Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Elungisa Ngayo Ukusetshenziswa Kwamaphoyisa Kobuchwepheshe Bokwazi Izinkolo

Ubuchwepheshe bokuqashelwa kobuso (FRT) buye bavela njengenye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu − nezindawo ezilawula umthetho wanamuhla. Ngokufanayo noma ngokuqopha izithombe ezimelene nezindawo zokuhlola ezaziwayo, izinhlangano zamaphoyisa zingaveza abasolwayo, ukuthola abantu abalahlekile, noma ukuqinisekisa i-screcutis ngemizuzwana. Kodwa ubuchwepheshe obufanayo obusheshisa ukuhlola okujulile futhi buphakamisa ukukhathazeka okukhulu mayelana nendawo eyimfihlo, ukucwasana kwezinhlanga, kanye namandla kahulumeni okuhlasela. E-United States, lapho isiqondiso sikahulumeni sihlala simbalwa, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni seziye zaba indawo eyinhloko zokuhlela imithetho elawula ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa e-FRT. Lesi sihloko sihlola isimo samanje somthetho wezwe, ithonya lawo emikhubeni yezokusebenza, nezingxoxo ezizokudala izinhlelo zezokusebenza.

Ukuqonda Ubuchwepheshe Obuqashelwayo Emsebenzini Wamaphoyisa

Izimiso zokuqapha ezibukwayo zincike ezimisweni ezijulile zokudweba i-geometry ekhethekile yobuso .I-distances phakathi kwamehlo, isimo somhlathi, ukuma kwemihlathi, futhi uqhathanise ukuthi leli thuluzi limelene nezithombe ezigciniwe kuhulumeni noma kuthengiselwano zezentengiselwano. Izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqapha zisebenzisa iFRT ngezindlela eziningana: ukuhlola ukuhlelwa kwezithombe zomphakathi, ukuhlolwa kwezithombe ezisolwa noma ilayisenselo lomshayeli, nokuzivivinya ngokuzimela ngezithombe ze-layisensi ezisemzimbeni, kanye nokuzimela ezisemzingeni ezisemzingeni ezisemzimbeni ezigcinelwe ngokunenzuzo. Impumelelo ephakeme yezokuphumelela, njengokuphawula izibhecelo ezibhexwe kubantwana abadukile ezimayela emakhaya kanye nemikhayani elikhulu. Lezokuqandayo, ukuqondisa okungamelwa kakhulu.

Iminyango yamaphoyisa ivame ukuvikela i-FRT njengenye futhi umthofu wophengululo, hhayi isiphetho sokugcina. Iphikisa ngokuthi ifana isetshenziselwa ukuveza imbangela okungenzeka ukuba ifaneleke, hhayi njengobufakazi obuqinile. Kodwa amaqembu enkululeko yomphakathi, kuhlanganise ne-ACLU ne-Electronic Frontiple Foundation, ibala ukuthi ngisho nendinganiso engenzeka ingaholela ekuboshweni ngokuphamba lapho i-algoriththime engaphansi inephutha. Bakhomba izenzakalo ezifana nekaRobert Williams, indoda emnyama eboshwe ngokungafanele eDetroit ngemva kokuqashelwa kobuso obungavumelani luka mvume wakhe womshayeli. Izenzakalo ezinjalo zinezinganiso zemithetho ehoxiwe ukuba zenze lapho i-Congressstery ingasebenzi.

Umsebenzi Owumshiqela Womthetho KaHulumeni

Ngoba i-United States ayinawo umthetho kahulumeni obanzi eFRT, izifundazwe ziye zathatha izindlela ezihlukene ngokungenazimiso. Ezinye ziye zamisa ukuvinjelwa okuqondile noma izikhundla zokuvinjelwa, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zamisa izimfuneko ze-procedical $warted, imibiko yokubona, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo, ukucwasana kwemibono, ukuncishiswa kwenani lamaphoyisa (nedlanzana eliye lashiya amaphoyisa ekhululekile ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ngokungaphathi kahle. Umphumela uyindawo esemthethweni ehlukene edala izinselele zobuchwepheshe nabadayisigeqeqe.

Imibuso Enemingcele Enamandla Kakhulu

[[NTLT: 0] Imvume ayikafiki, ikwenza i-morachaets iphinde yadlulisa omunye wemithetho evimbela kakhulu yezwe ngo-2020, inqabela amaphoyisa nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukusebenzisa i-FRT ngokuqondile ngaphandle kokuba isiphathi-sigunyazo sigunyaze. Imvume ikhona, ukusungula i-moracharation ehlala isebenza. Umthetho futhi uvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobuso esiyalweni sokuyala esikoleni nokugcinwa kwezindawo. [[FLT:] [FLT:]VT]VT[FLT][12] walandela indlela efanayo, umthetho ovimbelayo ekusebenziseni iFRT ngaphandle kwezimoto ngaphandle kwezimo ezimfaye zecala elilahlekileyo, ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe ngisho nokusetshenziswa imvume yecala ezindaweni zomphakathi, futhi nokuhlola okungakhokhwatshwe ngokusemthethweni. [FLT]

IMibuso Enezimfuneko Ezinhle Nemithetho Elawulayo

Izigodi eziningi ziye zayeka ukuvimbela kodwa zamisa izivikelo eziphakeme. New York ngo-2021] kwadingeka amaphoyisa ukuba athole imvume ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-FRT kunoma yiyiphi injongo yokuhlola, ngaphandle kwezimo eziphuthumayo ezifana nokuthumba okusebenzayo. Umthetho wadala futhi ibhodi lokuqaphela ubuso obusesilinganisweni ukuze abubukeze ukukhononda nokulunga. [[[FLT:]] i-Shyton[[[FLT:]] idlulisa umthetho ku-2020 odinga noma i-FRT esetshenziswayo ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izimpawu ze-FRT ukuze kukhishwe izimpawu zenhlo, amazinga eqondile ngenxa yezindawo ezihlukene, nanoma iziphi iziphi izingozi. Izinhlelo eziwumphumela zivimbela ukuqashelwa ([FFT:]) futhi ngaphandle kokuqanda izingozi komthetho womphakathi.[FFoctive produs] uma kusetshenziswa noma izinhlelo ezithile zomphakathi zezimiso zomphakathi.[F.[F] [enyunyunyunyu]

Imibuso Evumela Ukusetshenziswa Ngokuqondisa Kokukhanya

.TY] kanye u-Florida umelela ukuphela kokuyekelela okukhulu kohlangothi. iTexas ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba asebenzise i-FRT kulayisense yomshayeli nezithombe zokuhlukanisa, nakuba umthetho uvimbela ukuhlanganisa leyo mininingwane nabaphathi bezwe abavela kwamanye amazwe. I-Florida ayinawo umthetho owenqabela abantu kodwa ikhuthaza iminyango yokwamukela izindinganiso zokuzithandela zokubika ngokunelisa. Ngokwenqubo, iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa aseFlorida, njenge-Pinellas County Sheriffat’s Office, isebenzisa njalo izithombe zezincwadi nezimpawu ezisolekayo ezisobala. i-Joniachiachia [FLD:] ivumela isimo sayo sokuhlola i-Foctivemotion ukuba isebenzise i-mmodurase i-mmotion ye-mmoogrotry, futhi ingekho imvume yokuhlola yemithetho engcono kakhulu kwezenye esemthethweni, futhi ivumela ukuba ikhiphe izimvume engcono

Ithonya Lomthetho KaHulumeni Emikhubeni Yezombangazwe

Umphumela oshesha kakhulu wemithetho kahulumeni evimbelayo uye waba ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kwezinhlangano zamaphoyisa ezingaphansi kwaleyomithetho. EMassachusetts, ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kuye kwaphoqelela iminyango eyayiyisebenzise ngaphambili kwezobuchwepheshe . Njenge-Boston Police Department . Ukuthembela ezindleleni ezindala zokuhlola njengemigqa yezandla nemidwebo ehlangene. Nakuba amaqembu amaqembu amaqembu avamile azisa ukugubha ukuncipha kokugada, ezinye izikhulu zomthetho zikhathazekile ngokuphenywa isikhathi eside noma ukuphuthelwa. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili amahlanu anezinqubo zokuhlola ezingokomthetho kwathola ukuthi izinhlangano ezisezifundeni ezihlukene zazingawasebenzisi kakhulu amaFRT ezinda ezindaweni eziyekelelayo. Nokho, ukuhlola kwaphawula ukuthi eziningi zalezo zinkampani zazingakaze ziphelelwengakuhlengazekwe ukwehla ezingeni elisobala lobugebengu obunobudlova.

Ezindabeni ezinezimfuneko zokugunyazwa, amaphoyisa kuye kwadingeka alungise ukusebenza kwawo. Ukuthola imvume yokwahlulela kuthatha isikhathi (ngokuvamile), futhi kudinga indinganiso esobala kakhulu kunokumane ulinganise. Eminye iminyango iye yaphendula ngebuso obungaphambili ngesandla ngaphambi kokuba icele imvume, kuyilapho eminye iye yaqala ukusebenzisa i-FRT kuphela ezimweni eziphezulu njengezokuthumba noma izinsongo zamaphekula. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukuhlola okukhishwe kuyiJournal of Law & Technology kwathola ukuthi irective-rement izibalo ze-procespectal yabona ukwehla kwe 25% ye-RTS (umkt., uphawu lokuhlola ngezenzo ezincane) kodwa akukho ukwehla kwezingathwini ezihlobene nobudlova. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi izimfuneko zokuhlulwa ngaphandle kokuphethwa okungadingekile.

Ngokuphambene, ezifundazweni ezingaqondi kakhulu, i-FRT isiye yagxila kakhulu kumsebenzi wansuku zonke wobupolisa. EFlorida, amanye amanxusa asebenzisa amakhamera e-layisense e-FRT ukuze ahlole ubuso babaphathi nabagibeli ngesikhathi sangempela. Abagxeki baphikisa lolu hlobo “lobumondi” ukubanda kokukhuluma ngokukhululekile nokuphazamisa imiphakathi yemibala, lapho amaphutha ephezulu khona. Ukucwaninga kwe-Georgetown’s Center on Ancystlym & Technology kwathola ukuthi emikhakheni engenamingcele, abantu abamnyama babebange ngokuphindwe kathathu kunabamhlophe ukuba bathathe indivane ngempoqo ngezimiso ze-FRT. Le mithetho ehlukene iye yaba impikiswano enkulu kakhulu yabameleli bezempisayo kahulumeni.

Izinselele Ezingokomthetho Nezobuchwepheshe Ezisalokhu Zikhona

Ngisho nalapho kunemithetho eqinile, ukugcinwa nokuthotshelwa kwemithetho kuhlala kunzima. Izimiso eziningi zidinga ukuhlolwa kobandlululo, kodwa ayikho indinganiso kahulumeni yalokho okuhlanganisa ukunemba okwamukelekayo. I-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) iye yakhipha i-protocol ebanzi yokuhlola, futhi ezinye izifundazwe, njenge California, iye yathatha izimemo ze-Nstistberkers njengengxenye yemithetho yazo yokuthola imali. Nokho, ubuchwepheshe bushintsha ngokushesha kunomthetho (*) abaqondisi bahlaziya izinombolo zabo kaningi, bekwenza kube nzima ukuba indikimba ye-accomparement ihambisane. Umbiko we-2024 ovela ku-Ropera ye-APrivertives Accompacy Office wathola ukuthi inombolo egcwele kakhulu yeminyaka emibili edlule.

Enye impikiswano engaxazululwanga isetshenziswa “izinto zobuzwe ezizimele” noma izinhlelo ezihlukene. Izifundazwe eziningi zivumela amaphoyisa ukuba angene kwizithombe zelayisense yomshayeli, i-mugshot, futhi ngisho nezithombe ezivela kumphakathi wezokuxhumana − ngokuvamile ngaphandle kwemvume yomuntu. Abasekeli benkululeko yomphakathi baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kwakha ingosi ye-othomo ye-othomo yeze-othomu yeze-othom (BIPA) ebeke ibhande ibhande ephezulu, ifuna imvume ebhaliwe ngaphambi kokuba noma isiphi isibalo seze-biometic data, kodwa i-BPA ayisebenzisi ngokuqondile izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zifinyelele izimemezelo eziphikisanayo ukuthi umthetho ungathola yini ukwaziswa okuphathelene nendawo yomthetho, njengezindawo zokuthengisa, njengezindawo zezitolo ezingenamthetho.

Ukuqonda futhi kusalokhu kuyisisulu esinyakazayo. Nakuba ukuhlola kwe-NIST kubonisa ukuthi amanani emithetho yezentengiselwano angcono kakhulu ngokuphawulekayo. Ngokungaphezulu, amazinga okuhlola ezinye izimiso aye ehla ngezansi kuka-0.1.% kuwo wonke amaqembu amanani abantu kusukela ngo-201818.(leyo miphumela isekelwe kwizithombe ezilawulwayo zesayensi yezindawo zokucwaninga. Izimo zezwe (izibani, amakhamera aphansi-alulwembu, izifihla-ze zelanga) alulaza amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlolwa kwe-Mit Media Lab kwathola ukuthi ngisho nemithetho engaphezulu-intshiyeni eqondene kakhulu lapho izingane noma izihloko zakudala. UJason Schultz, umqondisi we-NU Technology Law & Policlinic, uyaphawula: “Izibuko le-lativissssssss) liphelelwa isikhathi sosuku olumisiwe. Abakhi bohlelo badinga ukuthatha futhi babuye baphinde bandise ukuphuma.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Lokho Okuseza Ngenxa Yomthetho KaHulumeni

Igagasi elilandelayo lomthetho kahulumeni cishe ligxile ezindaweni ezintathu: ukuqapha kwangempela, ukuqondisa okuzimele, nokungangeni kokwaziswa. Kakade, abakhi bomthetho Minnesota kanye nokuncintisana [[[FLT:]]] kusungule izikwele zokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kobuso okuqhubekayo ezithubeni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi “ukuqapha” ngabagxeki. Lezi zidinga amaphoyisa ukuba asuse noma ikuphi ukudla okubamba umphakathi jikelele, kulinganisele ukuhlola ngesiqinisekiso. Izicelo ezinjalo zibuyekeza i-AIULC, umthetho owenziwayo ukusebenzisa izimpawu ze-injini ye-injini yemvelo enziwa umphakathi.

Okunye ukuthambekela okukhulayo ukusungulwa kwamabhodi azimele, afana nawaseNew York. Lamabhodi ngokuvamile anamandla angaphansi kwe-Protena, angahlola ama-FRT log, futhi akhiphe imibiko yomphakathi ngamazinga ahlukene nangamaphutha. Ngo-2023, i-Maryland yaba yizwe lokuqala ukufuna ukuba noma isiphi isofthiwe i-FRT ithotshwe i-ftoid encintiwe ngokwayo yaminyaka yonke, futhi imiphumela ibekwe kuyi-intanethi. I-ACLUS, i-Maryluland ikhandwe njengendlela yokwakha ukwethemba umphakathi ngesikhathi esavumela ezobuchwepheshe ukuba zisetshenziswe ngendlela ehloniphekile.

Ukugcinwa kwemininingwane kungumngcele wesithathu. Okwamanje, iminyango eminingi yamaphoyisa igcina izithombe ku-FRT ihlola kuze kube phakade, kanye namarekhodi ka-RT ohlolwayo kanye nesizathu. Izikweleti zombuso eziningi manje ziveza ukukhishwa kwemibhalo egciniwe engatholi zincwadi ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-90 ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuthunywa okuye kwanda kancane kancane ngalé kophendlo lokuqala. idlulise umthetho ngo-2024 ifuna ukuba zonke izingobo zophendlo zibhulwe ngezinyanga ezingu-12 ngaphandle kokuba kusale icala livuliwe. Abameleli balethemba baba yindinganiso yesizwe.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Nenkululeko Yangaphakathi

Umthetho kahulumeni wokusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa kobuchwepheshe bokuqapha ubuso uye wakhula kusukela ekukhathazekeni kakhulu kuya enkingeni enkulu yempikiswano ngomthetho wezobupolisa nobuchwepheshe. Imithetho enziwayo manje ebonisa ukuthi i-Melika ifuna isikhathi eside ukuhlolwa kwezimiso zenqubo. Amanye amazwe aye akhetha ukuvimbela ithuluzi ngokuqondile; amanye amise izinqolobane eziqinile zokuqapha; futhi amanye aseyamukele ngokungaqondi kahle. Ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi izimfuneko ezimisiwe nokweqiniswa kokubonakala kwamandla okunganembile ngaphandle kokukhubazeka ukubekelwa kwemithetho ekhonweni lokuxazulula ubugebengu obungathi sína. Ngalesosikhathi, ukuyekelela kuphawula ukuthi amaqembu ezinhlanga awaziwa kakade awaziwawa.

Njengoba abamisi-mthetho bamazwe beqhubeka ngamabomu phezu kohlelo lwesizwe olunjengalolo oluhlongozwayo UMthetho wokwamukelwa , izimo ziyosala izimboni eziyinhloko zokusungula uhlelo lwezimiso. Imithetho ephumelela kakhulu ihlanganisa ukuhlolwa okuzimele, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, kanye nokubika obala okusemqoka okusemthethweni ukuze kuvuselelwe izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukwaziswa okuvamile futhi asikhanga iseluleko somthetho. Imithetho iyahluka-hluka ngokobuphathi futhi idinga ukushintshwa. Emibuzweni ethile, thinta ummeli ofanelekayo noma imithombo yemithetho yendawo.