Isisekelo Esingokomlando Sezinkantolo Zanamuhla

Isimiso senkantolo njengoba sazi namuhla asizange sivele ngobusuku obubodwa. Izimpande zaso zibuyela emuva emuva ezinhlanganweni zasendulo njengeMesophothamiya, lapho uMthetho kaHammurabi obhaliwe nezindinganiso zezahlulelo. IGreece yasendulo yasungula umqondo wamacala ezakhamuzi, kuyilapho umthetho waseRoma wasungula izimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zomthetho nabahluleli abangochwepheshe. Isimiso somthetho wamaNgisi, ngokuncika kwawo ezibonelweni zesikhathi nokuqulwa kwecala, saba isisekelo sezimiso eziningi zanamuhla zomthetho, kuhlanganise neUnited States, Canada, Australia, neNdiya. Ukuqonda lomongongo wasendulo kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi izinhlangano ezingosikhungo ezingomthetho eziwumthetho ezingomthetho ezingowodwa kodwa umkhiqizo womzamo wokwenza ubulungisa obulungile nowokugcina isigwebo.

Izimiso zenkantolo zanamuhla ziye zavela ukuze zisingathe ubunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wanamuhla. Zisebenza ngaphansi komthetho, okusho ukuthi akekho ongaphezulu komthetho ````nal' noma izikhulu zikahulumeni'. Lesi simiso sivikela izakhamuzi emandleni azimele futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izingxabano zixazululwa ngezinqubo ezimisiwe kunethonya noma amandla omuntu siqu. Kulabo abanesithakazelo esisekelweni esijulile somlando, iEnclopædia Britannica ukungena ezinkantolo[

Ikhorali Lesimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso ngasinye senkantolo esivuthiwe sihlelwe ngokulandelana. Lesi simiso esinezinhlandla sivumela amacala ukuba ahlolwe kahle kuyilapho enikeza inqubo yokulungisa amaphutha. Amazinga amathathu ayinhloko izinkantolo eziqulwayo, izinkantolo ezidlulisa amacala, nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme noma inkantolo yomthetho-sisekelo). Izinga ngalinye lifeza injongo ehlukile ekuqondiseni kobulungisa.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala: Lapho Amaqiniso Etholakala Khona

Izinkantolo ziwukumiswa kokuqala cishe kuzo zonke izimpikiswano. Kulezinkantolo, amacala anikeza ubufakazi, abiza ofakazi, futhi aphikisane ngezikhundla zawo phambi kwamajaji (kodwa ngokuvamile ijaji. Ijaji liqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho engokomthetho iyalandelwa, kuyilapho amajaji (noma amajaji enkantolo enkantolo) enquma amaqiniso aleli cala. Izinkantolo zecala zisingatha kokubili izindaba zobugebengu nezikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, icala lobugebengu lingase lihlanganise ukwebiwa noma ukuqulwa kwamacala, kuyilapho icala lomphakathi lingase likwazi ukusingatha isivumelwano noma ukulimala komuntu siqu. Ehlelweni lombuso, izinkantolo zesifunda zibizwa ngokuthi iU.S. Izinkantolo zesigodi eziningi zinamagama afana nalawo abizwa njengeNkakhulu noma iziNkathi zezifunda. Isihluthulelo sithatha isinqumo sokuqulwa kwecala: Ukuqulwa kwecala noma ukuqulwa kwecala.

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso: Ukuhlola Amaphutha

Uma iqembu likholelwa ukuthi inkantolo yecala lenza iphutha elingokomthetho, ngokwesibonelo, ukuvuma ubufakazi obungafanele noma ukuthatha umthetho ngokungeyikho. Zingadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Izinkantolo eziphendulwayo aziwaphikisi amaqiniso. Kunalokho, zibukeza umbhalo ogciniwe wecala ukuze zinqume ukuthi umthetho wasetshenziswa ngokunembile yini. Lezi zinkantolo zilalela amacala ezindawo zabahluleli abathathu futhi zibhale imibono echaza ukucabanga kwabo. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izinkantolo eziphakathi zezinkantolo zezokudlulisa amacala yi-U.S. Izinkantolo eziningi zibizwa ngokufanayo ngokuthi izinkantolo, ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi iziNkantolo Zokudluliswa Kwezikhalo noma izinkantolo. Appelate zingagumbula, zisekela, noma ziyala ukuqulwa kwecala elisha.

INkantolo Ephakeme: Igunya Lokugcina

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe i-costant inegama lokugcina empikiswano yomthetho. E-United States, leyo iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., elalela amacala amancane unyaka ngamunye, futhi ahlanganisa imibuzo ebalulekile engokomthetho noma izingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi. Izinqumo zayo ziba yisibonelo sazo zonke ezinye izinkantolo. Amazwe amaningi agcina izinhlangano ezifanayo, njengeNkantolo Ephakeme ye-United Kingdom noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-Australia. Icala elilodwa elifinyelela kulezinga lingashintsha i-mthethweni engokomthetho yezigidi zabantu. Ngemithetho nabeluleki bamanje, bheka inkantolo yezezikhulu zezengosi ye-webhusayithi ye-United States.[FLT:]

Izisebenzi Eziyinhloko ZeNkantolo Nemisebenzi Yazo

Ukuqonda ukuthi obani laba bantu abalulaza indawo yasenkantolo futhi kungasiza izakhamuzi ukuba zizizwe zikhululekile uma zidinga ukuhlanganyela.

Abahluleli

Abahluleli baqondisa ukuqulwa kwenkantolo, banqumela ukuthatha isinyathelo, banikeze iziyalezo emacaleni angokomthetho, futhi “‘ emabhentshini ukuqulwa kwecala. Kumelwe bangahluleli futhi bangabi nalwazi ngomthetho. Ezimisweni eziningi, abahluleli bamiswa igatsha eliphethe, likhethwe umphakathi, noma likhethwe ngokuthunywa okusekelwe ekuhlonishweni okubalulekile. Indima yabo iwukuchaza umthetho futhi bawusebenzise emaqinisweni, hhayi ukusekela omunye phezu komunye.

IJuries

Amajaji angamaqembu ezakhamuzi ezivamile ezisebenza ngokunquma amaqiniso ecala. Ekuqulweni kwecala, abahluleli kumelwe bathole ummangalelwa enecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo; ezicabeni zomphakathi, indinganiso ivame ukuqashelwa ubufakazi. Ukukhonza ejajini kungezinye zezindlela eziqondile izakhamuzi ezihileleke ngazo esimisweni senkantolo. Kuyikho kokubili umsebenzi olungile nowesizwe.

Ama - lawy (Ama - Attorney)

Abameli bamelela izikhungo − abamangalelwa nabamangalelwa − enkantolo. Balungisa amaphepha angokomthetho, bahlole ofakazi, futhi baphikisane ngendawo yekhasimende labo. E-U.S., abameli kumelwe badlulise ukuhlolwa kwebhar futhi banamathele emithethweni eqinile yokuziphatha. Izakhamuzi ezingenakho ukukhokhela ummeli ecaleni lobugebengu zinelungelo lomlweli womphakathi.

Abenzi Bezinkundle Nabaphangi

Omabhalane benkantolo baphatha imisebenzi yokuphatha: ukugcina amaphepha, ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, nokugcina amarekhodi angokomthetho. Abakhohlisi balondoloza ukuhleleka nokulondeka enkantolo, abamangalelwa abaphelezeli, futhi basiza ijaji. Bobabili badlala ngemuva kwemisebenzi egcina isimiso sisebenza kahle.

Abalobeli Bezinkantolo

Lezi zindaba zibalulekile ekudluliseleni izikhalo ngoba izinkantolo zincike embhalweni ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zibukeze izinqumo.

Izinhlobo Zamacala Necala LeNkantolo

Izinkantolo zihlelelwe ukusingatha izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezingxabano. Izigaba ezibanzi kakhulu zezephulamthetho nezesizwe, kodwa izimiso eziningi zihlanganisa izinkantolo ezikhethekile zomkhaya, iprobate, izimoto, ukubhula kwemali, nezindaba zokuphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igunya lokulawula linquma ukuthi yiziphi inkantolo ezinegunya lokulalela icala elithile.

Amacala Ezigebengu

Amacala ezigebengu aphakama lapho umuntu emangalelwa ngokwephula umthetho owenqabela ukuziphatha okuthile njengokuba, ukuhlasela, noma ukukhwabanisa. Uhulumeni (umshushisi) uletha icala kumangalelwa. Izigebengu zingahlanganisa ukukhokhwa, ukugcinwa, noma ukuboshwa. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphakeme: umshushisi kumelwe afakazele ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo.

Amacala Angaphakathi

Amacala angaphakathi ahlanganisa izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu azimele(individics), amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano. Angahlanganisa izivumelwano, impahla, ukulimala komuntu siqu, noma izindaba zomkhaya. Ummangalelwa uphenya ummangalelwa ofuna imbuyiselo noma imvume yenkantolo. Umthwalo wobufakazi uphansi: ukubucabangela kusengaphambili ubufakazi (cishe hhayi hhayi).

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Imibuso eminingi inezinkantolo ezigxile ezindaweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Inkantolo yomkhaya: iphatha isehlukaniso, ilungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nobudlova basekhaya.
  • [[Umthetho:0] inkantolo yeProbate:[ iphethe izibopho, amafa, nemikhumbi eqaphile.
  • inkantolo yamaTraffic:[ isingatha ukwephulwa okuncane kwezimoto.
  • inkantolo yeBankrupt:[ isingatha ukukhululeka kwezikweletu nokuhlelwa kabusha.
  • Izinkantolo eziphethe: lalela izimpikiswano ezihilela izinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Uhulumeni Jurisdition (Umbono WaseU.S.)

E-United States, izinkantolo zikhona kuwo womabili amazinga ombuso nawombuso. Izinkantolo ze-Federal zisingatha amacala ahilela imithetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, noma izingxabano phakathi kwamaqembu avela ezifundeni ezihlukene. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha izindaba eziningi zansuku zonke. /acttract, umthetho womkhaya, izimoto, nobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lesimiso esihlangene singadidanisa izakhamuzi, kodwa sisho ukuthi abantu abaningi bayosebenzelana ngokuyinhloko nezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ukuze kucaciswe ngokucacile, iwebhusayithi .S.

Ukuhamba Kanye: Indlela Icala Elidlula Ngayo Enkantolo

Ukuqonda isisekelo secala kungasusa ukwesatshiswa okuningi okuhlobene nezinkantolo.

Ukukhononda Noma Ukumangalela

Ecaleni lomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufaka isikhalo enkantolo futhi asinikeze ummangalelwa. Ecaleni lobugebengu, uhulumeni ufaka amafacensi ngemva kokuphenya. Iphepha linikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sesenzo.

Izindlela Zama - computer

Zombili izinhlangothi zixoxa ngokwaziswa ngokuthola, ukuthatha amafayela, futhi zingazama ukuxazulula. Amacala amaningi axazululwa phakathi nale nkathi. Uma kungekho kuhlaliswana, inkantolo ihlanganisa ingqungquthela yangaphambi kwecala ukuze imise usuku lokuqulwa kwecala.

3. Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala linikezwa amajaji noma abahluleli lapho ubufakazi bunikezwa khona. Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza izinkulumo zokuvula, ofakazi abakhona nemifanekiso, ofakazi be-expane - aximine, futhi zidlulisele izimpikiswano zokuphetha.

4. Ukwahlulela Nesigwebo

Uma isinqumo singesecala lomphakathi, inkantolo ikhipha isijeziso sesijeziso sesijeziso noma sokukhululeka.

5.

Uma noma yiluphi uhlangothi lukholelwa ukuthi kwenzeke iphutha elingokomthetho, lungadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Inqubo yokukhipha isigwebo ingathatha izinyanga noma iminyaka futhi ingaphumela ekuguqulweni, ukuqulwa kwecala okusha, noma umyalo wokuguqula umusho.

Amagama Angokomthetho Abalulekile Okufanele Wonke Izakhamuzi Zazi

Umthetho ungakukhungathekisa, kodwa amagama ambalwa ayinhloko abalulekile kunoma ubani ohamba ngesimiso. Nansi incazelo ebanzi edlula isihloko sokuqala.

  • [[UMTH:0] Umthetho oPlaintiff: Umuntu oqala icala.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-defandint: Umuntu omangalelwayo noma omangalelwayo.
  • Icala: Isinqumo samajaji noma sokwahlulela ngamaqiniso.
  • Appal:[ Isicelo sokuba inkantolo ephakeme ibukeze isinqumo senkantolo ephansi.
  • Ukulahlwa: Igunya lenkantolo lokuzwa icala.
  • Isibopho sokuqinisekisa icala lomuntu (ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo obugebenguni; ukuqashelwa kwesizwe).
  • Ukungaqondi ukulinganiselwa: Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokumangalela.
  • Incazelo: Inqubo yangaphambili yezomthetho lapho imicimbi ishintshana khona nobufakazi.
  • [Motion:[ Isicelo sokuba inkantolo yenze isinqumo esiqondile.
  • Subpoena:[ Isinqumo senkantolo esifuna umuntu ukufakaza noma ukhiqize amabhukwana.
  • I-Dismossal:[ Imvume yenkantolo eqeda icala ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala okuphelele.
  • iProject se: uzimelela ngokwakhe ngaphandle kommeli.

Kusichazamazwi somthetho esibanzi, bheka i-Wex Legal Dictionary [[FLT: 1] yase-Cornell Law School.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingangenela Ngayo Enqubweni

Abantu abaningi bahlangana nesimiso senkantolo ngenye yezindlela ezintathu: njengejaji, njengeqembu (isikhulu noma ummangalelwa), noma njengesibukeli. Ukwazi okumelwe kulindelwe kwenza ngamunye angasabi.

Njengomshoshaphansi

Umsebenzi kaJury uyisibopho somphakathi. Uma ubizwa, uzoba yingxenye yeqembu labahluleli abangase babuze imibuzo umahluleli nabameli ukuze banqume ukungakhethi. Uma ukhethiwe, kumelwe ubulalelisise ubufakazi futhi ulandele iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni. Indima yakho iwukunquma amaqiniso asekelwe kulokho okunikezwa enkantolo. Izinqubo eziningi zenkantolo zinikeza izinto zokuqondisa nokukhokhela izindleko.

Njengeqembu (ILutigant)

Uma umangalelwe noma unquma ukumangalelwa, unelungelo lokuzimelela wena (ipro se), kodwa kutuswa kakhulu ukuqasha ummeli. Kumelwe ulandele imithetho yenkantolo ngokuphathelene nokubhala isikhathi esimisiwe, indlela yamabhukwana, nokuthumela amaphepha ngakolunye uhlangothi. Izinkantolo eziningi zinezindawo zokuzisiza noma imitholampilo esemthethweni enganikeza izakhiwo nesiqondiso. Ukuveza isikhathi nokulungiselela kugxeka.

Njengesibukeli

Ukuqulwa kwecala kuvulekele umphakathi. Ukuya enkantolo kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okufundisayo. Ungafunda ngezinqubo zomthetho, ubone indlela abahluleli nabameli abaziphatha ngayo, futhi uqonde amandla adonsela phansi esimiso sobulungisa. Khumbula nje: cisha ucingo lwakho, ugqoke ngenhlonipho, futhi ungaphazamiseki ezicini.

Indima Yesimiso Senkantolo Ekusekeleni Ubulungisa

Izinkantolo zenza okungaphezu kokuxazulula izingxabano. Zichaza imithetho, zivikela amalungelo abantu, futhi zihlola amandla kahulumeni. Isimiso sokuzimela kokwahlulela siqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji angenza izinqumo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuziphindisela. Izinkantolo futhi zihlela isimiso somphakathi ngezinqumo eziphawulayo ezimayelana namalungelo omphakathi, inkululeko yokukhuluma, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda futhi zithemba isimiso senkantolo, zisengozini enkulu yokuvumelana nomthetho futhi zihlanganyele ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Nokho, akukho simiso esiphelele. Izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele ezinjengezezinhlolopho, ukungenwa okulinganiselwe kwemizamukela abantu ngabanye, nokuqonda okungalinganiyo. Imizamo eqhubekayo yokuthuthukisa ukufinyelela usizo lwenkantolo, ukukhipha imvume, nokuthatha izinqubo ezilula.

Ukuhlolwa okujulile kwendlela izinkantolo ezisiza ngayo ekubusweni kwentando yeningi, i-American Bar Association's process yomphakathi yemfundo [ iyisiqalo esiwusizo.

Isiphetho: Ukuhlala Nginolwazi

Isimiso senkantolo siwuphawu lokuzibopha komphakathi ekwakheni umthetho. Nakuba isakhiwo saso singabonakala siyinkimbinkimbi, sonke isakhamuzi singazuza olwazini olusebenzayo lwezici eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisiwe lapha: izikhundla zabefundisi, izindima zezisebenzi eziyinhloko, izinhlobo zamacala, nenqubo evamile. Uma ukhonza ejajini, uhileleke enkantolo, noma umane ulandele izindaba eziphathelene nezindaba ezibalulekile, ukuqonda amajaji akusiza ukuba usebenzise amalungelo akho futhi ufeze imithwalo yakho yemfanelo. Ngokuhlala ufundile, unezela esimisweni sobulungisa esilungile, esikhanyayo, nesilandisayo kubo bonke abantu.