Uhambo lomthetho kusukela embonweni ukuya kowomthetho luyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ehilela izigaba eziningi kanye nokubambisana kwababheki bezimali abahlukahlukene. Ukuqonda loluhambo kubalulekile kokubili kubafundi nakothisha, njengoba lunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela imithetho elawula ngayo umphakathi futhi ithonya ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Imithetho ayimi ndawonye; iguqula iqhubeke ngenkulumo yezombangazwe, ukufakwa komphakathi, nokuhlola kwezenhlangano. Lesihloko sihamba ngesigaba ngasinye somthetho i̱ isclecry, kusukela embonweni kuya entweni eyenzekayo, idwebela ezibonelweni ezingokoqobo, ezibonelweni ezihlukene zemithetho nangezindima ezibucayi ezidlalwa abahluleli, abaqondisi, nabahlali bezakhamuzi.

Ukuqonda Umbono Womthetho

Umthetho uyisimiso semithetho esungulwe futhi ephoqelelwa ngezinhlangano zezenhlalo noma zikahulumeni ukuba ziqondise ukuziphatha. Imithetho isebenza njengeziqondiso zokuthi yini evunyelweyo nakulokho okungekho emphakathini. Umqondo womthetho ungahlukaniswa ube yizici eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • Ukuthatha:[ Umthetho uyinkulumo engokomthetho yemithetho ebusa umphakathi, esekelwa igunya lombuso.
  • Imithetho iklanyelwe ukugcina ukuhleleka, ukuvikela amalungelo, ukuxazulula izingxabano, nokuthuthukisa ubulungisa bezenhlalo. Ibuye inikeze ukubikezela, ikwazi ukwenza abantu namabhizinisi ukuba bahlele ukuziphatha kwabo.
  • Izinhlobo:[ Imithetho ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa imithetho engokomthetho (idluliswa yizishaya-mthetho), imithetho evamile (esungulwe ngezinqumo zenkantolo), imithetho yokuphatha (egunyazwe yizinhlangano zikahulumeni), nemithetho engokomthetho-mthetho (izimiso eziyisisekelo ezilinganisela amandla kahulumeni).
  • Imithombo yoMthetho:[ Emazweni amaningi, umthetho usuka kumthetho-mthetho, izivumelwano, imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso zokwahlulela. Ukuqonda isigaba sabaphathi balemithombo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi umthetho owodwa ungawudlula kanjani omunye.

Izisekelo Zokwenza Imithetho: Kusukela E - Idea Kuya Emifanekisweni

Inqubo yokwakha umthetho ilandela izigaba eziningana, ngayinye enendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni umthetho wokugcina. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwesimiso sombuso (isib. uhulumeni, amaphalamende, izimiso zobumongameli), izigaba ezivamile aziguquguquki.

Ukuphoqelela Nokuthumela

Umqondo wokuqala womthetho ungavela emithonjeni eminingi: ummisi-mthetho i-’ umgomo wenkambiso, isithembiso somkhankaso, isenzakalo senhlekelele, noma ukuthathelwa imvume ngamaqembu enzalo nezakhamuzi. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe, isiphakamiso ngokuvamile sifakwa ochwepheshe bezomthetho, izinsizano zemithetho, noma abameli bakahulumeni. Le mishini kumelwe iqonde, njengoba ulimi olungaqondakali lungaholela emiphumeleni engafanele noma ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho.

Okuhlongozwayo Nokufundwa Kokuqala

Umthetho oqanjwe ngokusemthethweni uhlongozwa equlwini lomthetho, ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi umthetho. Ezimisweni ze-bidamal (njenge-Bhungarse-U.S. noma iPhalamende le-U.S.), umthetho usungulwa egumbini elilodwa lokuqala. Ukufundwa kokuqala kusebenza njengesimemezelo sasobala se-reactal’ isihloko nenjongo; akukho mpikiswano eyenzekayo kulesigaba. Lokhu kubonisa ukuqala kwenqubo yemithetho.

Ukucabangela Ikomiti

Inkokhelo eziningi zibhekiselwa kumakomiti akhethekile aphethe ukuqulwa kwamacala, aqoqa ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, kanye nokulungisa impikiswano. AmaKomiti ayi- ̴ ama-handrs ̵ ama-passma; ama-parses; akhipha imiqondo ebuthakathaka noma engacatshangelwanga kahle futhi acwengisise ethembisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Dalom Houses kanye ne-Mail Committee ihlola intela nemithetho yemali. Isivumelwano singalungiswa kakhulu noma sithathelwe indawo ngokuphelele phakathi nalesigaba.

Impikiswano Nokuthuthukisa Izindawo Ezisezansi

Ngemva kwemvume yekomiti, izimali ziqhubekela phansi ukuze kuqhutshwe ingxoxo esobala. Abameli baphikisana noma baphikisa izindleko, bahlongoza ukubuyiselwa, futhi bazame ukwakha ukusekela. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka: ezinye izimiso zivumela impikiswano engenamkhawulo (i-filibuster eSigeqe sase-U.S.), kuyilapho abanye bebeka imingcele eqinile yesikhathi. Uma imvume idlula, iyahamba iye kwelinye igumbi (uma i-bidamaral), lapho lenqubo iphinda khona. Womabili amagumbi kumelwe avumelane ngenguquko efanayo yomthetho.

Ukubuyisana NamaKomiti Engqungquthela

Uma lamakamelo amabili edlula izinqumo zemali ezihlukene, ikomiti yengqungquthela (ehlangene yamalungu avela kuzo zombili izindlu) iyahlangana ukuze ivumelane. Isivumelwano esihambisana nalokhu kumelwe siphinde sivunyelwe kuzo zombili izintambo. Lesisiteji singaba nengxabano futhi ngokuvamile kube yilapho kugadla khona izimali eziyinhloko.

Ukugunyazwa Kwesikhulu Noma IVeto

Uma la makamu esedlula izindleko ezifanayo, ithunyelwa kumphathi omkhulu (umholi, undunankulu, noma umbusi). Umphathi angase ayisayine emthethweni, ayivumele ukuba ibe umthetho ngaphandle kokusayinwa (i-pocket vento kwezinye izimiso), noma ukudluliswa kwayo ngokuqondile. I-veto ingathunjwa njalo ngevoti enkulu kakhulu kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, inikeze i-chezulo olubalulekile emandleni esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli wase-U.S. unezinsuku eziyishumi zokusayina noma ukukhipha isimemezelo; uma iveto, i-Hulumend ingadlula ngenani elikhulu eliyi-3.

Ukusungula Nokusakaza

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa umphathi (noma ukumiswa kwe-veto), umthetho umiswa ngokusemthethweni futhi wabelwe inani lomthetho. Unyatheliswa emibhalweni engokomthetho enjengemithetho yase-U.S. eKhulu noma i-UḴ umthetho.gov.uk. Usuku oluphumelelayo luchazwa kahle, ukuvumela isikhathi sokuqapha nokwenza. Eminye imithetho isebenza ngokushesha; eminye ibambe isikhathi sokumisa ukumiswa kwemithetho.

Indima Yabaxhasi Bemithetho

Abafaki bemithetho abaningi bahilelekile enqubweni yokwenza umthetho, ngamunye efaka imibono ehlukile nobuchwepheshe. Ukusebenzelana kwabo kunganquma umthetho i-’ impumelelo noma ukuhluleka.

  • Abameli:[ Izikhulu ezinganaki ezihlongoza, phikisana, futhi zivote imithetho. Kumelwe zilinganisele izinkolelo zomuntu siqu, iziteshi zeqembu, nezithakazelo ezihlangene.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ochwepheshe abasemthethweni nama-drafters:[ Ochwepheshe abanikeza iseluleko sobuchwepheshe futhi baqinisekise ingcaphuno ye-̱ ulimi luzwakala ngokomthetho. Ubuchwepheshe babo busiza ekugwemeni izikhala nengxabano zomthetho-sisekelo.
  • Amaqembu e-Advocations kanye nama-Lobbyst: Izinhlangano ezimelela izifiso ezithile (noma ibhizinisi, umsebenzi, indawo ezungezile, noma amalungelo omphakathi) futhi zizama ukuthonya abenzi bemithetho ngokuthonya, ukucwaninga, nokusekela umkhankaso. I-Lobbing iyilungelo elivikelwe edemocracy eningi kodwa futhi ikhulisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingadingekile.
  • Izakhamuzi zingaveza imibono yazo ngokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo, imikhankaso yezokuxhumana, nokuvota. Abafokazi abaphezulu bacindezela izishayamthetho ukuba zithathe isinyathelo (noma zigweme ukwenza).
  • Imedia: izikhangiso zezindaba ziguqula umbono womphakathi wemithetho ehlongozwayo, ziqokomisa izinzuzo noma izingozi. I-paliumism i-investigationism ingaveza imiphumela engahlosiwe noma izisusa ezifihliwe.
  • OFakazi abaqeqeshiwe:[ Phakathi nokuqulwa kwamacala ekomiti, izifundiswa, odokotela, kanye nokuthinteka kwabantu kunikeza ubufakazi obunikeza ithonya lezemisebenzi nezenhlalo lemali.

Ukusebenzisa Nokuphoqelela Imithetho

Uma umthetho usumisiwe, kumelwe usetshenziswe futhi uphoqelelwe ukuba uphumelele. Lokhu kuhilela izinyathelo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile eziguqula inhloso yokushaya umthetho kube yithonya langempela lezwe.

Ukuqondisa Nokubusa

Imithetho eminingi iphathisa izinhlangano zikahulumeni igunya lokumisa imithetho eningiliziwe echaza indlela umthetho ozosebenza ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Agency yezokuvikelwa kwendawo yase-U.S. ibusa ngaphansi kwe-Cease Air Act. Lenqubo yokushaya umthetho ihlanganisa iziphetho zomphakathi futhi ingase ithathe izinyanga noma iminyaka. Izimiso ziphethe ithonya lomthetho futhi zingaphansi kokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Ukuphoqelelwa Yizimo Nemithetho

Amaphoyisa, abahloli abalawulayo, kanye nezinhlangano ezikhethekile (isinye, iSigebethi ne-Exchange Commission, Food and Drug Administration) zisebenza ngokuqinisekisa ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho. I-Inforced Administration ingahlanganisa ukugadwa, ukuphenywa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugunyazwa kwezincwadi, ukuqulwa kwecala. Ukuphumelela komthetho ngokuvamile kuxhomeke ekusekeleni imali eyanele, ukuqeqeshwa, nokubambisana phakathi kwezindikimba zamaphoyisa.

Ukuqondisa Nokuchaza Kokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zichaza futhi zisebenzise umthetho, zixazulule izingxabano nokuphula umthetho. Zibuye ziqondise ukumiswa komthetho ukuze zinqume ukuthi uvumelana yini nomthetho-mthetho noma nemithetho ephakeme. Icala le-Landmark, njenge- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954] [1954]) e-U.S., ihlela incazelo yemithetho esikhathini eside ngemva kokumiswa kwayo. Izinqumo zomthetho zingashaya imithetho noma izishayano zokuphoqesha.

Ukuqaphela Umphakathi Nokubambisana

Ukufundisa umphakathi ngomthetho omusha kanye nomphumela wawo kubalulekile ekuthobeleni ngokuzithandela. Ukunyathelisa kwezindaba kuvula amawebhusayithi angokomthetho, kuvuselele futhi kwenziwe imikhankaso yemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kusungulwa imithetho yesihlalo, imikhankaso yokuqapha yomphakathi yachaza izinzuzo nezijeziso zokungalingani. Ukungazi umthetho akuvamile ukuba yisivikelo esisemthethweni, ngakho ukukhulumisana okucacile kubalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa Nokulungisa

Ngisho nangemva kokumiswa, imithetho ayimi ndawonye. Imithetho iphethe amacala okuhlola umthetho i-’ iphumelela. Umbiko wezezimali ngezibalo zokugcinwa kwamanani, kanye nabafaki-mathikithi bahlongoza ukubuyiselwa. Umthetho odala izinkinga ezingalindelekile ungase uphinde ulungiswe noma uphinde uhlolwe. Amalungiselelo agunyaze ukubukezwa kwezikhathi ezithile nokuhlelwa kabusha kwemithetho ethile.

Izinselele Enqubweni Yokwenza Imithetho

Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zingabangela ukuba ukumiswa komthetho kuxazululeke, kubekelwe isikhathi, noma kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwawo.

  • I-Platical Polatical:[ ezombangazwe eziphikisayo zingavimbela ukuvumelana nokubambezela ukudluliswa kwemithetho. Kuzindlu zomthetho ezihlukene kakhulu, ngisho nezinguquko ezixhaswe kabanzi zingaminyana ngokulawula kwe-injini kanye nama-banbster.
  • Imibono eyimfihlo ne-Media Pressure: Ukushintsha umzwakalo womphakathi kungathonya abakhi bomthetho futhi kushintshe ukuphambuka kwemithetho ehlongozwayo. Nokho, ukugxila kakhulu kwemithombo yezindaba kungaholela futhi ekusheshiseni imithetho ebhaliwe kamuva ebonakala iyiphutha.
  • Imithombo: Imingcele yokuxhasa imali nezisebenzi zingaphazamisa ukusetshenziswa nokugcinwa komthetho okuphumelelayo. Umthetho odinga ukuhlolwa okusha kungahluleka uma amanxusa engenazisebenzi noma angenakho ukuhlelwa kwemali.
  • [[[QTL:0] Izinselele zomthetho noHlelo-mthetho:[ imithetho noma iziqondiso ezintsha zingabhekana nezinselele zenkantolo ezisheshayo, ukugcinwa kwemithetho emisiwe nokwenza kube nokungaqiniseki okungokomthetho. Izinselele zomthetho-sisekelo zingagadla izingxenye eziphawulekayo zomthetho, njengoba zibonakala ezingxenyeni ze-Afford Act.
  • Izakhono ezikhethekile:[ amaqembu anamandla anesithakazelo angasusa umthetho ethakazelweni lomphakathi, afake izikhala noma amanguquko. Imithetho yezezimali yenkampano izama ukulawula leli thonya, kodwa igwebu liyaphikelela.
  • Ukulandelana ne-Federalism: Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-U.S., iJalimane, noma iNdiya, imithetho kumelwe isebenzise izifunda ezihlukene phakathi kohulumeni besizwe nobesizwe. Ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kungahlukahluka ngokwezindawo, kudala ukuguquguquka nokudideka.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela: Uhambo Lwemithetho Eqashelwayo

Ukuze ubone indlela umthetho ohambwe ngayo, cabangela izibonelo ezimbili ezaziwayo zamazwe ahlukahlukene nezinkathi zesikhathi.

UMthetho Wamalungelo Abantu Wango - 1964 Wase - United States

Lo mthetho ophawulekayo wenqabela ukucwaswa kobandlululo olusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma imvelaphi yobuzwe. Uhambo lwaqala noMongameli John F. Kennedy ̱ isiphakamiso seminyaka ka-1969 sokuthatha izivumelwano zamalungelo omphakathi. Isivumelwano samelana nonya olukhulu eSigqeni, kuhlanganise nomthetho wezinsuku ezingu-75 weSihlalo osekelwe eSontweni, i-Societersm . Ngemva kokumiswa kuka-Kennedy Ù ukubulawa kukaMongameli, u-Lyndon B. Johnson wasebenzisa ikhono lakhe lezombangazwe nozwela komphakathi ukuze adlulise imvume yokulwa kwecala. Yadlula iNdluyalo ye-Brangey ne-C, kodwa iNkathi ye-Orvel Act i-Oct, i-Octal Act ye-Unistment of American.

Ushintsho Lwesimo Sezulu Se - UK UMthetho Ka - 2008

Lomthetho wamisa isisulu esibophayo ngokomthetho sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ekhipha igesi eshisayo ngo-80% ngo-2050 (kuqhathaniswa namanani ka-1990). Lolu hambo lwaqala ngokuhlola okuxhumeneyo, umbiko ovela kuyi Stern Review ngokuphathelene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, nomthetho ovela emaqenjini endawo emvelo. I-dictract yasungulwa nguhulumeni weLabourne futhi yahlolwa kakhulu ePhalamende, kuhlanganise neziphendulo zokuqinisa izinhlelo zayo. Yathola imvume ye-Royal Assmond ngoNovembe 2008. I-Act yadala iKomiti yenkabange yokululeka izisulu nentuthuko. Isivumelwano esihilela iziqondiso eziningi nemithetho eminingi, futhi i-Act iye yahlelwa (g. nethiwethrethi ngu-2050). Ibhekwa njengesibonelo sokuphayona kwemithetho ye-mome-mde.

Ukunciphisa Ukuphumelela Kwemithetho

Ngemva kokuba umthetho ususebenza isikhathi esithile, abashaya imithetho, izifundiswa, nomphakathi bahlola ukuphumelela kwawo.

  • Impumelelo yomthetho: Ingabe umthetho wafeza izinjongo zawo ezibonisiwe? Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe umthetho wesihlalo wanciphisa ukufa kwezimoto?
  • [ Ukuphumelela: Ingabe izinzuzo zazinkulu kunezindleko zokusetshenziswa nokuvunyelwa? Ukuhlola ukuqondisa ngokuvamile kuyadingeka.
  • Imiphumela engahleleki: Ingabe umthetho waveza imiphumela engemihle, njengemakethe emnyama noma izikhulu ezikhulisiwe?
  • Ukwamukelwa: Ingabe umthetho uhlonishwa kakhulu futhi ulandelwe, noma ingabe ubangela ukwenqaba okusakazekile?
  • Ukulingana:[ Ingabe umthetho uthinta wonke amaqembu ngokulinganayo, noma ingabe uthwesa ngokungenakulinganiswa izisulu zomphakathi?

Ngokuvamile ukuhlola kuholela ekulungiseni noma, kwezinye izimo, ukuvuleka.

Isiphetho

Uhambo lomthetho kusukela embonweni ukuya eqenjini luyisici esiyinhloko sokubusa esilawula umphakathi. Ngokuqonda izigaba zokwenza umthetho, izindima zabaphethe, izinselele, nezibonelo zezwe zangempela, abafundi nothisha bangaqonda ukubaluleka kwemithetho ekuphileni kwabo kwansuku zonke nasemongweni wezenhlalo. Imithetho izinto eziphila, ezihlala zikhona, eziphikiswayo, ezihlolwayo, futhi zicwengisisiwe. Ukuhlanganyela nale nqubo kungumsebenzi wezesizwe nendlela yobulungisa nokwehlela emphakathini ohlelekile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola inqubo yomthetho .Gov, iwebhusayithi yePhalamende UK , neStanford ’s [[FLT:] amacebo esikole . Ukuqonda uhambo lomthetho onika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekulawuleni ngentando yeningi.