Table of Contents

Isivikelo esilinganayo siyisisekelo somthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseMelika, siqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bathola ukuphathwa ngokulunga nangokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. I-Umeal Protection Clause yeSichibiyelo se-Dimension se-14th siyasebenza kohulumeni bezwe, kuyilapho iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yachaza i-Gastry Resmendingment Claus's Procementation ifuna isivikelo esifanayo kuhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni. Ukuqonda indlela yokuqaphela ukwephulwa kwalesimiso esiyisisekelo kubalulekile kubalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi, ekusekeleni ubulungisa, nasekubekeni izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinecala. Le siqondiso esibanzi sihlola izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubona isivikelo esilinganayo, kusukela emikhubeni esobala yokuchaphaka ubugebengu ezindaweni ezingabonakali zokuphathwa ngokungafanele.

Ukuqonda Isivikelo SikaClaus Esilinganayo

I-Expand Claus yabekwa phambili ngemva kweMpi Yombango ngo-1868, i-Umeal Protection Claus yayihloselwe ukunqanda izifundazwe ekuhlukaniseni abansundu, kodwa umbhalo ka-Claus ubekwe kabanzi kakhulu futhi uthathelwe phambili enjongweni yawo yokuqala. I-Group ithi akukho mbuso ozothi "wamukeleka kunoma yimuphi umuntu ongaphansi kwawo ukuvikelwa okulinganayo kwemithetho." Le nkulumo ebonakala iveza ukuchazwa okubanzi komthetho nomsebenzi wayo eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-150.

Inombolo elinganayo yesivikelo ibalulekile ekuvikeleni amalungelo omphakathi. Iye yasebenza njengesisekelo sezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ezaqeda ukwahlukaniswa kohlanga, amalungelo okuvota, ukukhuliswa kwelungelo lobulili, ukulingana kwamalungelo omshado kwanwetshwa kubantu abashadile abangokobulili obufanayo.

Ubungako Besivikelo Esilinganayo

Nakuba ekuqaleni i - Expand Protection Claus iye yanda ukuze ivikele abantu ekucwaseni okusekelwe ezicini eziningi. uhlanga nemvelaphi yobuzwe kubhekwa njengezindawo okusolwa ngazo, kodwa iNkantolo iye yakholelwa nokuthi ubulili, ukufuduka, nesikhundla somshado lapho izalwa kufanelekile njengezindawo ezicatshangelwayo. Ububanzi besivikelo buyaqhubeka buvela njengoba izinkantolo zicabangela imibuzo emisha ngokuphathelene nokuthi yiziphi izigaba ezifanelwe ukuvikelwa kakhulu ekuphathweni ngezobuhlanga.

Akuzona zonke izinhlobo zokwehlukaniswa okungokomthetho okungekhona okungokomthetho, njengoba izinkantolo zivumela ohulumeni ukuba bahlukanise abantu uma ubandlululo luhlangabezana nezindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimfuneko zobudala zezincwadi zokushayela noma zokuvota zivunyelwe ngoba zifeza izinjongo ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni futhi zihlobene ngokufanelekile nalezozinhloso. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi ukuhlelwa kwabantu kulungile yini futhi ukuthi kuphathwa ngendlela efanayo yini abantu ababekwe ngokwehlukile ngaphandle kokulunga.

Izimfuneko Eziyisisekelo Zokwephula Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo kudinga ukuqonda okumelwe kuqinisekiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isiqinisekiso somthetho-sisekelo sephulwe. Ukusungula ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo, umkhangisi kumelwe abonise ubandlululo olunenjongo oluqondiswe esigabeni esisobala noma esisolwayo, lapho amakilasi echazwa ngezici zomuntu othile, ngokwesibonelo, ubulili, ukudabuka, noma uhlanga.

Imfuneko Engaqondile

Esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zomthetho olinganayo wesivikelo yimfuneko yenhloso yokukhipha ubandlululo. Ubufakazi benhloso yobandlululo lobuhlanga budingeka ukuze kuboniswe ukwephulwa kwe-Elinganayo Protection Clause. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthetho noma umthetho onomphumela wobandlululo awuhambisani nomthetho ngaphandle kokuba uthathwe ngenjongo yokukhipha icala.

Izimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela zilinganisela izenzo ezisekelwe kuhlanga ngenhloso kuphela, futhi izimpawu ezithi ngephutha zithinte iqembu lohlanga (ngezinye izikhathi elibizwa ngokuthi igalelo elihlukile) azinakuhlolwa ngokuqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, inzuzo kahulumeni enikezwayo esekelwe eholweni ayinakuhlolwa ngokunemba ngisho noma amalungu eqembu elithile lohlanga elingakakufanelekeli kakhulu ukuzuza, uma nje imfuneko yeholo ingamukelwanga ngenxa yezizathu zokungasebenzisi izimpawu zomthetho.

Ngokuvamile, ubandlululo lwenhloso lwenzeka lapho okungenani umuntu ethatha isinyathelo, ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma ubuzwe, noma umsuka walabo okuthiwa bayizisulu zokuphathwa ngobandlululo. Isisusa sobandlululo akudingeki kube ukuphela kwesizathu salesisenzo, kodwa kumelwe kube isici esishukumisayo.

Ukuthola Abantu Abafanayo Abakhona

Iphuzu elibalulekile ekuqapheleni ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo ukunquma ukuthi abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu akhona yini. Uma izigigaba okukhulunywa ngazo zingekho, ngeke kube khona ukwephulwa kwesivikelo esifanayo.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni zokucwasa emsebenzini, izisebenzi ezisendaweni efanayo zingaba yilezo ezinemisebenzi elinganayo, izimfanelo, kanye namarekhodi aphathelene nomsebenzi. uma umqashi ephatha izisebenzi ezimbili ezinezici ezifanayo ngokwehlukile ezisekelwe esicini esivikelwe njengohlanga noma ubulili, lokhu kusikisela ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo.

Izinga Elithathu Lobucukuthwane Bokwahlulela

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukene okuhlola ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi umthetho ongase unikeze umthetho umthetho wokwephula umthetho uyasebenza yini. Ukuqonda la mazinga okuhlola kubalulekile ukuze wazi ukuthi izabelo zikahulumeni ziyongqubuzana nini nezimiso ezilinganayo zokuvikela. Izinga lokuhlola elisetshenziswayo lixhomeke ohlotsheni lohlelo oluhilelekile futhi linqume ukuthi kuyoba nzima kangakanani ngohulumeni ukuthethelela izenzo zakhe.

Ukucwaninga Okuqinile

Uma umthetho, imithetho, noma esinye isenzo sikahulumeni sisakaza imithwalo noma izinzuzo ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ubuzwe, noma umsuka wesizwe, izinkantolo zizakuphoqa ukucindezela, "ukuhlolwa kwamafu," futhi zidlulise ukuhlolwa okuqinile, umthetho kumelwe uhlolwe ngokulinganiselwe ukuze ufeze isithakazelo sikahulumeni esinamandla. Leli izinga elifuna kakhulu lokubukezwa futhi lichazwa njengelishoyo nelengozi ngempela ngenxa yokuthi imbalwa imithetho esindayo kulelizinga lokuhlola.

Ukuhlolwa okufanayo kuyasebenza ukuthi izinhlelo zobuhlanga zihloselwe ukuzuzisa noma ukulimaza iqembu lohlanga, futhi ukuhlolisisa okuqinile kuyasebenza futhi ukuthi izimpawu zohlanga ziwukuphela kwezimiso ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlukanisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nezinhlelo ezihloselwe ukuxazulula ubandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule kumelwe zihlangabezane nalendinganiso eqinile.

Nokho, yonke imingcele engokomthetho evimbela amalungelo omphakathi eqembu lohlanga olulodwa ngokushesha isolwa futhi kumelwe ihlolwe ngokuqine kakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi isidingo somphakathi esicindezelayo singase sithethelele ukuba khona kwemingcele enjalo. uhulumeni unomthwalo wokufakazela kokubili ukuthi isithakazelo sawo siyaphoqelela nokuthi izindlela ezikhethiwe zihlotshaniswa ngokulinganiselwe ukuze kufinyelelwe lesosithakazelo.

Ukuhlolwa Okuphakathi

Ukuhlolwa kweminye imigomo kusebenza enqunyweni, ikakhulukazi esekelwe ebulilini. Ukuhlelwa kwendlela ngokwezitho zomuntu besilisa nabesifazane kumelwe kufeze izinjongo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni futhi kumelwe kuhlobene kakhulu nokufezwa kwaleyo migomo. Lendinganiso ayidingeki kakhulu kunokuhlolisisa ngokuqinile kodwa inzima kakhulu kunokubukeza okunengqondo.

Izindawo ezifuna ukuvikela izenzo zikahulumeni ezisekelwe ebulilini kumelwe zibonise ukuthethelela okunamandla kakhulu kwalesosenzo, futhi ukuthethelela kumelwe kube okuqotho futhi kungabi yikona okuncike kakhulu ekubekeni iziphiwo ezihlukahlukene, amakhono, noma izintando zabesilisa nabesifazane. Lokhu kuvimbela uhulumeni ukuba athembele ezinkonzweni ezivamile noma ezinqunyelwaneni zobufandala ukuze athethelele ukuphatha kobulili.

Ukubukeza Okuyisisekelo Kwe - lapnal

Imithetho eminingi ihlolwa ngaphansi kwesisekelo esibizwa ngokuthi "isisekelo esisemthethweni," lapho noma isiphi isizathu esizwakalayo nesingokomthetho sobandlululo sanele ukusenza sibhalwe ngomthetho-sisekelo. Lena indinganiso elula kakhulu yokubukeza futhi isebenza ezinhlangothini ezingahileli izigaba ezisolwayo noma amalungelo ayisisekelo.

Uma ama-patheff engekho amalungu esigaba esisolwayo (umz., iqembu labantu bomjaho ofanayo), indinganiso "yokuhlola" kumelwe isetshenziswe ekusho kwabo, futhi ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okunengqondo, ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kumelwe kube "ukucabangela futhi kungabi okungenamibandela, futhi kuncike esizathwini esithile somehluko ohambisana nomgomo womthetho, ukuze bonke abantu abasendaweni efanayo baphathwe ngokufanayo."

Izimpawu Ezivamile Zokwenqatshelwa Kwezigwebo Ezilinganayo

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo kudinga ukuqapha nokunaka izindlela zokwelapha ezihlukile.

Ukwelapha Okuhlukile Kwesimiso

Esinye sezimpawu ezicacile zokuvikelwa okulinganayo lapho iqembu elithile liphathwa ngendlela ehlukile kwabanye ngaphandle kokulunga okusemthethweni. Lokhu kungabonakala ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, kusukela emfundweni nasemsebenzini kuya ekwakheni izindlu nasekwenzeni ubulungisa bobugebengu. Lapho uhlola ukuthi kungenzeka ukwephulwa, funa izindlela lapho amalungu ezigaba ezivikelwe ethola khona ukuphathwa okungcono ngokuqhubekayo kunabantu abakwenye amaqembu.

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zisibonisa ngokucacile lesi simiso. EMcLaurin, eYunivesithi yase-Oklahoma yayamukele uMcLaurin, umNdoda wase-Melika, kodwa yayivimbele imisebenzi yakhe lapho: kwadingeka ahlale ngaphandle kwezingane ezisekilasini nasemtatsheni wezincwadi, futhi angadla ethekwini lokudlela kuphela etafuleni elimisiwe. Lokhu kuhlelwa kwesikhungo semfundo kwakumelela ukwephulwa okusobala kwesivikelo.

Imithetho Yokulahla Ubandlululo Nokuziphatha Okuhle

Ukuhlelwa kwezindawo okusobala kuwuhlobo olusobala lobufakazi benhloso yokukhipha ubandlululo, futhi uma lowo owamukelayo ebeka imvume eqondile yokuba kuthathwe izinzuzo noma izinkonzo zomsizi, umbala, noma umsuka wesizwe womenzi wendlalifa, noma aqondise isinyathelo esingafanele ukuba sithathwe ngokusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe, isimiso noma umkhuba onjalo wenza ukwahlukaniswa okucacile.

Lena imithetho ehlukanisa abantu ngokucacile ngenxa yezici ezivikelwe. Nakuba ubandlululo olunjalo olusobala lungavamile namuhla kunangaphambili, lusekhona. Izibonelo zingahlanganisa izinqubo eziphatha amadoda nabesifazane ngokucacile ngokwehlukile, noma izimiso ezisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene ezisekelwe ekudalweni kwesizwe. Uma uhlangana nomthetho noma inkambiso ekhuluma ngokuqondile ngohlanga, ubulili, noma esinye isici esivikelekile futhi esiphatha abantu ngokuhlukile, ungabuza ngokushesha ukuthi isephule isivikelo esifanayo yini.

Ubufakazi Bokungalingani

Nakuba ukuhlukanisa kukodwa kungabonisi ukuphulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo, kunganikeza ubufakazi obubalulekile benhloso yobandlululo. Igalelo lokuhlukanisa limane linenani elisobala; alikho "stark" indlela, "ukunquma akunqandeki" kodwa, uma umthetho uveza imiphumela ehlukene kakhulu emaqembu ezinhlanga noma amaqembu ezinhlanga, lokhu kungabangela ukuba kuhlolwe ngokwengeziwe ukuthi lomthetho wamukeleke ngenjongo yokuguqula.

Ithonya lobandlululo lokungathathi hlangothi ebusweni noma ukulingisa (kaningi, kodwa hhayi njalo, eliboniswa ngokusebenzisa izibalo) lingasetshenziswa njengengxenye yokubonisa okusobala endabeni yokucwasana ngenhloso. Ubufakazi bezibalo bubonisa ukuthi isimiso esingalingani sithinta amalungu esigaba esivikelekile singasiza ekutholeni ukuthi ubandlululo lwaluyisici esishukumisayo, ikakhulukazi uma sihlangene nobunye ubufakazi benhloso.

Imibandela Eqondile Evame Ukungqubuzana

Ukuqonda umongo lapho ukuphulwa kwemithetho ngokuvamile kuvame ukuvela kungakusiza ukuba ubone izinkinga okungenzeka ukuthi zibangelwa yinoma iyiphi indawo lapho isenzo sikahulumeni sithinta abantu ngendlela ehlukile.

Imfundo

Imfundo iye yaba isisekelo esiyinhloko sokuvikela isivikelo kusukela kwisinqumo seBrown ephawulayo v. ibhodi yemfundo. Kungakhathaliseki "ukulingana" kwezakhiwo, iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukwehlukana ngokwemvelo akulingani, futhi kanjalo ukuhlukaniswa kwesikole somphakathi okusekelwe ohlazweni kwatholakala ngokwephula iSiphendulo se-Ecult seSikhundlo se-14 seSiphendu sika Claus Clausle.

Namuhla, ukwephulwa kwezesivikelo okulinganayo kwemfundo kungase kuhlanganise nokuxhaswa kwezimali okungalingani ezikoleni ezikhonza izinqubo zobuhlanga noma zobuzwe ezihlukahlukene, ukuvunywa kobandlululo, ukutholakala ngokungenakulinganiswa kwezifundo ezithuthukile noma izinhlelo, noma imikhuba ehlukene yokuyala ethinta ngokungenakulinganiswa abafundi bezinhlanga ezithile noma ubulili. Izinhlelo zasekolishi ezazephula i - Encicle Protection Clause lapho bentula ngokwaneleyo futhi bengenayo imigomo efanelekile evumela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga, okungagwemeki, okuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanga ngendlela ephambene, futhi okungenawo amaphuzu anengqondo.

Umsebenzi Nemikhuba Eqabulayo

Lokhu kungathatha izindlela eziningi, kuhlanganise nokwenqaba ukuqasha noma ukukhuthaza abantu abafanelekayo abasekelwe ezicini ezivikelwe, ukukhokha iholo elihlukile lomsebenzi ofanayo osekelwe ebulilini noma ebuntwaneni, noma ukwakha izindawo eziqinile zokusebenza zamaqembu athile.

Bheka izindlela abafanelekayo abavela emakilasini avikelwe abadluliselwa njalo ezikhundleni noma ekukhushulisweni ukuze bathande abazobhapathizwa abangafaneleki abavela kwamanye amaqembu, izimfuneko zomsebenzi ezingadingekile ngempela ukuze umuntu athole isikhundla kodwa ezikhipha ngaphandle ngokungenakulinganiswa amaqembu athile, noma izimiso zemisebenzi eziphatha izisebenzi ezimiswe ngendlela ehlukile ezisekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile.

Ukukwazi Ukuthola Izinkonzo Nezinzuzo

Ukukwazi ukuthola izinkonzo zikahulumeni noma izinzuzo ezilinganayo kungaphazamisa isivikelo esifanayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukunqabela amaqembu athile ukuba angene ezikhungweni zomphakathi, ukunikeza izinkonzo eziphansi ezindaweni ezithile noma emiphakathini ethile, noma ukwenza izimfuneko ezilula zokuthola izinzuzo ezicwasa ezikhungweni ezivikelwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, uma idolobha linikeza amapaki aphakeme, imitapo yezincwadi, noma ezinye izindawo zomphakathi ezihlala abamhlophe kakhulu kuyilapho linikeza izindawo eziphansi ezindaweni eziphansi, lokhu kungaba ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo.

Ubulungisa Bobugebengu Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo

Isimiso somthetho wokwahlulela sinikeza amathuba amaningi okuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo. Abashayeli bezimoto baseLatino baphucwa amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo ngenxa yokuboshwa yinhlangano eqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ephethe "amaphoyisa aqaphile" noma "ukukhala" okusola i-Latinos ukuthi ikhona ngokungemthetho ezweni, futhi abaqondisi bomthetho abahileleke ekuvimbeleni i-Latinlanos ngokwezinhlanga ukuze kuvinjelwe izimoto.

Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho ngokungakhethi ngokumelene namaqembu athile ezinhlanga noma ezinhlanga, izigwebo ezinzima kumalungu athile enza ubugebengu obufanayo namalungu amanye amaqembu, nezindlela zokukhetha ukukhipha icala lomthetho wokukhetha amajaji. I-Uncimentimential Protection Claus yeSichibiyelo se 147 eMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States iqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuthi unelungelo lokuba abe namacala athathwa yijaji elikhululekile ekungeneni noma ekukhipheni imingcele, njengoba i-Constitution idinga "fair jajir jamp ekhethwe ngaphandle kobandlululo."

Izindlu Nezoning

Izibonelo ezingokomlando zihlanganisa izivumelwano ezivimbela ubuhlanga obuthiya abantu bezinhlanga ezithile ukuba bathenge noma bahlale ezindaweni ezithile.

Izindawo zanamuhla ezihlobene nokuvikelwa okufanayo zingahlanganisa izinqumo ezihlelekile zokungangeni zindawo ezithile ukuze kugcinwe igebe lobuhlanga noma kwezomnotho, ukukhokha ngobandlululo, noma ukugcinwa kwemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala. Ukucela imvume ekhethekile yekhaya elihlongozwayo labantu abaphazamisekile engqondweni kwaphucwa isivikelo esifanayo, nakuba abaphazamisekile engqondweni, njengeqembu, behlukile kwezabanye abantu abahlala endaweni ekhona.

Ukusebenzisa Impoqo Ngokukhetha Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Uhlobo oluthile lokwephulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo lwenzeka lapho imithetho iphoqelelwa ngendlela yokukhipha isigwebo — okubizwa ngokuthi ukugcinwa komthetho okungakhethi. Lokhu kwenzeka uma izikhulu zikahulumeni zisebenzisa imithetho engathathi hlangothi ngendlela ehlukile emaqenjini abantu ahlukahlukene asekelwe ezicini ezivikelekile.

Ukuqaphela Ukuzikhethela

Ukusetshenziswa ngokungafani komthetho obonakala ungenangozi ngezinye izikhathi kungaphula i - Exple Protection Clause, futhi ukuze kufakazelwe ukuvikelwa okulinganayo okusekelwe ekuqinisweni komthetho okungalingani, abamangalelwa kumelwe babonise (1) ukuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni sisiphatha ngokuhlukile kubantu abasesimweni esifanayo, (2) nokuthi uhulumeni usebenzisa ngokungenakulinganiswa imithetho (umk., imithetho, imithetho, imithetho) ngenjongo yokulahla abamangali.

Izibonelo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa zihlanganisa izikhulu zamaphoyisa ezivame ukumisa futhi ziphenye abashayeli bolunye uhlanga ngenxa yokwephulwa kweminye imigwaqo, abahloli abaphoqelela ukuphulwa kwemithetho ngokungenangqondo ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuyilapho benganaki ukwephulwa okufanayo kwezinye izindawo, noma abashushisi abamangalela amalungu eqembu elithile ngobugebengu kuyilapho bengafuni ukuqulisa amalungu angaphansi kwamaqembu afanayo.

Izibonelo Zokuzikhethela Okunengqondo

Lapho izinhlangano zasepaki zikhetha khona ngokunganaki ukungaphenyi noma ukuphishekela ukuvunyelwa abaninimakhaya abami ngendlela efanayo, ngokuyisisekelo benqaba ukuthatha isinyathelo esingokomthetho ngokumelene nabanye abaphuzi bemvume, zingaveza ukuthi abamangalelwa babephathwa ngokungakhethi.

Lapho inkampani yokwakha ikwazi khona ukuthola imvume yokwakha ngokuphumelela yezindawo zayo zokulala zesifundazezezelelo kuze kube yilapho leyonkampani iwina imvume yokufaka ikhemishi lokufaka ikheshi lesitolo sezwe, iketanga lokuthengisa laqeda ikhemikhali yegumbi lokulala le-othernet ye-octives, inkampani ekwaziyo ukuthola imvume yokwakha inkampani A, kanye nenkampani A assegees ukuthi ngokushesha ngemva kokuba ithole iketanga lentene, iCounty yayeka ukuvuma izicelo zayo zemvume, naphezu kwemisebenzi yenkampani i-A'ikhampanity's' yahlangana nemvume yezwe futhi yabekwa uphawu yinjiniyela kahulumeni abasemthethweni abasemthethweni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuba kugcinwe ngokunakekela okungenaphutha.

Ubufakazi Nobufakazi Bokungaqondi Kwabantu

Njengoba ukuveza inhloso yokukhipha ubandlululo kubalulekile ukuze kutholakale ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo, ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zobufakazi ezingabonisa injongo ebalulekile yokuqaphela ukwephulwa.

Ubufakazi Obuqondile Bokungaqondi

Indlela eqondile yobufakazi ihlanganisa amazwi avela kumenzi wesinqumo aveza isisusa sokukhipha ubandlululo. Lobu uhlobo olunamandla kakhulu lobufakazi kodwa aluvamile, njengoba abenzi besinqumo beqaphela ukuthi abahloniphi abahloniphi izisusa zomthetho.

Ubufakazi obuqondile bungahlanganisa ama-imeyili, imisebenzi, noma izinkulumo eziqoshiwe lapho izikhulu ziveza khona imibono yokukhipha icala noma zisho ngokucacile ukuthi zithatha isinyathelo ngenxa yohlanga lomuntu, ubulili, noma esinye isici esivikelekile. Kungahlanganisa nobufakazi obuvela kofakazi abazwa izinkulumo zobandlululo noma ukuziphatha kokucwasa kwabenzi besinqumo.

Ubufakazi Obuyinkimbinkimbi: Izici Zezindawo Ezisegazini

I - Arlington Heights iyindlela yobufakazi, ekuqaleni eyasungulwa ye - Aumeal Protection Clause mentment ment ments, esebenzisa izinhlobo eziningi ezihlukahlukene zobufakazi obungokwesimo obuthi, obuthathwa njengeqembu, bungabonisa ukuthi okungenani ngokwengxenye, lowo obutholayo wathatha isinyathelo ngenxa yohlanga, ibala, noma umsuka wezwe.

Inhloso yokulahla icala ingatholakala ngisho nalapho kungekho bufakazi obuqondile bokuthi abenzi besinqumo babenesisusa esibi, nezici ezingabonisa injongo yokukhipha ubandlululo zihlanganisa: (1) ithonya elihlukile lesenzo esingokomthetho; (2) isizinda esingokomlando sesinqumo; (3) ukulandelana okuqondile kwezenzakalo okuholela esinqumweni esiphikiswayo kuhlanganise nokushiya kukamenzi wesinqumo emithethweni yaso engokomthetho; kanye (4) nomlando wemithetho noma wokulawula.

Uma uhlola isenzo esingabangela ubandlululo, cabangela lezi zici ngokucophelela. Ingabe lesi senzo sinethonya elingalingani nakancane eqenjini elivikelekile? Ingabe kunomlando wobandlululo kulendawo noma kulomenzi wesinqumo? Ingabe umenzi wesinqumo washiya izinqubo ezivamile ngendlela ebangela ukuba iqembu elivikelwe lihlupheke? Izincwadi nezingxoxo ezihlobene nesinqumo zembulani ngezisusa?

Ubufakazi Obusekelwe Emibalweni

Nakuba izibalo kuphela zingayibonisi injongo yokubonisa ubandlululo, zingasungula izindlela zokubonisa ukuthi ubandlululo lwaluyimbangela eshukumisayo, kuhlanganise nobunye ubufakazi.

Ngokwesibonelo, ezicabeni zokukhetha abahluleli, ubufakazi bezibalo obubonisa ukubekwa kweqembu lohlanga okubalulekile bungasiza ekusunguleni ubandlululo. Ukusungula unqanyulo olufanayo lwesivikelo, ummangalelwa kumelwe aqale abonise ukuthi isigaba esihlukile noma iqembu liye lahlukaniswa futhi lahlukaniswa ngenxa yokuphathwa okuhlukile ngaphansi kwemithetho njengoba ibhalwe noma isetshenziswa, futhi ummangalelwa kumelwe abonise ukuthi izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo ekukhetheni abagcini bejaji ziye zaphumela ekumeleni okuqinile okungaphansi kwesigaba noma iqembu eliqashelweyo isikhathi esithile.

Ifulegi Elibomvu Eliyisimiso Senkonzo

Ukuqaphela la mafulege abomvu kungasiza ekuboneni ubandlululo olungase lungaqashelwa.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Uma kungenazinqumo zikahulumeni ezibonisa ukubonakala, kuba lula ukuba ubandlululo luvele futhi kube nzima ukuzibona. Uma izikhulu zenqaba ukuchaza isisekelo sezinqumo zazo, zihluleka ukugcina amarekhodi anele, noma ukwenza izinqumo ezivalekile ngaphandle kokufakwa komphakathi, le mikhuba ingasiza ekulapheni ubugebengu.

Ukubona gcakasha kubaluleke kakhulu uma izinqumo zithinta amakilasi avikelwe. Uma isifunda sesikole singakwazi ukuchaza ukuthi kungani sinikeza izimali ngokwehlukile ezikoleni ezisiza abantu abahlukahlukene, noma uma umnyango wamaphoyisa wenqaba ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngokuma kwezimoto eziphukelwe uhlanga, lokhu kuhluleka kokubona kufanele kubangele ukukhathazeka ngokuphulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo.

Inqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo Engahlelwanga

Isimiso sezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo singadala amathuba okucwasana. Ukungalinganisi, ukuhluzeka, nokungalawuliwe kungaholela ekuqiniseni izinqumo eziphula i-Exple Protection Clause, ngakho iNkantolo ivele iyikhiphe. Uma izikhulu zinokuqonda okungenamkhawulo ngaphandle kwezindinganiso ezicacile noma iziqondiso, zingasebenzisa lelo cebo ngezindlela zokulahla icala.

Bheka izimo lapho abenzi besinqumo benokuqonda okubanzi ngaphandle kwezimiso ezicacile, lapho kungekho khona imishini yokuhlola noma yezokwengamela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwelashwa okulinganayo, noma lapho abantu abasendaweni efanayo bethola khona ukwelashwa okungafani kakhulu ngaphandle kokuchazwa. Lezi zimo zidala indawo evundile ukuze kuqedwe isivikelo esilinganayo.

Ukusuka Ezicini Ezimisiwe

Uma abenzi besinqumo beshiya izinqubo zabo ezivamile ezihilela amalungu amakilasi avikelwe, lokhu kungabonisa injongo yokukhipha icala. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ibhodi elikhipha izimvume ezivumelana nezicelo ezithile ezihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezithile kodwa ngokungazelele ibeka izimfuneko ezengeziwe lapho umfaki wesikhala eyilungu leqembu elincane, lokhu kushiya umkhuba ovamile kusikisela ukuba nokwenzeka ubandlululo.

Ngokufanayo, uma umqashi enenqubo evamile yokukhushulelwa esikhundleni kodwa engayinaki leyo nqubo yokuthuthukisa umuntu ongafaneleki kahle kuyilapho enqaba ukukhushulelwa emkhakheni ofanelekayo wekilasi elivikelwe, lokhu kungafanele kuvumelana nombono wokucwaswa.

Izithiyo zesigaba-sodwa sesivikelo esilinganayo

I - Foundation Claus iveza imbangela yesenzo emelela "uhlobo olulodwa" lapho umbhishobhi engabukhombi ubulungu ekilasini noma iqembu, kodwa izimpawu zokuthi baye baphathwa ngokuhlukile kwabanye abasendaweni efanayo nokuthi asikho isisekelo esinengqondo sokuphathwa okunjalo.

Lemfundiso iyaqaphela ukuthi ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo kungenzeka ngisho nalapho isisulu singesona ilungu lesigaba esivikelwe ngokwesiko. uma isikhulu sikahulumeni sikhetha umuntu ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi okungemthetho ngezizathu eziwubuwula noma zokuphindisela ezingahlobene nanoma iyiphi injongo kahulumeni ongokomthetho, lokhu kungaphula isivikelo esifanayo ngisho noma ubandlululo lungasekelwe ebuhlalweni, ebulilini, noma kwesinye isisolwayo.

Ukuze uqaphele ukwephulwa kwesigaba somuntu oyedwa, funa izimo lapho umuntu ephathwa ngendlela ehluke ngokuphawulekayo kubo bonke abanye abantu abasendaweni efanayo, lapho kungekho ncazelo enengqondo yokwelapha okuhlukile, nalapho ukwelashwa kubonakala kushukunyiswa ukuphindisela komuntu siqu, kwezombangazwe, noma okunye ukucabangela okungafanele.

Izenzakalo Zamuva EMthethweni Ovikelayo

Ukuhlala wazi ngezenzakalo zamuva kungakusiza ukuba uqaphele izinhlobo ezintsha zobandlululo futhi uqonde indlela izinkantolo ezingazihlaziya ngayo.

Ukuxega Ngokobulili Nokuchazwa Kwabantu Abangongqingili

Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu ngokuphathelene ne - Foundation Clause namuhla ukuthi iNkantolo kufanele ithole ukuthi ukuthambekela kobulili kuwuhlelo olusolekayo, futhi embonweni wayo wamuva nje wokushada nobulili obufanayo, u - Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), iNkantolo yasikisela ukuthi ukucwaswa kongqingili nabesifazane kungawuphula yini uClaus Execlet, kodwa iNkantolo ayinqumanga ukuthi isilinganiso sokuhlola okufanele sisetshenziswe, ishiye lombuzo ngomunye usuku.

ISichibiyelo Seshumi Nane sidinga ukuba umbuso ugunyaze umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo nokuqaphela umshado phakathi kwabantu ababili bobulili obufanayo lapho umshado wabo ugunyazwa ngokomthetho futhi ungenziwa ngaphandle kwezwe. Lokhu kusho ukwanda okuphawulekayo kwezimiso ezivikelayo ezifanayo, nakuba imibuzo isalokhu iphathelene nesilinganiso sokuhlaziya esisebenza ekucwaseni ngokobulili kwezinye izimo.

Isenzo Esiqinisayo Nezinhlelo Eziqanjiwe Zohlanga

Umthetho - sisekelo wezinhlelo zezinhlanga eziklanyelwe ukuxazulula ukucwasana kwangesikhathi esidlule noma ukukhuthaza izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanga uhlala unezimpikiswano. Izinhlelo zasekholiji zaphula i - Aumetic Protection Clause lapho zingenazo izinjongo ezifanele nezingabekelwe sisekelo ezivumela ukusetshenziswa kohlanga, uhlanga olusetshenziswa ngendlela ephambene, oluhilela ukuhlukanisa ngokohlanga, futhi luntula izikhombo ezinengqondo.

Lapho zihlola izinhlelo zezinhlanga ezinganakiwe, izinkantolo zidinga ubufakazi obuqinile bobandlululo lwesikhathi esidlule nokuncishiswa kwemibono eqondile ukuze zikhulume ngalokhu kucwasana. Izinhlelo ezincika kubantu abanobuhlanga, abangenazinhloso ezicacile, noma abaqhubeka njalo cishe zitholakala zingenamthetho.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokubona Isivikelo Esilinganayo

Njengoba uhlome ngolwazi lwezimiso ezivikelayo ezifanayo, ungathatha izinyathelo ezicacile zokubona ukuthi kungenzeka ukwephulwa komphakathi noma emsebenzini.

Izimpawu Zokwelapha Okuhlukile

Gcina umbhalo ocophelelayo wendlela abantu abahlukene noma amaqembu aphathwa ngayo. Uma uqaphela ukuthi amalungu amaqembu avikelwe athola impatho engcono kakhulu, ubhale izenzakalo ezithile ezinezinsuku, amagama, nemininingwane. Bheka indlela elandelanayo esikhathini kunezenzakalo ezihlukene, njengoba ubandlululo oluhleliwe lubonakala kalula kunezenzakalo zesikhathi esisodwa.

Collect data when possible. If you suspect discriminatory hiring practices, gather information about the qualifications of applicants and who was hired. If you believe law enforcement is engaging in selective enforcement, compile statistics on who is stopped, searched, or arrested. Concrete data can be powerful evidence of discrimination.

Qhathanisa Ukwelashwa Kwabantu Abatholakala Kubo

Bona abantu noma amaqembu asendaweni efanayo ngaphandle kokuba amalungu abo ekilasini elivikelekile. Qhathanisa nendlela abaphathwa ngayo. Uma kunomehluko omkhulu ekwelashweni okungenakuchazwa ngezici ezingokomthetho, ezingekho emthethweni, lokhu kusikisela ukwephulwa kwesivikelo okungalinganayo.

Cabangela zonke izici ezingase zifaneleke, njengezimfanelo, okuhlangenwe nakho, ukusebenza noma izimo.

Hlola Inqubo Yokwenza Isinqumo

Hlola ukuthi izinqumo zenziwa kanjani. Ingabe zikhona izinqumo ezicacile, eziqotho, noma abenzi bezinqumo abanakho ukwahlulela okungenamkhawulo? Ingabe izinqumo zibhaliwe futhi zichazwe? Ingabe kukhona ukuqondisa noma ukubukeza ukuqinisekisa ukwelashwa okulinganayo? Izinhlelo zokungabonisi, izindinganiso ezicacile, noma ukulandisa zisengozini kakhulu yokusebenzisa ubandlululo.

Izinqumo eziningi zikahulumeni zingaphansi kwemithetho yomphakathi, futhi ukubukeza izincwadi ezihlobene nesinqumo kungaveza ukuthi ubandlululo lwadlala yini.

Funa Ukuhlolisisa Ochwepheshe

Imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuvikela eyinkimbinkimbi ivame ukuzuza ekuhlaziyweni kochwepheshe. Izazi zezibalo zingahlaziya ukwaziswa ukuze zithole ukuthi umehluko ophawuliwe kungenzeka yini ngenhlanhla noma usikisela ukuba ubandlululo. Ochwepheshe bezomthetho bangahlola ukuthi imikhuba ethile ingqubuzana yini nezimiso zokuvikela ezilinganayo futhi banikeze amacebiso ngamakhambi.

Izinhlangano zamalungelo ezakhamuzi ngokuvamile zinolwazi ekuboneni nasekubekeni inselele ukuphulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo. Uma usola ubandlululo, cabangela ukuzama ukufinyelela ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge- American Civil Liberties Union, NAACP Legical Defense Fund[, noma amaqembu afanayo angakwazi ukuphenya nokuthatha isinyathelo.

Izindlela Zokuvikela Ezingokomthetho

Lapho umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni noma uhulumeni wezwe uye wawephula amalungelo awo aqinisekile, lowomuntu uyakwazi ukumangalela le ndikimba kahulumeni ukuze kutholakale usizo. Ukuqonda amakhambi akhona kungakusiza ukuba uqaphele lapho isinyathelo esingokomthetho sifanelekile.

Ukukhululeka Okungalawuleki

Izinkantolo zingayala izinhlangano zikahulumeni ukuba ziyeke imikhuba yokucwasa futhi zisebenzise izimiso zokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo kuqhubeke. Usizo lungahlanganisa ama-oda okushintsha imikhuba yokuqasha, ukulungisa izimiso, ukunikeza izinkonzo ezifanayo, noma ukwenza ezinye izenzo zokulungisa ubandlululo nokuvimbela ukuphulwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Emacala ahlelwe ngokucwasa, izinkantolo zingaphoqelela amasu okulungisa adinga ukuqashwa nokubikwa okuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, emacaleni ahilela ukukhethwa kwabahluleli abahluleli, izinkantolo ziye zakhipha ushintsho ezinqunyweni zokukhetha futhi zidinga ukuba kukhishwe imibiko yasikhathi sonke engokwakheni kwezinhlanga zamachibi abahluleli.

Umonakalo

Izisulu zokwephulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo zingase zifanelekele ukukhokhwa kwemali ukuze kukhokhelwe umonakalo obangelwa ubandlululo. Lokhu kungahlanganisa isinxephezelo seholo elilahlekile noma izinzuzo, ukucindezeleka okungokomzwelo, kanye nokunye ukulimala okubangelwa ukuphathwa ngokungenamthetho.

Kwezinye izimo, kungase kutholakale isijeziso sokujezisa ikakhulukazi ukucwasa okungagunyaziwe futhi kunqande ukwephulwa kwesikhathi esizayo. Nokho, ukutholakala kwezingozi kuxhomeke ezicini ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokuthi ummangalelwa unelungelo yini lokuzivikela nokusho okukhethekile okungokomthetho.

Usizo Lokumemezela

Nakuba izahlulelo zokukhipha isahlulelo ngokwazo zingadingi sinyathelo esiqondile, zimisa amalungelo angokomthetho amaqembu futhi ngokuvamile ziholela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zenqubo noma ezenzweni.

Ukukhululeka ekumemezeleni kungaba usizo ngokukhethekile lapho ufuna ukuveza ukuthi umthetho noma inkambiso ayivumelani nesimiso esithile, njengoba inikeza ukucaca ngezibopho ezingokomthetho futhi ingaba isisekelo sokuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo uma inhlangano kahulumeni ihluleka ukuhambisana naso.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqapha Ekuvikeleni Amalungelo Alinganayo

Ukuqapha kubalulekile ukuze kubonwe futhi kusingathwe ukucwasana ngaphambi kokuba kugxile. Ngokuqonda izimiso ezibekwe kulesisiqondiso, ungaqaphela kangcono lapho amalungelo alinganayo okuvikela ephulwa futhi ethatha isinyathelo esifanele.

Khumbula ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo asisona nje isimiso esingokomthetho kodwa isibopho esiyisisekelo sokwahlulela ngokulunga nesithunzi sabantu.

Ukuhlanganyela Nobushiqela Emphakathini

Ukuqaphela umuntu ngamunye kubalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuba ulwe nokuphulwa kwezimiso ezifanayo. Hlanganyela nomphakathi wakho ukuze uthole izindlela zobandlululo nomsekeli woshintsho.

Zisekele izimiso nemikhuba ekhuthaza ukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni zibone ukuthi zinecala ngezenzo zobandlululo. Zitshele abazobekwa kuqala amalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esifanayo. Sebenzisa izwi lakho ukuze ukhulume ngokumelene nobandlululo futhi usekele labo abalwela amalungelo abo okuvikela alinganayo.

Imfundo Nokuqaphela

Abantu abaningi abawazi amalungelo abo noma indlela yokuqaphela ukuthi lawo malungelo aphulwa nini. Ngokufundisa abanye, usiza ekudaleni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi olungcono olukwaziyo ukubona futhi ukubekela inselele ubandlululo.

Izinhlelo zemfundo ezifundisa intsha ngamalungelo omthetho nokubaluleka kokuvikelwa ngendlela efanayo. Lapho abantu beqonda lezi zimiso, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba nobandlululo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqaphela ukwephulwa kwesivikelo esifanayo kudinga ukuqonda kokubili izimiso zomthetho ezibusa lendawo kanye nokubonakaliswa okuwusizo kobandlululo. kusukela ekusebenziseni imithetho ewubandlululo ebusweni kuya ezindleleni ezicashile zokugcinwa kwamandla akhethekile, ukuphulwa kwesivikelo okufanayo kunezizindlela eziningi. Ngokufunda ukuveza ukuphathwa okuhlelekile, ukuhlola izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zobandlululo, ukuqoqa ubufakazi benhloso yokucwasa, nokuqonda izimo lapho ukuphambanisa kuvame ukuvela khona, ungawavikela kangcono amalungelo akho siqu kanye nawabanye.

I-Umeal Protection Claus imelela esinye sezibopho zethu eziyisisekelo kakhulu zomthetho-sisekelo − isithembiso sokuthi bonke abantu bayophathwa ngokungakhethi nangokulinganayo ngaphansi komthetho. Nakuba lesi sithembiso singakafezwa njalo, futhi umsebenzi usalokhu usingatha ukucwasana okuqhubekayo, amathuluzi nezimiso okuxoxwa kulokhu kuqondisa kunikeza uhlelo lokuqaphela ukwephulwa nokufuna ubulungisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumsekeli okhathalelayo, isakhamuzi, noma othile oye wacwaswa, ukuqonda indlela yokubona ukuphulwa kwesivikelo okulinganayo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lesi siqinisekiso somthetho singumthetho - sisekelo siba yinto engokoqobo kubo bonke.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngamalungelo omphakathi nesivikelo esifanayo, vakashela i- U.S. uMnyango Wezobulungisa Bomphakathi Wokwahlukanisa noma thintana nommeli ofanelekayo wamalungelo omphakathi onganikeza isiqondiso esiqondile esimweni sakho. Khumbula ukuthi isivikelo esifanayo asikona ukuzibulala ngokwakho, kudinga izakhamuzi eziqaphile ezizimisele ukuqaphela ukwephulwa nokufuna ukulandisa. Ngokuhlala zinolwazi futhi zithembise, usiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithembiso sesivikelo esilinganayo ngaphansi komthetho sihlala sinengqondo kubo bonke abantu.