Isingeniso

Uphenyo lokukhwabanisa nge - Internet lufuna ukuba kube nomthetho onembile olinganiselayo ukuze kuqiniswe ukugcinwa komthetho ngokuvikelwa komthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola imfuneko yokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza ngaphambi kokuhlola okudinga ukuba umuntu abe wedwa. Abaphenyi basebenza njengendlela yokwahlulela, beqinisekisa ukuthi abacwaningi babonisa ukuthi imbangela futhi balinganisela ukuthi bayakwazi ukungenela kwabo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimfuneko ezigunyaza ukuphenywa kwezibalo, izindinganiso zomthetho ezisebenza, kanye nezinselele ezisebenzayo eziphakamayo lapho ubufakazi bukhona emafuthini noma emikhawulweni yemipambi.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Sababefuna Ukuphenya Nge - Cyber Aventium

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza isisekelo sokugunyaza izimfuneko zobugebengu, kuhlanganise nalezo ezihilela ukukhwabanisa ngezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwebiwa kwemininingwane yabantu. Sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ilokhu ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphenya okungenasizathu akunangqondo ngaphandle kokuba ubufakazi obumisiwe bezesayensi busebenze. INkantolo iqinisekisile ukuthi izimiso zeSimemezelo sesine eziyinhloko zisebenza ngamandla amakhulu emininingwaneni yezobuchwepheshe.

Phakathi kokuhlaziywa “ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo” ukuhlolwa okusungulwe v. United States (1967). Abantu balondoloza ukulindela okunjalo ekuqukethe ama-imeyili, amarekhodi agcinwe kuma-engile, nakuma-data emishini yomuntu siqu. Uma umthetho uzama ukufinyelela lolulwazi, kumelwe ngokuvamile uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe yimbangela elindelekile. Isinqumo sephawu Carpenten v. United States[FLT:] (20) u-20) ukwandisa lesi sizathu kwimibhalo yengqamuzana, uphethe ukuthi ukufinyelela indawo engoko ngokomlando kudinga ukwaziswa okusekelwe ekudaleni kokwaziswa okunjalo.

Ukwanda kobufakazi be-tecture kuye kwashukumisela futhi ukuhlelwa kwemithetho esemthethweni. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Federal Rule of Criminal Procedire 41, walungiswa ukuze alungise ukuphenya amacomputer nama-electal methoding. Manje igunyaza izimantshi ukuba zikhiphe imvume yokuthatha ukwaziswa okugcinwe ngaphandle kwesifunda lapho imvume ikhishwa khona, uma izimo ezithile zihlangatshezwana khona nelungiselelo elibucayi lokuhlola i-inthanethi ngokuvamile elihlanganisa izifunda ezihlukene.

Ukuze uthole imininingwane eminingi yeSichibiyelo sesine sesivikelo enkathini yezibalo, bheka Cornell Information Institute ebhalwe ukuthi ISichibiyelo Sesine .

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Umsizi

Ukuze kutholakale imvume yokufuna imvume yokuphenya nge - Internet, ukugcinwa komthetho - sisekelo kumelwe kwanelise izimfuneko eziningana zomthetho - sisekelo nezingokomthetho.

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela eqinisekile idinga ukuba, ngokusekelwe engqikithini yezimo, kutholakale ubufakazi obuqondile bobugebengu endaweni okuzoseshwa kuyo. Ekuhloleni kwemitayela, lokhu kungahilela ukubonisa ukuthi ikhompuyutha esolwayo inobufakazi bokubiwa kwemininingwane, ukuthi i-akhawunti yefu iqukethe imibhalo ekhwabanisayo yentengo, noma ukuthi ikheli elithile le-IP lisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa ukukhwabanisa. I-affidavit kumele icacisa amaqiniso aqondile qhawe kuphela, hhayi ukuphenya nje ubugebengu endaweni noma emshinini ohlolwayo.

Okubalulekile

ISichibiyelo sesine sidinga ukuba izigwegwe zichaze indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi kuthathwe abantu noma izinto okufanele zithathwe ngokukhethekile. Kumanani, imfihlo inzima kakhulu ngoba umshini owodwa ungaba nama-terabyte-data angavumelani nophenyo. Izinkantolo ziye zafuna kakhulu ukuba kuchazwe uhlobo lwemininingwane efunwayo (umzk., amarekhodi ezimali, ukuxhumana nezisulu ezichaziwe) nezindlela zokusetshenziswa ekufuneni nasekutholeni leyo mininingwane.

Ukuzithoba Okuqotho

Isikhulu kumelwe sithumele i-affidavit efungelwe enikeza isisekelo esiyiqiniso sesizathu. I-affidavit kumele isekelwe olwazini lomuntu siqu noma emahemuhemu athembekile, futhi akumelwe iqukethe izisho noma izinto ezingekho. Ezimweni ze-inthanethi, i-affidavit ivame ukuhlanganisa imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi mayelana nendlela ubufakazi bemishini obugcinwa ngayo, indima yabaxhasi benkonzo, kanye nezinyathelo eziye zathathwa ukuze kubonwe ukuthi bangabangeniswa kanjani.

Ukuvunyelwa Ukwahlulela

Imantshi engathathi hlangothi nengaboleki ihlola i-affidavit futhi, uma yanelisekile ukuthi imbangela ikhona futhi ihlangabezana nezimfuneko ezithile, ikhipha isiqinisekiso. Isivumelwano kumelwe sichaze isikhathi okumelwe sifezwe ngaso − izinsuku ezingu-14 ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, nakuba ezinye izifunda zinezikhathi ezimfushane. Ukukhishwa kwemvume kumelwe futhi kunamathele ezimisweni zikahulumeni nakuhulumeni ngokuphathelene nezimfuneko zokungqongqoza, nakuba ukuphenya ngolwe ngolwezi lwezinombolo kungase kungahileli ukungena komzimba njalo.

UMnyango Wezobulungisa wase-U.S. ulondoloza isiqondiso esibanzi sokuhlola nokubamba amacomputer, anikeza imininingwane yezimfuneko zokuthola ubufakazi be-mini. Bheka i-Oply Computer Crime kanye ne-Intellictic Precial Part .

Izinhlobo Zezakhamizi Neziqondiso Emacala Okukhwabanisa AseCyber

Ngaphandle kwemithetho evamile yokufuna, ukucwaninga nge - Internet ngokukhwabanisa ngokuvamile kuhilela iziyalezo ezikhethekile zomthetho ezivumelana nezokuxhumana nge - electronic nokwaziswa okugciniwe.

Izisekelo Zokufuna Imishini Yobuchwepheshe Nokugcina Izinto

Ithuluzi elivamile yimvume yokuhlola egunyaza ukuthatheka okungokomzimba kwekhomphyutha, ucingo, noma i-server. Uma bebanjwa, abaphenyi bangadala isithombe esiyimfihlo somshini futhi bawuphenye ukuze bathole ubufakazi. Imvume igunyaza ukuseshwa komshini ngokwawo, futhi izinkantolo ziye zathi imfuneko yeSimemezelo Sesine siyasebenza emniningo kanye nasengxenyeni yensimbi.

Ukubhalisa Nogibe Nemiyalo Yokugwedla

Ipeni libhala ukuthi ibamba izinombolo eziphumayo, kuyilapho ugibe nezisetshenziswa ezilandelanayo zibamba izinombolo ezingenayo. Ngaphansi kwe-Title 18 U.S.C. 3121, lemiyalo idinga isiqinisekiso somthetho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyavumelana nokuhlola okuqhubekayo. Akufunanga isizathu esingalindelekile, kodwa ayivumeli ukuvinjelwa kokuqukethwe kokuxhumana. Ekuhloleni izinombolo zokweba, ukubhalisa ukwaziswa kungasiza ekutholeni izinhlelo zokuxhumana ezisetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezisulu noma ekuxhumaneni nomsebenzi wokukhohlisa.

Iziyalezo zocingo (Title III)

Ukuhlola okuqukethwe yizokuxhumana kwangempela − njengokushaya ucingo noma imiyalezo esheshayo − futhi i-Title III system command ngaphansi kwe-18 U.S.C. ↑ 2510-2522. Lokhu kuyindinganiso ephakeme kakhulu engokomthetho, edinga ukuba kubekwe ubugebengu obubodwa, ukuthi ukuxhumana ngokuqondene nobugebengu kuyovinjelwa, futhi ezinye izindlela zophengululo zihlulekile noma ziyingozi kakhulu. I-Pinetap ilinganiselwe ngenkathi ethile futhi idinga ukubikelwa enkantolo ngezikhathi ezithile.

Iziqondiso Zokuxhumana Ezigciniwe (SCA)

Ngaphansi kwe-Ved Communications Act (18 U.S.C. 76 2701-2712), ukugcinwa komthetho kungathola ukwaziswa komkhokheli, amarekhodi, nokuqukethwe kwezokuxhumana kogesi okugciniwe ngamazinga ahlukahlukene enqubo. Emibhalweni eminingi (umz., ama-imeyili agcinwe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwe-180), isiqinisekiso sokuhlola esisekelwa yimbangela elindelekile. Amarekhodi angahlanganisiwe (umk., igama, izingobo ze-IP, izingobo zocingo, izingobo ze-IP), i-spoena noma uhlelo lwenkantolo ngaphansi kwe-18.C.

Izimiso Zokulondoloza Nezokukhiqiza

Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukugcinwa komthetho kunganikeza isicelo esilondolozwayo kumsizi wezokuxhumana ngogesi ngaphansi kwe-18 U.S.C. 7623 (f). Umnakekeli kumelwe alondoloze imibhalo ekhona izinsuku ezifinyelela ku-90 (evuselelwe) kuyilapho kutholakala isiqinisekiso noma enye i-oday. Iziqondiso zezempumelelo ziphoqelela umnikezi wezimali ukuba adlulisele amarekhodi athile kuhulumeni.

Ukuze ungene juqu eSCA kanye nokuhlangana kwayo neSichibiyelo sesine, hlola i-Frontic Foundation’s Wrontier ulwazi [.

Ubufakazi Bokuba Nezinombolo Buhlonishwe Ngokukhethekile

Uphenyo lokukhwabanisa lweCyber luveza izithiyo eziyingqayizivele ezingaveli ekuhloleni okungokwesiko okungokomzimba. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kulandise ngendawo engokoqobo yobufakazi, ukuhileleka kwabaphathi benkonzo besithathu, kanye nokwazi ukugcina ukwaziswa okusohlangothini oluphambanayo.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obuyindida

Ubufakazi bezenombolo buvame ukutholakala kubasebenzisi abasemazweni ahlukene. Ngaphansi komthetho we-Vred Councils Act, u-2018) umthetho ophethe icala noma umgcini-mali unganikeza isiqinisekiso. Nokho, uma imniningo igcinwa phesheya, uMicroft Ireland[ icala (United States v.Microsoft Corp. 2018) licacisa ukuthi izivumelwano zasekhaya ngaphansi kwe-SCA azifinyelelwe izikhulu zabanye abasebenzisi. Lokhu kuholele ekungeneni kwezivumelwano ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezigciniwe ezikhona.

Izisetshenziswa eziningi nama-akhawunti wamafu

Ukuthumba inombolo eyodwa kungahlanganisa ukukhomba i-akhawunti ye-imeyili ekhohlisayo, incwadi yokugcina amafu eneziqinisekiso ezebiwe, i-menu ye-menu ye-internetwork esetshenziselwa ukuzifaka, kanye ne-apps eqinisekisayo. Indawo ngayinye yomshini ingadinga imvume ehlukile noma uhlelo olungokomthetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumele kuchazwe ngokucophelela i-akhawunti ngayinye, inkonzo, kanye nethuluzi ekusekeleni izinsika ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezelwa kobufakazi ezifundeni ezithile.

Izisetshenziswa Zokubhala Okuyimfihlo Nezici Eziqanjiwe

Izisetshenziswa zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa ukukopisha okunamandla, okwenza ukuba ukwaziswa kungafinyelelwe ngisho noma insimbi yokusebenza ithunjwa. Uhulumeni angafuna ukuphoqa umcabango ukuba avule isisetshenziswa ngophawu oluhlanganisa imfuneko yokunikeza i-biometric (umz., umnyatheliso womunwe) noma iphasiwedi. Izinkantolo zihlukene ngokuthi iphasiwe liphula ilungelo leSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngokumelene nokuzikhipha kwe-intelligence. Ezinye izifunda zomhlaba zisekela ukuthi ukukhipha umngenisi kuyisenzo esingumbhalo oyimfihlo, kuyilapho ezinye ziphatha i-biothe translate short njengendawo enganciphikiswanga ngokomthetho. Umagazini uhlala uyindawo ephikiswa kakhulu.

Izisebenzi Ezingathandi Ukulwa Nemininingwane Ephilayo

Ubufakazi bezenombolo bungacinywa. I-imeyili ingacishwa, i-akhawunti yezokuxhumana ye-webhu ye-website ikhishwe, noma i-computer esuswe kude. Imbangela engenzeka ingaba yimbi uma isikhathi esiningi kakhulu phakathi kwezenzakalo ezibangela ukuba kuvele imbangela nokwenzeka nokubulawa kwe-odoct. Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kumelwe kuthathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi lapho ufuna ukwaziswa okungase kucatshangelwe ukuthi umsoleki angakucisha lapho efunda ukuphenya. Ezinye izinkantolo zivuma inkathi emfushane yokuphelelwa kobufakazi besayensi ngenxa ye-STL.

Izinselele Nezenzakalo Ezingokomthetho

Amacala amaningana aphawulekayo aye athonya izimfuneko ezigunyaza ukukhwabanisa nge - Internet nokwebiwa kwemininingwane.

Riley v. California (2014)

INkantolo Ephakeme yavumelana ngokuthi amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga imvume yokuhlola izenzakalo zocingo. INkantolo yaqaphela ukuthi omakhalekhukhwini “bayimishini ethwala izingcingo” abaqukethe ukwaziswa okuningi okuyimfihlo, futhi isenzakalo sokufuna ukuvala izimpawu zokuxhumana asisebenzi kulezi zinombolo. Lesi sinqumo sithinta ngokuqondile ukwebiwa kwemininingwane lapho ucingo lomsoli lungase lube nobufakazi bokukhohlisa.

Carpbate v. United States (2018)

Ku Icala eliphethe ukuthi ukuthola ukwaziswa okungokomlando ngendawo yengqamuzana-yomnyaka kusuka kumphathi we-temmater kuhlanganisa ukuphenywa kweSichibiyelo sesine futhi ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso. Lelicala lenqaba imfundiso yesithathu yengxenye, eyayiphethe ukuthi ukwaziswa okuhlanganyelwe umgcini-mnakekeli akuvikekanga ngokuzithandela. Isinqumo sisho ukuphenya ngokukhwana kweze-inthane okunciphekwayo nge-inthane ye-inthane futhi sinciphe i-data yendawo yokuhloba ukunyusela intengo ekhohlisayo.

United States v. Ganias (2016)

I-Ganians, isifunda sesibili sathi ukugcinwa kukahulumeni komfanekiso wesibuko wohambo olunzima, ngemva kokuba inkathi yokugunyazwa isiphelile, yaphula iSichibiyelo Sesine. Inkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni akanakubambelela unomphela emininingwaneni engaphandle kwesiqinisekiso. Lendaba igcizelela ukubaluleka kokulinganisela ukuhlolwa kohlelo lwezinombolo ebufakazini obucacisiwe.

Ukuphinde Ngifune Ucingo Oluyingqamuzana (2023)

Muva nje, iSigodi Sesifunda Seshumi Nanye sathi umthetho ofuna ukuba umuntu asolwe avule ucingo ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo awuzange uphazamise iSichibiyelo sesihlanu ngoba isenzo sokuthinta izinzwa sasingekho ubufakazi. Nokho, ezinye izifunda nezinkantolo zikahulumeni ziye zafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene, zakha umsebenzi ohlukene wezindinganiso zomthetho. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuhlole ngokucophelela umthetho olawulayo ezisebenza kuwo ngaphambi kokuba zifune uhlelo olunjalo.

Ukuhlaziya indlela lezi zehlakalo ezisebenza ngayo ekuhloleni okuqhubekayo, SCOTUSlog inikeza ukufushaniswa kwecala nokuzwa.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nezisulu

Ukuqonda izimfuneko zokugunyazwa akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuyimiphumela eqondile lapho kugcinwa umthetho nalapho abantu bebiwa imininingwane yabo noma bekhwabaniswa nge - Internet.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Abahloli kumelwe basebenze eduze nabashushisi ukuze bafake izimvume ezigcwalisa imbangela okungenzeka nemininingwane. Lokhu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuchaza indlela ubufakazi bobuchwepheshe obugcinwa ngayo, kungani kungenzeka bube nobufakazi bobugebengu, futhi kungani ubufakazi bungenakutholakala ngezindlela ezimbalwa ezingenayo. Ukuqeqeshelwa izibalo ze-operatics kanye nokuhlelwa komthetho kubalulekile, njengoba umthetho uqhubeka uguqula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano kufanele zibe nemithetho yokuthola iziyalezo zokulondoloza izikhali ngokushesha ukuze zivimbele ukunqanda ukubola.

Izisulu

Izisulu zokwebiwa kwamagama zivame ukwenza indima ebalulekile ekuhloleni ngokubika ubugebengu, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokugcina. Ukuqikelelwa komthetho kungadinga ukuthola isiqinisekiso sokuthola imvume yokufaka irekhodi lesisulu uma sisetshenziselwa ukuphamba (umz., i-imeyili encishisiwe). Izisulu kufanele zelulekwe ukuba zingaphazamisi ngemishini noma ukulandisa okungase kuqukethe ubufakazi, futhi zibika ngokushesha ubugebengu.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokulondoloza Ubufakazi

Kokubili ukugcinwa komthetho nezisulu kungazuza ekuqondeni izimiso zokulondoloza. Ngokwesibonelo, abaqashi abaningi be-imeyili bavumela abasebenzisi ukuba bafake izintambo ezingokomthetho e-akhawuntini yabo. Abasekeli benkonzo bangase banikeze izikhungo zomthetho zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwezicelo. Ukuba khona kohlelo lokulondolozwa kungathengisisa isikhathi lapho kulungiselelwa isiqinisekiso.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sesine, njengoba sichazwa iNkantolo Ephakeme, sifuna ukunamathela ngokuqinile ekuhlolweni okulindelekile, ukukhohlakaleni okungokomthetho, nokuqondisa nge-communism. Ngaso sinye isikhathi, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kobuchwepheshe (ukusuka ekuvimbeleni isayensi yemvelo) kuya ekwamukeleni ukuqinisekisa, kodwa kuvumela ukuqoqwa kobufakazi obuyikho obuvamile obudingekayo ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi isisekelo sikhona sinecala. ISichibiyelo sesine, njengoba kuchazwa iNkanto eMthethweni Ephakeme, ifuna ukunamathela ngokuqinile engxabeni elindelekile, ukuqiniseka ukuthi inguquko ngokushesha kwezesayensi ("ukungaqiniseki) kuxhomekekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imibandela ikhona imigaqo engokomthetho. Imithetho iyaqhubeka inikeza imvume efuna ukugcinwa ngenkululeko yomphakathi ukuze ikwazi ukunikeza izigebezo zomthetho ngenkululeko.