhokhele labo abaye balimala, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ukushintshela ezomnotho eziluhlaza akuvuli ukulingana okukhona.

Amalungelo Abafuduki Nababaleki

Izigidi zabantu zifuduswa yimpi, ushushiso, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukulwela amalungelo abafuduki nababaleki kuhlanganisa ukufunwa kwezimiso zomphakathi ezisemngceleni, izindlela zokuthola izakhamuzi, nokuphela kokuboshwa nokuhlukana kwemikhaya. Ukudlondlobala kwezwe lonke kwezombangazwe ezimelene nobuzwe kanye nokulwa kwenza lomzabalazo usheshe udibane futhi ube nzima.

Isiphetho: Umsebenzi Wobulungisa Ongachithwanga

Izenzakalo ezingokomlando ekulweleni ukulingana nobulungisa azizona izinsalela zenkathi edlule; zikhona izincwadi ezigciniwe zesibindi nokuzimela kwabantu. Isizukulwane ngasinye siye sabhekana nezinselele zaso ezihlukile, futhi ngasinye siye sasunduzela phambili isisekelo sendawo yonke yokuziphatha elungile. Kusukela eMthethweni kaHammurabi ukuya ekulungeni komshado, kusukela ekuqedweni kobugqila bezulu nendawo ezungezile yembulunga yonke, umfantu wale wokulwa kwalempi owenziwe ngokulinganayo, ukwakheka kwalempi. Njengoba sicabanga ngalokhu kufezile, sikhunjuzwa ukuthi umsebenzi awukapheli. Ukunqoba kwesikhathi esidlule akuqiniseki ngekusasa; kunezisekelo okumelwe sizakhele phezu komshado. Ukulwela ukulingana nobulungisa kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo, isenzo esibumbene, nokuzinikela okuqinile ekuhlonipheni bonke abantu.