Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kubalulekile kokubili kubafundi nakothisha ngokufanayo. Lesiqondiso sizokuhamba ngenqubo yomthetho ngendlela eqondile, kukwenze kube lula ukuqonda ukuthi ukuqamba umthetho kuyinkimbinkimbi. Inqubo ethatha ngayo umthetho iyisinyathelo esihlelwe kahle esiqinisekisa ukucaciswa, impikiswano, nokuhlehliswa. Lapha sinweba iqophelo lokwaziswa okwengeziwe ukuze sisize abafundi baqonde indlela izingqungquthela ze-U.S. eziguqula ngayo imiqondo ibe yimithetho ebophayo.

Iyini Inqubo Yemithetho?

Inqubo yomthetho iyindlela lapho imithetho ehlongozwayo, eyaziwa njengentela, iphikiswana futhi ivunywa yindikimba yemithetho. E-United States, lenqubo yenzeka ngokuyinhloko eSishaya-mthetho, esihlanganisa amagumbi amabili: iNdlu yabameleli neSigele. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iSishaya-mthetho wonke amandla omthetho, angaphansi kokuvunyelwa umongameli noma i-veto. Le nqubo iyinkimbinkimbi ngamabomu ukuvimbela umthetho osusheshile noma ocatshangelwa kabi futhi ivumele ukufakwa kwababambi bemibhishobhi abaningi abahlukene.

Iphepha lingaqala kunoma yiliphi igumbi, kodwa intela nokuchitha izikweleti kumelwe ziqale eNdlu. Nakuba igumbi ngalinye lilandela imithetho yalo namasiko, izigaba eziyinhloko(i-introduction, ukubukezwa kwekomiti, impikiswano yasesitezi, ukuvota, ukubuyisana phakathi kwamagumbi, nesenzo sobumongameli (izenzo) zivame kokubili. Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kunikeza ifasitela indlela isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela saseMelika esisebenza ngayo.

Izinyathelo Enqubweni Yomthetho: Ukuhamba Ngezindlela Eziningi

Uhlu lokuqala lwezinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili luthatha ukugeleza okubalulekile. Lapha sinweba isinyathelo ngasinye ngokwaziswa okwengeziwe, kuhlanganise nezibonelo, izincazelo ezingokwesayensi, kanye nezikhombo zemithetho eyinhloko.

Ukuphoqa Ibhomu

Inqubo yokushaya umthetho iqala ngokuhlelwa kwesivumelwano. Lokhu kungakwenziwa yilungu le-Gaspital Congress, ikomiti, noma ngisho nayi-sakhamuzi noma iqembu lezemfundo. Umthetho kumelwe ubhalwe ngokucacile nangokucacisile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungaqondwa futhi uphikiswane. I-drapding ibekwa i-Office ye-Legislative Department Councip, abameli abangasizi ekuguquleni imiqondo yezimiso olimini olungokomthetho. Imibono eminingi yezindleko ivela ku-62, amaqembu enzala yezenhlalakahle, noma izinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe. I-trapdatedding ihlanganisa isihloko esimfushane, isitatimende senjongo, izimende ezichaza amagama ayinhloko, nezimiso eziqondileyo. Imvume ifuna ukuhlukanisa ukuthi yiziphi izimiso ezikhona, uma ikhona, noma isiphi isiphi isigaba esibuyiselwe esimweni esimisiwe. Lokhu kungenziwa ngenxa yomthetho esinquzungethe ukumiswa noma isigwebo.

Abashicileli bacabangela futhi “uhlelo” lwalemali — kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kufanele kube isikweleti esilula (H.R. noma S.), isinqumo esihlangene, isinqumo esivumelanayo, noma isinqumo esilula. Umthetho omningi ongaphansi kwesivumelwano uthatha uhlobo lwesivumelwano noma isinqumo esihlangene (lena ekhona inamandla omthetho ngemva kokuvunyelwa ngumongameli).

Ukwethula Ibhola

Uma isikweleti sesiqalisiwe, sisungulwa eNdaweni yabameleli noma eNdlwini. Ilungu elazisa lesi sigebengu laziwa ngokuthi umxhasi. Amanye amalungu angajoyina njengabaxhasi bemali ukuze abonise ukusekela kwawo. Endlini, ilungu lifaka isikweleti ngokuyisa “edesikini” — ibhokisi elisesitezini somphathi. ESigeqeni, ingeniswa ngomsekeli omemezela isibeko phansi. Imali inikwa inani (umk. H.R. 1. 100) futhi inyatheliswe ukusakaza. imvume yokusakaza izindleko ayiqinisekisi; izinkulungwane zemali zilethwa ikhekheji ngalinye (inkathi yeminyaka emibili), kodwa icezungene kuphela. Iqoqo leMiyalo eligcina iqoqo lezincwadi elibizwa ngokuthi i-Corlestry [FF.1]

Indima yomxhasi ibalulekile: isikweletu esine - bipartisan co qhasponsorship singase sibonise ukuvumelana futhi sandise amathuba aso okuqhubekela phambili.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, isambathiso sibhekiselwe ekomitini ephethe indaba yalendaba. Ikomiti ihlola isikweleti, izindlebe, futhi ingalungisa noma ilungise izivumelwano ngaphambi kokuvota ukuthi ingathunyelwa yini phansi ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Amakomiti ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi “amahhashi asebenzayo” eSishaya - mthetho ngoba enza ukuhlaziya okuningi kokuthi impikiswano yaphansi ayinakufezeka. I-aretaral ingaya ekomitini elilodwa noma, ezikwelenzweni ezibopha imingcele eminingi, emakomitini amaningana (amasethi ayizinsi noma ahlukene).

Kunamakomiti amaningana: amakomiti amile (amakomiti aneziphakamiso njenge-Judiciary, Appropriations, Services), akhetha amakomiti (injongo yesikhashana noma ekhethekile), amakomiti ahlangene (ahlanganiswe kokubili amalungu endlu neSishaya-Nkathi), namakomiti engqungqungquthela (aklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa ukuhlukana phakathi kwendlu nezinguqulo zeGabhile). Amakomiti akhona ahlukene ngokuqhubekayo ahlukaniswa ngokwezikhundla ezimfakelayo ezilinganiselwe. Esitejini, isikhwama somthetho singalungiswa, “siphawulwe kahle,” futhi sikhululwe kahle, singafaneleki, noma ngaphandle kokutusa. Ikomiti ingakhomba isikhwama ngokungenzi lutho — ukunqunywa okuvamile kwemishwa okuningi. Uma ikomiti ihluleka ukubika izivumelwano, abasekeli bezama ukufinyelela ekufinyeleleni, kodwa kunzima.

Ukuzwa kuyingxenye ebucayi yokubukezwa kwekomiti. Bavumela ochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, nomphakathi ukuba bafakazele. OFakazi bangamenywa ngesihlalo noma ngelungu eliphezulu, futhi amarekhodi aba ingxenye yerekhodi le-pactical Office (GPO) ye-Government Publication Office (i-GPO) inyathelisa izigqebhezana zekomiti nemibhalo ebhalwe phansi ezwakalayo; bona GovInfo.gov ukuze ingene.

4. Impikiswano Ezindaweni Ezisezinhlalweni

Uma ikomiti ivumela lemali, iya phansi endluni noma esigebengwini ukuze kuxoxwe ngayo. Amalungu axoxa ngezimfanelo zalemali futhi angase ahlongoze ukulungisa okwengeziwe. Lesi isikhathi esibalulekile lapho izindleko zingaba nezinguquko ezinkulu khona ezisekelwe ekutholeni impendulo nasengxoxweni. Ingxoxo yemithetho elawula iphansi iyahluka kakhulu phakathi kwamagumbi.

Kule House, impikiswano ilawulwa kakhulu. IMithetho ikhipha i- “guide , ” (isinqumo esikhethekile) esimisa ubude bempikiswano, izinhlobo zokulungisa okuvunyelwe, nohlelo lokuvota. Umthetho ungabekwa "ekuvalweni” (akunaziphendu),“vulweni” (inguquko), noma “isakhiwo” (isivulwe'isici) (isivunyelo). Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuhola okuningi ukuba kulawule inqubo ngokunempumelelo. ESikhungweni, impikiswano ivulekile kakhulu ngenxa yenkulumo yaso engapheli. I-sethricle deculo lazo zesikhathi eside esithanda, esingenza ukuba i-ibhunuster. I-biaster i-aster kuphela ekhona (i-Roundaflateins, noma i-Enquisigcond) ingaliseki kakhulu impoqo yokuzisela impoqoza imposo. Nakuba i-Stencern ingayidingi ukusekela kwemposo enkulu kakhulu.

Phakathi nengxoxo yasesitezi, amalungu avame ukuhileleka “ekutheni” (izinguquko) ukuze acacise inhloso noma amise umlando wemithetho. Ikhomishane Record ibhalwe yonke into ekhulunywa phansi futhi iwumthombo ocebile wabacwaningi.

5. Ukufudumeza

Ngemva kwengxoxo, imvume ifakwa evotini. Endlini, ukuvota kungaqhutshwa ngezwi, ngokwehlukana, ngokuphimisela, noma ngokubiza ngezwi (electronic). Okuvame kakhulu yivoti yezwi, kodwa ucingo olubhaliwe lusetshenziswa lapho kucelwa. ESigodlweni, amavoti ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ngokuzivota (impendulo yelungu ngalinye le-sena,” “ye,” noma“kuze”. Uma amalungu amaningi evota (ukukhona), ucingo ludlula lelogumbi. Endlini, iningi lalawo mavoti (indlu i-roboxxrum ikhona) liyanele. ESikhundleni somthetho, umthetho ofanayo usebenza, kodwa umongameli angaphula umthetho. Uma ucingo lunganqandwa ngokuphumelelayo, ngaphandle kokuba ucingo luyelwe.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi uqhwaku njengoba ludluliswa kwelinye igumbi lungase luhluke kakhulu kulolu shintsho lokuqala ngenxa yokulungisa. Inguqulo ethi “engrossed” — umbhalo wokugcina njengoba udlulisiwe — yilencwadi ethunyelwe kwelinye igumbi.

6. Ukuthunyelwa Kwesinye Isigungu

Uma umlomo udlula kwelinye igumbi, uthunyelwa kwelinye igumbi (Indlu noma iSigele) ukuze uhlolwe. Igumbi lesibili lingase liphinde inqubo efanayo yokubukeza ikomiti, impikiswano, nokuvota. Igumbi lesibili lingase lidlulise isikwele ngaphandle koshintsho, lidlule ngokulungisa, noma liwenqabe. Uma lidlula ngokulungisa, umlomo ubuyela egumbini lokuqala lokuhlola lezo zinguquko. Le ngxenye yemuva ne-‘kakhulu" ngokuvamile indlu yomsuka ingavumelana ne-mend, okuthi ilungele ukuhlangana. Uma ingena, indlu ingacela noma ivumela ukuba kubulawe. Imithetho yegumbi ngalinye yamuva kanye ne-injini yazinye ixhomeke ekusebenzeni, kodwa kokubili kumelwe ivumelane.

7. IKomiti Yengqungquthela

Uma amagumbi amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali, ikomiti yengqungquthela imiswa ukuze ivumelane nalokhu okungafani. Amalungu awo womabili la maqembu abizwa ngokuthi “amanxusa” asebenza ndawonye ukuze enze uhlelo lokugcina lomthetho ongavumelana. Abaphiwe wona bangamalungu amakomiti aphambili aphethe lomthetho ekuqaleni. Bamiswa nguMphathi wendlu noMholi weSishayamthetho. Ikomiti yengqungquthela isebenza ngemva kweminyango evalekile futhi iveze “umbiko wesivumelwano” ohlanganisa umbhalo oyekelweneyo nesivumelwano esihlangene. Umbiko wengqungquthela kumelwe uvunyelwe ngawo womabili amagumbi ngefomu afanayo, futhi akukho ezinye izinyuko ezivunyelwe. Le nqubo inamandla ngoba idlula inqubo evamile yokuvala kanye kanye ne-amodule.

Okungasetshenziswa kungqungquthela yesiko ukusebenzisa “inguquko” lapho igumbi ngalinye lidlula khona inguquko yalo bese livota kulokhu kulungisa. Le nqubo ingashesha kodwa ingabi yinqubo.

8. Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Uma amagumbi amabili esevumelana ngenguqulo yokugcina (isivumelwano esibhaliwe" sisayinwa yiSpeaker noMongameli ongumsizi), isaziso siyathunyelwa kuMongameli. UMongameli unezindlela eziningana:

  • Uphawulo lomthetho. UMongameli angasayina incwadi futhi akhiphe incwadi echaza injongo yayo noma ephikisa amalungiselelo athile (inkulumo yokusayina, engenawo amandla angokomthetho kodwa engathonya ukuchazwa).
  • Uveza umthetho. Uma uMongameli ebuya e-vetoes, igebe libuyela eSixukwini ngokuphikisa. UKhongolo lungathatha indawo ngevoti yama 883 amathathu egumbini ngalinye. Uma impumelelo, imali iba umthetho ngaphandle kwesigqebhezana somphathi. Uma i- enkundleni ihluleka, i-veto i-veto imile.
  • Ungathathi nyathelo ngezinsuku eziyishumi (ukwethula amaSonto) ngesikhathi uMkhandlu useqenjini. Uma kunjalo, umlomo uvele ube umthetho ngaphandle kosayino. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi “isignesha ye-paclet” mboniso.
  • Ivumela ukuba ife ngokungathathi nyathelo uma uMkhandlu ufiwe (ufa). Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi “i-paclet vento.” Umthetho awuwusebenzi, futhi uMkhandlu awukwazi ukuyeka ngoba awukho esiqenjini.

UMongameli angase futhi akhethe ukukhipha “i-pocket veto” phakathi nokunqamuka kwe-intraà session uma uMkhandlu unganikezi inxusa lokwamukela imiyalezo — kodwa lokhu akuvamile. Amandla ka-veto ayindlela enkulu yokuhlola amandla omthetho. Isazi semininingwane yenqubo ye-veto. I-Congress ayivamile ukudlula ngenxa yokufinyelela i-362.[FLT]

Ngalé Kwezinyathelo Eziyisisekelo: Izindawo Ezihlukile Nezingafani

Isibonelo sesembozo esiyisishiyagalombili siwusizo ekuqiniseni, kodwa umkhuba wangempela wokushaya umthetho uhilela ezinye izici eziningi.

Izinhlobo Zezincwadi Nezinqumo

Akuzona zonke iziphakamiso zomthetho ezilandela indlela efanayo. Izinqumo ezilula (H.Res. Res.) zisingatha izindaba ngaphakathi egumbini elilodwa (umz., ukwamukela imithetho) futhi azifuni elinye igumbi noma uMongameli. Izinqumo ze-Conversal (H.Con.Res. okanye S.Conton.Res.) zikhuluma ngemizwa yawo womabili amakamu futhi azinawo amandla omthetho. Izinqumo zesinqumo (H.J.Res. noma S.J.Res.) ziwumthetho ngokuyisisekelo uma zivunyelwe futhi zisayinwa. i-Constitutions idinga izi-3666 zegumbi ngalinye legumbi ngalinye ne-ratting ngezikhathi ezintathu zesifunda sezwezwezwezwezwe yi-S. — Prezideli.

Izindleko zokubhula (ukuhlanganisa izikweleti) zilandela inqubo efanayo kodwa zingaphansi kwemithetho ekhethekile, njenge-Byrd Prain in the Service (evimbela indaba engekho ngokwethukela ezikweletini zokubuyisana). Ukubuyisana kuyinqubo esheshayo esetshenziselwa ukulungisa imali kanye nemali ukuze kuhlangatsheliselwe izisulu zokusetshenziswa kwemali; igonyelwe kuma-monilbuster kodwa ayinakuhlanganisa amalungiselelo angahlanganisiwe 76bdictrary.

Indima Yekomiti Ebusayo

I House Proving Committee ingenye yamakomiti anamandla kakhulu ngoba inquma indlela umthetho ozophikiswa ngayo esitezi sendlu. Ingamisa imithetho evimbela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho, ilinganise isikhathi, futhi ngisho nokuhlelwa kwemithetho yamavoti. “umthetho omisiwe” uvimbela noma isiphi isici, uphoqelela ukuvota okungu-6922cread's' enguqulweni yekomiti. Umthetho ovulekile uvumela noma iliphi ilungu ukuba linikeze ukubuyiselwa kwe-injini. Izindleko ezinkulu zamukela umthetho owenziwe ngemithetho ovumela ukubuyiselwa okuqinisekile kuphela. Ikomiti yeMithetho i-Rightive ishove translated comment, ngokuvamile ibonisa izinto eziphambili ze-inqulution.

ISigele Sempisi Nesitsha

I-filbuster iyisici esiyingqayizivele seSigeqe esivumela i-senamente noma iqembu lama-senator ukuba libambezele noma livimbele ukuvota ngokuphikisana okungapheli. Ukuqeda i-finbuster, ama-triafthi amathathu eSigeqe (ngokuvamile ama-60 senitor) kumelwe avote i-screature. Imingcele yempikiswano ibhekiswe kumahora angu-30 engeziwe futhi iphoqelele ukuba ivote. I-Monacister ayisetshenziswa kuzo zonke izikweleti ngenxa yokubambezela kwebhizinisi; abaholi abaningi bathembela ku-“u projected" izivumelwano zokuhlela impikiswano nokulinganisela. I-Prinebuster ilungiswe ngezindlela ezithile zomthetho (isibonelo, i-bhanyayokuhlela izimali). Ukuqonda ukuthi i-Pricester ayibalulekile ekuqondeni kwezentengo yeze yenkampane yezelo enkulu.

IKomiti Yengqungquthela “Iziphetho Zomphathi - jikelele”

Amakomiti engqungquthela asebenza ngaphansi kweziqondiso eziqinile. Amalungu awakwazi ukuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha kuphela — angahlanganisa umehluko phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigele. Umbiko owenziwe ngengqungquthela ngokuvamile uyisivumelwano esihlotshiswe ngokucophelela esingase sihlanganise izilimi zombili imikhakha. Ngezinye izikhathi umbiko wengqungquthela uqukethe amalungiselelo aye angekho noma yiziphi izinguqulo kodwa abhekwa njengadingekile ukuxazulula ukungezwani (lezi zibizwa ngokuthi “izinguquko zeNdlwangundabuko”). Uma indlu inqaba umbiko wengqungquthela, isibambiso sesivumelwano singabuyela emuva engqungqutheleni noma sife. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakomiti engqungqungqutheleni kuye kwehla eminyakeni yamuva, ngokuncintisana okungcono.

Indima Yamaqembu Omphakathi Nesithakazelo

Inqubo yomthetho ayikho ndawo. Izakhamuzi zingathonya ukumiswa komthetho ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo, ngokufaka ubufakazi ngokuzwa, ngokuhlela imikhankaso yokuhlela izimpande, noma ngokuvota. Amaqembu esithakazelo, njengezinhlangano zezentengiselwano, izinyunyana zezisebenzi, nezinhlangano zezisebenzi, futhi zisekela iKhongolo ukuba isekele noma iphikise izikweletu. I-Lobbing ivikelwe ngokuxhumana kweSigqi sokuqala futhi inikeze amakhono ayigugu, kodwa futhi iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya elingadingekile. Umthetho wokufaka ngemithetho enjenge-Lobbaving Diving Act uqinisekisa ukuba mhlophe. Izazi eziningi zikholelwa ukuthi ukufakwa obala phakathi kwecala lekomiti elalelayo, lapho ubufakazi obubhaliwe nabedluliselwa ngomlomo bungaguqula khona amathuluzi ekomitini yomphakathi nemihlangano yedolobha nawo wonke ukuba asebenze ngenqubo yezokuxhumana.

Ukubaluleka Kwenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Inqubo yomthetho ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho ibonisa izidingo nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Ivumela ukufakwa komphakathi, ukuphikisana, nokubukezwa, iyenze ibe isisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi. Inqubo yamabomu, i-step ́bypreadism yenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imibono eminingi ithathwa ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. Nakuba lenqubo ingathatha kancane futhi ikhungathekise, iklanyelwe ukuveza umthetho owenziwe ngokucophelela ngokwengeziwe. Imfuneko yokugunyaza i-bidaral nosayino sikamongameli (noma i-veto sone) isakaza amandla futhi ivimbela noma isiphi isidumbu esisodwa ukuba sisebenze sodwa. Abafundi nabafundisi abaqonda lenqubo bahlonyiselwe kangcono ukuba bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, balandele izenzakalo zamanje, futhi basekele izinguquko ezikholelwa kuzo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kuhlomisa abafundi nothisha nolwazi lokuhlanganyela ezingxoxweni zomphakathi. Ngokulandela izinyathelo ezibekwe kulesiqondiso, abantu bangabuqonda kangcono ubunkimbinkimbi nokubaluleka kwenqubo yomthetho. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano kuya kuphawu lokugcina loMongameli, isigaba ngasinye sihilela ukucabangisisa, ukuxoxa, nokuhlehlisa. Nakuba lenqubo ingase ibonakale isabisa, iphumele ezenzweni eziwukwethusayo futhi yembule amathuba amaningi okuhlanganyela. Ukufunda ukuthi umthetho uba umthetho kanjani awuwona nje umthetho wokuqonda isakhiwo sikahulumeni — kuhilela ukuqonda indlela thina, njengomphakathi, sidala ngayo imithetho esibusayo.