Table of Contents

Isimiso Samafomu Esingokomthetho Sokuvikela Izisebenzi Ezikhulile Ezimweni Zokudamba

Ukuwohloka kwezomnotho, ukuhlanganiswa, nokuhlelwa kabusha kwenkampani kuvame ukuphumela ekususweni nasekuncipheni kwemisebenzi. Kulezi zikhathi, izisebenzi esezikhulile zisengozini enkulu yokuhlukaniswa ngokungafanele. Ukulwa nalokhu, imithetho yobudala ezindaweni eziningi inikeza isivikelo esiqinile esiqinisekisa ukuthi inkathi yobudala ayisona isici esinqumayo sokunquma ukuthi ubani okhethelwe ukubuyisela inguquko. Lemithetho, enjenge-Agescrimin in Observation Act (AEA) eUnited States nase-EA Act eUnited Kingdom, yenza ukuba ingabi namthetho kubaqashi ukuba baphathe ngokungafanele ngenxa yeminyaka yabo yonke imisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokunqandwa nokungaqiniseki kwemisebenzi. Ukuqonda lokhu kuvikela kubucayi kokubili kokungaqiniseki kwezisebenzi ezisebenza kanye nezisebenzi ezifuna ukuhambisana nezibophotholwe ngokusemthethweni.

Imithetho Yobandlululo Lweminyaka Emhlabeni Wonke

E - United States: Ubandlululo Lweminyaka Kumthetho Wemisebenzi (ADEA)

Ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, i-ADEA ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala nabadala ekucwaseni ngemisebenzi ngenxa yobudala. Umthetho usebenza kubaqashi abangabodwa abanezisebenzi ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu, kanye nohulumeni bezwe, nohulumeni bendawo. Ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, akuvunyelwe ukubandlula umuntu ngenxa yobudala babo ngenxa yesizathu sanoma yiliphi igama, isimo, noma ilungelo lomsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukuphakamisa, ukukhipha, ukukhokhela, izinzuzo, izabelo zomsebenzi, nokuqeqesha. I-U. i-Octive Oblorice Comment Commissioner (EEC) ifaka i-ADE futhi inikeza isiqondiso ngendlela umthetho osebenza ngayo ekukhipheni noma ekuncipheni amandla. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ECC isho ukuthi abaqashi abangenakusebenzisa izici zenkathi ethile lapho befuna ukuthatha noma besamukela izimo, uma bengena nako, uma bengena ekuthole.[FF][E]

UMbuso Ohlangene: UMthetho Ka - 2010 Wokulingana

Ku-UK, u-Elifect 2010, uhlanganisa futhi uqinisa imithetho emelene nokucwasana, kuhlanganise namalungiselelo ontanga. Ivikela izisebenzi ezineminyaka yonke − kokubili izisebenzi ezincane nezikhulile . Kunoma yiziphi (kusukela enkathini yobudala). Umthetho usebenza kubo bonke abaqashi, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu, futhi uhlanganisa ubuhlobo bomsebenzi, kuhlanganise nokukhetha okusha. Ngaphansi komthetho, izinqubo zokuhlukanisa kumelwe ziqhutshwe ngokusebenzisa izimiso eziqondile ezingaqondile ezingaqondile noma ezingaqondile zeminyaka ehlobene. Abaqashi abahlulekayo ukuphatha umsebenzi bangase babhekane nenkantolo yezemisebenzi. I-Avisory, i-Conciation ne-Abitration Serviation Service (AS) inikeza isiqondiso esiningi ngokusingatha ukucwa kwezingalinganiyo. Bheka i-ACUCalciences: [FFUlt:]

I - European Union: Isiqondiso Somsebenzi Esilinganayo

Ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, i-Works Ecituralive (2000/78/EC) inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala emsebenzini nasemsebenzini. Izifundazwe zelungu ziye zadlulisela lesi siqondiso emithethweni yesizwe, zakha izinqabo ezihlukene ezifuna abaqashi ukuba bathethelele noma ikuphi ukwelashwa okuhlukile okusekelwe ebudaleni njengendlela elinganayo yokufinyelela injongo esemthethweni. Ngokwenqubo, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukusebenzisa ubudala njengendinganiso yokukhetha ukuguqula i-astrundation akuvunyelwe cishe njalo ngaphandle kokuba umqashi angabonisa izabambeleko eziqondile, ezinenjongo, ukulunganiswa kwezisebenzi ezimbalwa ezingahlangabezana nazo.

I - Australia: Umthetho Wobandlululo Lweminyaka Ka - 2004

I-Age Discism Act yase-Australia ka-2004 yenza kube okungekho ngokomthetho ukucwasa umuntu ngenxa yobudala ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nomsebenzi. Lo Mthetho uhlanganisa zonke izigaba zemisebenzi, kusukela ekubhalisweni kuya ekuqedweni. Phakathi ne-redungancic. Abaqashi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi iziqondiso zokukhetha kwabo zisekelwe emakhonweni, ekwenzeni imisebenzi, nakwezinye izici eziyisisekelo, kunokuba kube ubudala. I-Australian Human Rights Commission igunyaza i-Act futhi inika kokubili izisebenzi nabaqashi imithombo yemali.

Indlela Imithetho Yobandlululo Lobudala Evikela Ngayo Izisebenzi Phakathi Nokudilizwa

Ukudilizwa nokuguqulwa kwesimilo ngokuvamile kuyizinqumo zebhizinisi ezidingekayo, kodwa lenqubo ingadalula ubandlululo oluthinta izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa. imithetho yobandlululo lweminyaka inikeza izivikelo eziningana eziqinile:

Umyalo Wokusebenzisa Iminyaka Njengokukhetha

Isivikelo esiyisisekelo siwukuthi abaqashi abanakusekela izinqumo zokuzilungisa ngeminyaka kuphela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhetha isisebenzi ngenxa nje yokuthi sesidlulile ubudala obuthile, noma ngenxa yokuthi umqashi ukholelwa ukuthi sesizothatha umhlalaphansi, akuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ngisho noma umqashi esebenzisa inhlanganisela yezici, uma ubudala bufeza indima ethile esinqumweni, kungabangela ukucwaswa. Ngokwesibonelo, umqashi akanakukhetha umsebenzi owengeziwe ngenxa yobudala, futhi akanakucabanga ukuthi umsebenzi omdala kakhulu ngenxa yokudiliselwa, futhi ngeke acabange ukuthi uyakwazi ukuvumelana nezindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe.

Ukhetho olunenjongo nolubonisa ngale

Ukuze bagweme ukucwaswa ngeminyaka, abaqashi kumelwe bathuthukise futhi basebenzise izindlela zokukhetha eziqondile. Izimiso ezivamile ezihloselwe ukunquma zihlanganisa:

  • Izindlela zokuhlola umsebenzi kanye namarekhodi omkhiqizo
  • Amarekhodi abakhona nawokugcina isikhathi
  • Umlando wesiyalo
  • Amakhono ahlobene nendima
  • Ubude benkonzo (esetshenziswa ngokucophelela, njengoba ingase ingasizi ngandlela - thile izisebenzi ezisencane, kodwa ingathethelelwa uma isetshenziswa ngokungathathi hlangothi)

Abaqashi kumelwe baqinisekise ukuthi lezi zilinganiso zisetshenziswa njalo kuzo zonke izisebenzi ezikhethwe ezingozini zokuzibamba futhi inqubo ibhalwe phansi futhi ibonakale. Noma ikuphi ukuphambuka okumisiwe ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi ezithile kungabonakala njengobufakazi bokucwasa.

Isivikelo Ebutheni Bokungalingani

Imithetho yokucwasana ngeminyaka ivikela izisebenzi ezisencane ezibonakala zingathathi hlangothi kodwa zilimaza izisebenzi esezikhulile. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “ithonya elibi” ngaphansi kwe-ADEA. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umqashi enquma ukulahla bonke abasebenzi abaneminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu yenkonzo, futhi ngokungenakuqhathaniswa ithinta izisebenzi ezisencane, kungaba yinselele. Ngokuphambene, umthetho odinga ukuthatha umhlalaphansi ngokwemfuneko enkathini ethile (ovame ongekho ngokomthetho ngaphandle kwemisebenzi elinganiselwe kakhulu) ungaba ukwephula umthetho okuqondile. Okunye okungaqondakali kakhulu, ukusebenzisa inqubo enjengethi “imfanelo efanelekile” noma“ izinga elingalawuleki” ingaba indlela efihlekile yezisebenzi ezisuba izisulu futhi ingabekelwa inselele njengeminyaka ethile yobudala.

Ukugadla Ngamalungelo Nezinhlelo Zokuzithandela

Ezinye izinkampani zinikeza “amalungelo”, lapho isisebenzi esesikhulile kakhulu singasusa khona isisebenzi esikhulile kakhulu esikhundleni esihlukile phakathi nenkathi yokudilizwa. Nakuba izimiso zasebekhulile ngokuvamile zingokomthetho, kumelwe zisetshenziswe njalo futhi zingasetshenziswa ekuhlaseleni amaqembu amadala avikelwe. Ngokufanayo, izinhlelo zokushukumisa umhlalaphansi zimelwe ngokuzithandela futhi azikwazi ukucindezela izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba zihambe. I-Older Working Bene Protection Act (WBPA) e-United States imisa izimfuneko eziqinile zezinhlelo ezinjalo, kuhlanganise nenkathi yokucabangela okuncane kanye nemfuneko yokudalula izibalo zalabo abakhethiwe ukuze baphume.

Amalungelo Angokomthetho Abaqashi Ababhekene Neminyaka Enqunyiwe

Uma isisebenzi sikholelwa ukuthi sikhethelwe ukuvuselelwa ngenxa yobudala baso, banezindlela eziningi zomthetho. Isinyathelo sokuqala siwukuthi siphakamisa udaba ngaphakathi ngenqubo yomqashi ekhalazayo. Uma lokho kuhluleka ukuxazulula lendaba, izisebenzi zingafaka isikhalo ngenhlangano esebenzayo ye-US, i-EEOC; eUK, inkantolo yomsebenzi; eAustralia, i-Australian Rights Human Commission. Imingcele yesikhathi iqinile. Isibonelo, e-US, i-EOC 180 ngezinsuku ezingu-80 zobandlululo olucatshangelwayo (ihloselwe ukuba ibe ngu-300 ezizweni ezithile). E-UK, inkantolo ithi kumelwe ilethwe phakathi nezinyanga ezintathu ezingekho mthetho.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ziyatholakala

Uma isisebenzi sizibonakalisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuthi sinobandlululo lobudala uma singekho, amakhambi angahlanganisa:

  • Ukuhlanganisa[: ngeholo elilahlekile, izinzuzo, nokucindezeleka okungokomzwelo (kwezinye izifunda)
  • Ukuveza [: uma isisebenzi sisakwazi ukubuyela emsebenzini futhi kungenzeka
  • Iholo noma iholo elibuyayo: iholo elikhokhelwayo elilahleka ekususweni kwecala kuze kube yilapho icala lixazululiwe noma kuze kube yilapho isisebenzi sithola umsebenzi omusha
  • Ingozi ehlukanisayo: uma kuhlelwa ukucwaswa ngamabomu (okutholakala ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, nakuba kubekwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile)
  • [ Inkokhelo yemali [: emazweni amaningi, abafaki bemali abaphumelelayo bangabuyisa izindleko zommeli

Okubalulekile ukuthi izisebenzi azinakuphindiselwa ngokukhipha isikhalo, njengokusola noma ukunikeza incazelo embi, ngokwako kuwukwephula okuhlukile ngaphansi kwemithetho yobandlululo yobudala obuningi futhi kungaholela ezijezisweni ezengeziwe.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Nobufakazi

Ukubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lobudala luyinselele ngoba abaqashi abavamile ukuvuma ukuthi basebenzisa ubudala njengengxenye. Izinkantolo zivame ukuncika ebufakazini obuthile. Izibonelo zobufakazi obusekela lokho okuthiwa kuhlanganisa:

  • Izibalo ezingafani: zibonisa ukuthi kwakhethwa amaphesenti aphakeme kakhulu ezisebenzi esezikhulile ukuze zithulwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezisebenzi ezisezincane
  • Incazelo noma amahlaya ngeminyaka yobudala: uma amamenenja noma abenzi besinqumo benza amazwi ahlobene nobudala phakathi nenqubo yokuvuselelwa kwemihelo
  • Izimiso ezikhishwayo: uma umqashi engalandeli isimiso sakhe esimisiwe sokuzilungisa noma esebenzisa izimiso ngendlela engavumelani
  • Inkathi: Uma ukudiliva kulandela eduze ukukhulumelwa kwezisebenzi ngokuthatha umhlalaphansi noma ngezindaba ezihlobene nobudala
  • Ukubuyiselwa: uma isisebenzi esesikhulile esilahliwe sithathelwa indawo umuntu osemusha phakathi nesikhashana

Umthwalo ushintsha kumqashi ngemva kokuba isisebenzi simise i-facie i-prima facie icala. Umqashi-mqashi kufanele anikeze isizathu esingokomthetho, esingagunyazi somthetho ngesinqumo sokubuyisela ikhanda. Uma leso sizathu siboniswa njengebhaxa lobandlululo, isisebenzi siyanqoba.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Abaqashi Abangagwema Ukucwaswa Ngokweminyaka

Abaqashi banganciphisa ingozi engokomthetho futhi bathuthukise umsebenzi ofanele ngokwamukela imikhuba engcono kakhulu elandelayo phakathi nanoma ikuphi ukwehla kwamandla:

Yakha Umthetho Ocacile Wokunciphisa Izinkinga

Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele noma yiluphi ubandlululo, yiba nesimiso esibhaliwe esibonisa ngokuqondiswe ukuthi izisebenzi zizokhethwa kanjani ukuze zivuselelwe. Inqubo kufanele isekelwe ezicini ezihlobene nomsebenzi futhi ibukezwe ngeseluleko esingokomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho esebenzayo yokucwasana. Gwema noma yiluphi ulimi oluthi inkathi yobudala, umhlala-phansi, noma “italentana elincane.”

Sebenzisa Indlela Yokunquma Enenjongo Nelinganisayo

Izindinganiso ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Isilinganiso sokusebenza samuva
  • Amakhono nezimfanelo ezifanelana ngokuqondile nezindima ezisele
  • Amarekhodi olwazi oluyimfihlo
  • Amarekhodi ababa khona
  • Ukuba mdala (lapho kusetshenziswa njengesici esingathathi hlangothi, hhayi njengekhasi lokugunyaza ubudala)

Qiniseka ukuthi izimpawu zilinganiswa kahle futhi zisetshenziswa ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izisebenzi eziseqenjini elithintekile.

Qeqesha Ukucwaswa Kweminyaka

Abaphathi nochwepheshe be-HR kufanele baqeqeshwe njalo ngemithetho yokucwasana ngeminyaka, ubandlululo olungekho mthethweni, nezinqubo zokuzimela ezilungile. Ukuqeqesha kufanele kugcizelele ukuthi izibalo zeminyaka yobudala zivamile [1] Njenge “izisebenzi ezindala azinazo isayensi yobuchwepheshe” noma“izisebenzi ezindala zibiza kakhulu” [1] Azizikwazi ukuzikhethela.

Xoxa Nochwepheshe Bezomthetho

Ngaphambi kokuqeda icebo lokudiliva, xhumana nommeli osebenza ngemisebenzi okhetha abantu abagugile. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma ukudilizwa kungase kuthinte izisebenzi esezikhulile ngokungenakulinganiswa, ngisho noma lezo zimo zibonakala zingathathi hlangothi. Ukubukezwa okungokomthetho kungasiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezingase zibangele ukuhlukana futhi kulungise leli cebo ngokufanelekile.

Qikelela Izimfuneko Zokupheka Ngokucophelela

E-US, uma umqashi enikeza inhlawulo ehlukile ngokulahla amalungelo e-ADEA, i-OWBPA ibeka izimfuneko eziqinile: isisebenzi kumelwe sinikezwe okungenani izinsuku ezingu-21 ukuba sicabangele (izinsuku ezingu-45 zokudilizwa kweqembu), izinsuku eziyisikhombisa zokuyeka ngemva kokusayina, kanye nokwaziswa okuningiliziwe ngezisebenzi ezikhethiwe futhi ezingakhethwanga, kuhlanganise nezingazo. Ukungavumelani nemithetho kungambangela ukuba angasebenzi, abeke umqashi icala.

Cabanga Ngezindlela Zokuzithandela Zokukhetha

Uma kungenzeka, nikeza umhlalaphansi wokuzithandela noma amaphasela ngaphambi kokuba uthathe izintambo ezizifunele wona. Nokho, qaphela: Le zinhlelo kumelwe zibe ezokuzithandela ngempela futhi zingakwazi ukuphoqelela izisebenzi esezikhulile ukuba zihambe. i-OWBPA ibeka imithetho eqondile yezinhlelo ezinjalo. Ukuzikhulula okungahlosiwe kufanele kube yisixazululo sokugcina ngemva kokuhlola izindlela zokuzithandela.

Izinganekwane Ezivamile Ngokucwasana Kweminyaka Engalinganiyo

Ukungaqondi kahle ngemithetho yobandlululo lobudala kungaholela ezinqumweni ezimbi.

Inganekwane 1: Abaqashi bangakhetha njalo izisebenzi ezisezincane ukuze “zivuse” izisebenzi

Cha, ukusebenzisa ubudala njengesici esithandwayo sokuzigcina kuwubandlululo oluqondile. Abaqashi kumelwe benze izinqumo ezisekelwe ekufanelekeni nasemkhakheni ofanele umsebenzi, hhayi ebudala.

Inganekwane 2: Izisebenzi esezikhulile zibiza kakhulu futhi zingakhishwa kuqala ukuze zonge imali

Nakuba izisebenzi esezikhulile zingase zibe namaholo aphakeme ngenxa yokukhula, ukusebenzisa izindleko njengendinganiso akuyona isivikelo uma kuthinta ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu asebekhulile avikelwe. I - ADEA nemithetho efanayo ivikela izisebenzi esezikhulile ekudilizweni okusekelwe entengweni ngaphandle kokuba umqashi angabonisa isidingo esiqotho sebhizinisi esingenakufinyelelwa ngezindlela eziphansi zobugebengu.

Inkolelo - ze 3: Ukubukeza komsebenzi ngaso sonke isikhathi kunenjongo

Izibalo zendlela yokusebenza zingaba nokuvumelana nobudala. Uma isisebenzi esesikhulile siye sathola ukubukezwa okuhle okuqhubekayo kodwa ngokungazelele sibekwa isigwebo esingafanele ngaphambi nje kokususwa, lokho kuyifulege elibomvu. Abaqashi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi izimpawu zokusebenza zisekelwe ebufakazini obuqondile, obubhaliwe futhi azithonywa ubandlululo olungaboni.

Inganekwane 4: Abaqashi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu - 40 abanazo izivikelo

In the US, the ADEA only protects those 40 and older. However, many states have laws that also protect younger workers from age discrimination. For example, in New York, the state Human Rights Law protects all individuals over 18 from age discrimination. In the UK and EU, protections apply to all ages, meaning younger workers can also bring claims if they are treated unfairly due to their age.

Izinyathelo Abaqashi Okufanele Bazithathe Uma Bengakunaki Ukucwaswa Kweminyaka Bengasasebenzi

Izisebenzi esezikhulile ezikholelwa ukuthi zazikhethwe ngokungafanele ukuze zivuselelwe kufanele zithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha. Izinyathelo ezilandelayo zingasiza ekulondolozeni amalungelo angokomthetho:

  1. Uxwebhu lonke [: Gcina amakhophi azo zonke izinkulumo ezihlobene nokususwa, kuhlanganise nama-imeyili, imisebenzi, namaphuzu avela emihlanganweni. Khuphela izimpawu zokukhetha ezisetshenziswa nanoma yiziphi izinkulumo ezihlobene nobudala ezenziwa yimaneja.
  2. Icela inqubo yokukhetha ibhukwana: Cela i-HR incazelo ebhaliwe yendlela izisebenzi ezithola ngayo izibalo nokuthi kungani ukhethiwe. Ezizweni eziningi, abaqashi kumelwe bakunike lokhu uma ucela, ikakhulukazi uma ulindele okuthile.
  3. Sekela izilinganiso[: Uma kungenzeka, qoqa ukwaziswa ngeminyaka yalabo abakhishwe kanye nalezo ezigciniwe. Umehluko wezibalo ongaqinisa ukugoma.
  4. Uhele wesikhalo esifike ngesikhathi[: Xhumana nenxusa elifanele ngokushesha. Ungalindi ngalé kosuku olumisiwe.
  5. Ikhomishane ummeli wemisebenzi [: Amacala okucwasa ngeminyaka angayinkimbinkimbi. Ummeli ojwayelene kulendawo angahlola ubufakazi, anikeze icebo ngenkambo engcono kakhulu, futhi akumele ezinqubweni.
  6. Ungasayini isivumelwano sokwehlukana ngaphandle kokubukeza : Uma umqashi enikeza imvume yokukhipha imvume, yenza isivumelwano sibukezwe ummeli ngaphambi kokuba asayine. Qiniseka ukuthi sihambisana nezimfuneko ezingokomthetho (njenge-OWBPA e-US).

Ikusasa Lobandlululo Lweminyaka Liyalahlwa

Njengoba amanani abantu emazweni amaningi athuthukile eqhubeka ekhula, futhi njengoba i-CVLE iholela ekuvulweni okuvamile, ukucwaswa kweminyaka kuzohlala kusebenza kakhulu. Ukuthambekela kokuvulela phambili kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa okwandayo kwesinqumo somthetho-mthetho ekwenzeni izintambo, njengoba amathuluzi e-Al asetshenziselwa ukuhlela izisebenzi kungenzeka ukuthi ahlola ukungalingani kobudala. Ama-Regural aseqaphelisa kakade. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EOC iqale izinyathelo zokukhuluma ngokulunga komthetho ngaphansi kwe-ADEA. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqedazwe wabona isikhala se-khalo esihlobene nokucwasana okungokongalawuleki okuqhubekayo. Inkampani efaka izimali eziqinile, i-earnaral - replanatedism ayigwema nje kuphela kodwa futhi igcina ulwazi olubalulekile nezisebenzi.

Isiphetho

Imithetho yokukhetha iminyaka inikeza izisebenzi isivikelo esibalulekile phakathi nokukhishwa kwemisebenzi nokuvuselelwa kweminyaka, iqinisekisa ukuthi ubudala abusona isithiyo sokuphathwa ngokufanele. Noma ngaphansi kwe-ADEA e-United States, i-Eality Act eUnited Kingdom, noma imithetho efanayo emhlabeni wonke, lemithetho ifuna ukuba abaqashi basekele izinqumo ezilula ngenhloso, izimiso ezihlobene nomsebenzi kunezindinganiso zobudala. Ngokwazi amalungelo abo nezinyathelo zokuziphoqelela zingawenza kube nomehluko onzima ekufuneni ubulungisa. Abaqashi, bamukela imithetho esobala, futhi abangakwazi ukuvumelana nomthetho kuphela kodwa bakha nempucuko yokuhlonipha okusiza bonke abantu abaphila iminyaka yobudala. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa lezi zikhungo, izinhlangano zingashintsha izimo zabo, futhi zingazizwa zingenathemba ukuthi abasebenzi abazokwazi ukumelana nobudala.