Isingeniso: Ukuqonda Isisekelo Sobulungisa Besigebengu

Inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu ihlelwe ngendlela engokomthetho ehlelelwe ukulinganisela ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Kusukela ngesikhathi kubekwa icala kufike esinqumweni sokugcina, isigaba ngasinye sibuswa ngemithetho ehleliwe, isivikelo somthetho-sisekelo, nezibopho ezingokomthetho. Kubafundi, othisha, nanoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo, ukuqonda lezi zinyathelo kubalulekile. Lokhu kuqondisa okunwetshwayo kudlulela phambili ngengxenye ngayinye, kuqokomisa abadlali abayinhloko, izindinganiso ezisobala, kanye nezivikelo eziqinisekisa ukulunga.

Nakuba ukulandelana okuqondile kungahlukahluka ngokwezimiso zikahulumeni eziphethe (izimiso ze-federal vs. ku-U.S., noma imithetho ejwayelekile emelene nezimiso zomthetho womphakathi emhlabeni wonke), izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlala zihleli ngokuvumelana. Obekwe icala ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kutholakale ukuthi unecala, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kusiza ekusizeni ukuqinisa lokho ngokuvamile okungazwakala njengenqubo efiphele.

Ukumangalelwa: Indlela Lenqubo Eqala Ngayo

Inqubo yokwahlulela yobugebengu iqala ngokomthetho lapho umuntu emangalelwa ngokuthi wenza ubugebengu. Izimangalo zingavela emithonjeni eminingi: isisulu noma ufakazi obika isenzakalo esithile, ukuqapha kwephoyisa lapho liqaphe, ubufakazi obuqoqwa ngokuqapha, noma ngisho nangezinsongo ezingashiwongo.

Imithombo Yokumangalelwa

  • I-cinetns – Imvunguzo evame kakhulu, ngokuvamile ngokushaya ucingo noma ngokuhambela isiteshi.
  • Uphendlo lwePolice - - Izikhulu zingaqala imbangela ngokunokwenzeka ngomsebenzi wasensimini, ukuma kwezimoto, noma imisebenzi yobuso.
  • Umkhulu omkhulu uJury Indictments - Ezimisweni zikahulumeni nezinye zesifundazwe, iqembu elikhulu labasizi bejaji (iqembu lezakhamuzi) lizwa ubufakazi futhi likhipha icala elingokomthetho elibizwa ngokuthi icala elijikijelwayo.

Lapho sekuqashelwa icala, izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zihlola kuqala ukuze zithole ukuthi kunobufakazi obanele yini bokusekela ukumangalelwa okungokomthetho. Lokhu kuhlola kungase kuhlanganise ukuxoxa nofakazi, ukuqoqa ubufakazi obungokoqobo, ukubukeza imininingwane ye-ocensi, nokubuza abashushisi. Isimemezelo somthetho [FLT] ku-U.S.Constitution ivikela ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka, okusho ukuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso noma isizathu sokufuna noma ukuthatha ubufakazi. Ukuze uthole iSine seSine seSiphendulo, bheka [[FLT:] iSimende seSimende [FLT]] Corll Information Institutes Institutestion [FLT][FLT]]

Ukuboshwa: Ukufuna Ukuboshwa

Uma uphengululo lunikeza imbangela ngokunokwenzeka, (inkolelo enengqondo yokuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa futhi umsoli osolwayo obenzile lokhu − ukuphoqelelwa komthetho angaqhubeka ngokuboshwa. Ukuboshwa kungavela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ngemvume ekhishwa umahluleli, noma ngaphandle kwemvume uma isikhulu siqaphela ubugebengu noma sinezimo ezizincishayo.

Ukuboshwa Namalungelo

  • [[FLT: 0] Arrest Warrant - Umahluleli uphawula incwadi esekelwe kwi-affidavit efukwe ngesizathu esingase sicaciswe. Loluphawu lusho ukuthi umuntu angaboshwa kanye nobugebengu obathiwe.
  • Abathunjwa abangagwegwesi [ - - Abaphathi bangabopha ngaphandle kwemvume uma bengaba nesizathu futhi benziwe ubugebengu phambi kwabo noma ngokunengqondo bakholelwa ukuthi osolwayo uyobaleka noma abhubhise ubufakazi.
  • Amalungelo - Umake usejele, umsoli kumelwe atshelwe ngelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo kummeli, nokuthi noma yini ayishoyo ingasetshenziswa kubo enkantolo. Lesisixwayiso sivela ecaleni lengqophamlando Marna v. Arizona (1966).

Phakathi nokuboshwa, izikhulu ziqeqeshelwa ukusebenzisa amandla adingekile kuphela. Amandla adlulele angaholela ekubekeni icala lomphakathi noma ekucindezeleni ubufakazi. Ngemva kokuboshwa, umcabangelwa uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa ukuze abhale incwadi. American Bar Association inikeza ukucaciswa okuningi kokuboshwa [.

Ukubhala: Ukuwinwa Kwabantwana Okuwuhlobo Olufanele

Ukuqamba izincwadi kuyinqubo yokuqondisa elandela ukuboshwa. Umcabango unikeza ukwaziswa komuntu siqu, kuthwetshulwe izithombe (i - mgshot), bese kufakwa iminwe.

Isihluthulelo Sokubhala

  • Ukuqopha igama eliphelele, usuku lokuzalwa nekheli
  • Ukuthatha iminwe nezithombe ukuze kubonakale
  • Ukubhala uhlu lwezinto zomuntu siqu
  • Ukufuna Izimfanelo Ezivelele
  • Ukubeka umsolwa esitokisini esimi esibheke enkantolo

Ezikhundleni eziningi, umboshi kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli phakathi namahora angu 48 kuya ku 72 (imfuneko GERstein). Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungaba nesizathu sokuqhubeka ebamba umuntu. Uma ukuboshwa bekungagunyaziwe, umahluleli uhlola ubufakazi ukuze aqinisekise imbangela. Ukuhluleka ukuletha ngokushesha isisolwa enkantolo kungaphumela ekukhululekeni.

4. Ukubonakala Kwenkantolo Yokuqala (Ukubekwa Icala)

Ukuvela kokuqala kwenkantolo, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi i-arraging, kungokokuqala ukuba ummangalelwa avele phambi kwejaji. Lokhu kufeza izinjongo eziningana ezibucayi: amacala afundwa ngokomthetho, ummangalelwa ululekwa ngamalungelo abo, futhi ibheyili noma izimo zokukhulula ziyamiswa. Ummangalelwa ungena futhi esicelweni.

Okwenzeka Ekuphathweni Kwamacala

  • [ Ukufunda izikhalazo – Umahluleli noma umabhalane ufunda ukwaziswa noma ukulahla ukhombo lobugebengu obabuthiwe.
  • [[NT.0] Izenzo - Ummangalelwa angamangalela ngecala, hhayi ngecala, kungekho mncintiswano (i-inolo imateriere), noma kwezinye izimo, ume uthule (ophumela ekunxuseni okungenacala).
  • Ukubail quemission - Umahluleli unquma ukuthi angamkhulula ummangalelwa ngokwakhe, afake ibheyili yemali, noma ijele lokuyala. Izici zihlanganisa ingozi yendiza, ingozi emphakathini, kanye nobukhulu bobugebengu.
  • Ukwabela Iseluleko--- Uma ummangalelwa engenayo imali yokuthola ummeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise umlweli womphakathi ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-[.

Ukubhekisisa kakhulu ekushintsheni kwebheyili kanye nezinhlelo zangaphambi kokwahlulela, i-National Center for State Courts inikeza imithombo ezinhlelweni zebheyili [.

5. Ukuqhubekela phambili: Ukwakha Icala

Phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala nokuqulwa kwecala, kwenzeka isiphithiphithi somthetho. Zombili izinhlangothi zilungisa amacala azo, ubufakazi, nokuthatha amafayela. Izenzakalo zangaphambi komthetho zingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga kuye ngokuthi udaba luyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani.

Ukuthola

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo inqubo yokushumayeza nokuvikela ihlanganisa ubufakazi. Ngaphansi Brady v. Maryland (1963), abashushisi kumelwe badalule noma yibuphi ubufakazi bokudlulisa obungasiza ummangalelwa. Ukuvikela ngokuvamile kunikeza isaziso sezivikelo ezithile, njenge-alibi noma ukusangana. U-Discovery uhlanganisa imibiko yamaphoyisa, izingcaphuno zofakazi, imibiko ye-ocensic, nanoma yibuphi i-video noma i-mediodio.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili

Izenzo zomthetho zokuthatha amafayela ukucela inkantolo ukuba inqume ezindabeni ezithile zomthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlobanisa ukucindezelela Ubufakazi – Argues ukuthi ubufakazi butholakele ngokungemthetho (imvume yamalungelo eSichibiyelo sesine) futhi kufanele kukhishwe.
  • Ukukhipha - Ukulwa ukuthi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi amalungelo ommangalelwa aphulwa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuqunganyiswa kokushintsha i-Venue - - Ifuna ukudlulisela ukuqulwa kwecala kwenye indawo ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezomthetho noma ubandlululo.

Ukudla I - “lea ”

Amacala amaningi axazululwa ngezingxoxo zezicelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela icala elinecala eliphansi, noma isigwebo esincishisiwe, ngokuncishiswa kwecala elibekwa umshushisi ophonsa amacala athile. Nakuba kuphikisana, ukudluliswa kwecala kwamacala angaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-90 e-United States. Inkantolo kumelwe iqinisekise ukuthi isicelo singesokuzithandela futhi ummangalelwa uyayiqonda imiphumela.

6. Ukuqulwa Kwecala: Isehlakalo Esibucayi

Uma kungenziwa sivumelwano, icala liqhubeka liqulwa icala, iqembu lezakhamuzi ezingakhethi linquma amaqiniso. Umahluleli equlwa ebhentshini, ukhipha isahlulelo kuphela.

Ukukhethwa kwe Jury

Abavuni bakhethwa eqenjini lamalungu omphakathi ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i - train. Ama-atney asemaceleni womabili aphikisana nombuzo ongavela kumajaji ukuze avulwe amasu. Inhlangothi ngayinye ingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe [[[FLT:]] izinselele ukuxosha abalawuli ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu (nakuba lezi zinselele azinakusekelwa ngokohlanga noma ubulili). Izicubunga zenkinga zingasebenzisa inani elilinganiselwe lenjongo ivumela ukukhunjulwa uma ijaholo ibonisa ngokucacile.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ibalazwe lobufakazi ezizobuletha. Umshushisi uhamba kuqala, echaza indlela ummangalelwa awenzile ngayo icala. Icala lingase linikeze isitatimende sokuqala ngokushesha ngemva noma ligcine kuze kuphele umshushisi. Lamazwi awabona ubufakazi kodwa ayiphikisa.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Umshushisi uveza icala lakhe kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwazisa imibukiso. Isivikelo sinelungelo lokunqamule i-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuba ufakazi ephelile, ulwelwele lunganikeza ubufakazi baso, kuhlanganise nokubiza ummangalelwa ukuba afakazele (ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthula futhi akanakuphoqelelwa ukunikeza ubufakazi). Imithetho yobufakazi ibusa lokho okungavunywa; ngokwesibonelo, amahlebezi ngokuvamile ayakhishwa ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe ohlukile.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Uhlangothi ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisane nokuthi kungani abasizi bejaji kufanele babatholele.

Ukudalulwa Nokulahlwa Kwezigigaba

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho ovumelanayo. Khona - ke abameleli bathathe umhlalaphansi ngasese. Kumelwe bafinyelele isinqumo esivumelanayo emacaleni obugebengu (ezizweni eziningi). Uma bengenakuvumelana, imiphumela ephanyekile, futhi umahluleli angase amemezele icala elingalungile, avumele ummangali ukuba alilungise icala. Uma isinqumo sifinyelelwe, sifundwa enkantolo esobala.

Icala: Icala, Hhayi Umuzwa Wecala, Noma Icala Elingalungile

Isinqumo siwukuthola kwabejaji izikhalo ezingokomthetho. Kunemiphumela emithathu engenzeka: unecala, ungenacala, noma icala elingalungile ngenxa yokulengiswa noma iphutha le-procedrost. Isinqumo esinganecala sisho ukuqulwa kwamacala kwecala okuhluleka ukuhlangabezana nomthwalo wawo; ummangalelwa ukhululiwe futhi ngokuvamile akanakubuyiselwa futhi eqenjini elifanayo lobugebengu ([] isivikelo esiphindwe kabili ngaphansi kweSiphendulo sesihlanu). Isinqumo esinecala siholela engxenyeni yesigwebo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isinqumo sokungabi nacala asisho ukuthi ummangalelwa akanacala eqinisweni; kusho kuphela ubufakazi obungafakazi icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ingxoxo yokungabaza okunengqondo nemvelaphi yayo, bheka incazelo yeSikole soMthetho Cornell yokungabaza okunengqondo[.

8. Ukugweba: Imiphumela Enqumayo

Isigwebo singavela ngokushesha noma ngemva kokuthethwa kwecala elihlukene lapho zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza khona ubufakazi obuphathelene nokukhuliswa noma ukuhlaziywa kwezici. ISichibiyelo Sesi - 8 senqabela isijeziso esinonya nesingavamile, siqondise ukulingana kwemigwebo.

Izici Ezicatshangelwayo Ekumangalelweni

  • Imvelo nobukhulu bobugebengu
  • Umlando wobugebengu womlweli wakhe
  • Amazwi okuhlukunyezwa
  • Ukutuswa izikhulu ezigwetshwayo (umbiko wakhona)
  • Ukukwazi ukuvuselela isimo nokuphepha komphakathi

Izinhlobo Zezigwebo

Izigwebo zingasukela ekuhlolweni, ekuhlawulweni, ekuboshweni, nasekuphileni ngaphandle kokugwetshwa, noma ngisho nesigwebo sokufa ezizweni ezithile. Ezinye izigwebo zihlanganisa izikweletu eziphoqelelwe ngokwemithetho emisiwe, elinganisela ukuqapha. Isigwebo esihlukile njengenkonzo yomphakathi, izinhlelo zokwelapha ngezidakamizwa, noma ukuvalelwa kwasendlini kungaba khona ezigebengwini ezingenabudlova.

Ngemva kokugweba, ummangalelwa uphinde afakwe ejele noma akhululwe ngaphansi kokuqondisa elindele noma isiphi isikhalo.

9. Ukunxusa: Kuyibekela Inselele Inzuzo

Ummangalelwa okholelwa ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho athinta umphumela wecala angadluliswa enkantolo ephakeme. Ilungelo lokudlulisa icala aliphelele; ngokuvamile lilinganiselwe emaphuthani omthetho kunokungavumelani nalokho okutholakele yijaji. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa ukuvuma okungafanele kobufakazi, iziyalezo ezingalungile zamajaji, ukuziphatha okubi kwabamangaleli, noma usizo olungaphumeleli lweseluleko.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

  • Notice of Appler - Fayiled phakathi nenkathi emisiwe (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30) ngemva kokwahlulela.
  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa – I-copyrpix yokuthethwa kanye nawo wonke amadokhumende aqoqwa futhi angeniswe.
  • Briefs - Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe. I-aprellant (dendending) ibuza ukuthi kungani isinqumo kufanele sihlehliswe; i-ampalle (isimo) iphikisa ukuthi kufanele ime.
  • [ral Comment - Ezinkantolo eziningi ze-applette, abameli baletha icala labo phambi kweqembu lamajaji.
  • Ukuqunga-ka – Inkantolo ye-appellate ingaqinisekisa, ibuye ibuye ibuye ibekwe ecaleni elisha. Ingaguqula futhi umusho.

Uma umbuso ulahlekelwa ukudluliswa, kungase kungamkhathazi ummangalelwa ezimweni eziningi ngenxa yezingozi eziphindwe kabili. Nokho, umshushisi angadlulisa izinqumo ezithile zangaphambi kwenkantolo kwezinye izifunda. Ukubheka izicelo zobugebengu ngokuphazima kweso, iwebhusayithi . izinkantolo zichaza ukudluliswa kwecala kwe-guvernential .

Isiphetho: Ukuphishekela Ubulungisa Ngenqubo Efanele

Inqubo yokwahlulela kobugebengu, kusukela ekusolweni kuya ekuhluleleni nasekutheni kudluleni, iklanyelwe ukuvikela kokubili umphakathi kanye nommangalelwa. Inyathelo ngalinye . "Uphenya, ukuboshwa, ukubhalisa, ukuthatha imvume, ukuqulwa kwecala, ukugwetshwa, ukugwetshwa, nokunxusa"indlela--ukuhlola"izinto zokunciphisa amaphutha nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ubunkimbinkimbinkimbi besimiso somthetho nokubaluleka kwamalungelo afana nombono wokungabi nacala, ilungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, nokuvikela ekuzibekeleni inzuzo.

Nakuba kungekho simiso esiphelele, uhlelo lwezimo zobulungisa zobugebengu luyaqhubeka luguquka ngokubekwa kwemithetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nezidingo zomphakathi zenguquko. Kubafundisi nabafundi, lolulwazi lunikeza isisekelo sokufunda nokuqapha komphakathi nokuqapha umthetho. Ukuhlola okwengeziwe, U.S. uMnyango woMahluleli weJaji weJaji weSigqi [ikhasi 101 unikeza imithombo eyengeziwe emalungelweni abamangalelwayo nenqubo yobugebengu yombuso.