ICornestone Yokwahlulela: Inkululeko Yokwahlulela Nendima Yayo Kumalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuqashelwa kabanzi njengesimiso esiyisisekelo sokubusa komthetho nesimo esidingekile sokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Kunika izinkantolo amandla okufushanisa izimpikiswano futhi kuchaze imithetho ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwangaphandle, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe kuphela ekufanelekeni okungokomthetho nakubufakazi obuyiqiniso. Lenkululeko ayiyona nje isisekelo esinengqondo kodwa isivikelo esisebenzayo esingenza ukuba ummeli ahlole umbusi onegunya, agcine ohulumeni benecala, futhi athuthukise izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezilawula amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngaphandle kwemithetho ezimele, zonke izakhiwo zenkululeko yamalungelo abantu ezivikelayo. [1] Ukusuka ezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala zomhlaba wonke kuyokwenza ukuba ihluleke kalula futhi ingakwazi ukuxhaphaza.

Ukuqonda Inkululeko Yokwahlulela: Incazelo Nezici Eziyisisekelo

Ngokomsuka waso, ukukhululeka kokwahlulela kusho ukuthi amajaji akhululekile ukunquma amacala ngokwawo ngokwencazelo yawo siqu yomthetho namaqiniso, ngaphandle kokucindezela okuvela kunoma yimuphi umthombo wangaphandle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzimela emagatsheni emithetho nakwezobuphathi, kumaqembu ezombangazwe, ezithakazelweni zezomnotho, nakumbono othandwayo. Umqondo unakho kokubili ukuhlelwa kwenhlangano kanye nokuhlelwa komuntu ngamunye. Ngokwenhlangano, ijaji kumelwe lihlukaniswe futhi libe negunya phezu kokuphatha kwalo siqu nokuhlela nokuhlela.

Izici eziyinhloko zokuzibusa kokwahlulela zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukhuseleko lwendawo engcono: Abahluleli abanakususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, okuvimbela ohulumeni ukuba bajezise abahluleli ngezinqumo ezingathandeki.
  • [ ukukhululeka kwezezimali : Ibhayisense eyanele nengahliswanga iholo elifanele amajaji ngokuphoqelelwa kwezomnotho.
  • Inkululeko yokuzibusa: Ijaji lilawula izindaba zalo siqu, kuhlanganise nesabelo secala, ukuphatha kwenkantolo, kanye nemithetho yokujezisa.
  • Ukukhetha [: Abahluleli akumelwe bathathwe ngokungafani futhi bathathwe njengaleyo, idinga imithetho ecacile yokuziphatha okungacaci.
  • Ukuvikelwa ethonyeni langaphandle: Akukho gunya elingaphandle kwegunya (ohulumeni, inkampani, noma i-openOffice, kungalawula imiphumela yokwahlulela.)

Lezizimiso zihlanganiswe eziculweni eziningi zomhlaba, kuhlanganise neSiphakamiso seZizwe Ezihlangene seSiphakamiso seZizwe Ezihlangene, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, iSivumelwano seZizwe Zonke samalungelo omphakathi nawamazwe ngamazwe (ICCPR), neSiphakamiso sezimiso eziseSikhungweni Sokuzimela Sezikhungo Zobucukuthu. ISivumelwano Somhlaba Wonke, ngokwesibonelo, sisho eSiphakathini 10 ukuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokulalela inkantolo ezimele nengakhethi. Lendlela ichazwe izindikimba ezilwela amalungelo abantu njengokufuna imvume yokulawula i - geverdiary enziswa futhi isebenza ngaphandle kokulawulwa kwezikhulu noma ukulawula.

Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwenkululeko Yokwahlulela Njengesiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu

Umqondo wokuthi amajaji kufanele azimele usukela emuva emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka esukela eMagna Carta, kodwa isimo sawo sanamuhla savela enkathini yokukhanyiselwa. Abacabangi abanjengoMontesquieu balwela ukwahlukana kwemibuso, lapho ijaji elizimele lingaba iphenya kumthetho wesishayamthetho nesikhulu. Lomqondo wabhalelwa eUnited States futhi kamuva wathathwa ngemibuso eminingi yentando yeningi. Ekhulwini lama-20, izigebengu ezimbili zezimpi zezwe kanye namalungelo abantu asakazekela kuyo yonke indawo ukuze kuhlolwe uhulumeni wokwahlulela njengemfuneko edingekayo ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo abantu.

ISiphakamiso 14 se-ICCPR siqinisekisa ngokuqondile ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga phambi kwenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi. IKomiti yamalungelo abantu, eqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-ICCPRR, ikhiphe ukukhulumela nezinqumo ezicacile ukuthi ukuzimela kumelwe kucaciswe hhayi kuphela ngokwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi nangokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, uNo. [32 , iKomiti yasho ukuthi imfuneko yokuzimela ibhekisela endleleni abahluleli abamiswe ngayo, izimfanelo zabo, ukulondeka kwesilinganiso, nokuvikelwa kwabo ekucindezeleni ngaphandle.

Inkathi yangemva kweWWII yabuye yabona ukwakhiwa kwezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke nezinkantolo, njengeNkantolo Yomhlaba Wonke yobulungisa (ICJ), iNkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECTR), iNkantolo yaseMelika exter-American of Human Rights, neNkantolo yeSigebengu somhlaba wonke (ICC). Lezi zikhungo zincike kakhulu ekuzimeleni kwahluleli zazo nasekuzimiseleni kwezinkantolo zasekhaya ukuba zibambisana nazo. Inkantolo yazo, ngokulandelana, iye yabumba futhi yandisa imibandela engokomthetho wamalungelo abantu embulungeni yonke.

Indlela Inkululeko Yokwahlulela Ethonya Ngayo Amalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Zonke

Ukuhumusha Izivumelwano Nemihlangano Yamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinkantolo ezizimele zasekhaya nezezizwe ngezizwe zingabatolikisi abayinhloko bezivumelwano zamalungelo abantu. Uma inkantolo ihlola icala elihlanganisa ilungiselelo lesivumelwano − njengelungelo lokungahlushwa, noma inkululeko yokuveza imibandela, noma ukucabanga okuvamile okuthi kusungule izimpawu ezithonya indlela ezinye izinkantolo nezimiso zomthetho eziqonda ngayo lelolungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, izimpikiswano ze-ECTHR ezikhonjwa izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke. Ukuchazwa kweSiphakamiso 3 se-Europe soMthetho we-Convention on Human Rights (isusa ukuhlushwa kwamalungelo abantu) kuvame ukuveza izimpawu ezithi zenza iziphi izinqubo ezifana ne- i-Ilands. [2:1] futhi [FLT] [FLD] [F:1] i-Suluninv.[FFF:3]

Ngokufanayo, i - Inter-American Court of Human Rights iye yasungula izimfundiso ngemithetho yokuthethelela, ukunyamalala ngempoqo, namalungelo ezwe abomdabu aye amukelwa izinkantolo zesizwe kulo lonke elase-Latin America nangaphandle kwalo. Ijaji elizimele libalulekile ekusebenziseni lezizibopho zomhlaba wonke ngokwethembeka, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungqubuzana nezithakazelo zezombangazwe zasekhaya noma umuzwa othandwayo.

Ukuba Nesibopho Sokulandisa Kohulumeni

Enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yejaji elizimele iwukubeka ohulumeni icala ngokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Uma abantu noma amaqembu beveza amacala ngokuxhashazwa kwecala (hhayi njengokubulala okungekho emthethweni, ukuvalelwa okungekho emthethweni, noma ukucindezelwa kokungavumelani nokungavunyelwa ngokomthetho) kumelwe ukwazi ukukhipha izimemezelo ezimelene nombuso. Lokhu akudingi ukuzimela komphathi kuphela kodwa nakubadlali abanamandla abangase bahlangane nohulumeni.

Ngokwesibonelo, eNingizimu Afrika, ngemva kwe-apartheid constrignome zikhotwe njengezimele − ishaqiswa kakhulu izimiso zikahulumeni eziphula amalungelo ezenhlalo nezezempilo, njengokukwazi ukufinyelela izindlu nokunakekela impilo. Icala lengqophamlando I-Government of South Africa v. Grootboom yamisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokunikeza izinyathelo ezinengqondo zokuhlala. Izibonelo ezifanayo zikhona eNdiya, lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yasebenzisa khona inkululeko yayo ukuqondisa ohulumeni ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, izimo zejele, nempilo yomphakathi.

Uma izinkantolo zezikhulu zehluleka noma zingazimisele ukwenza okuthile, izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zamazwe ngamazwe zingaqeda igebe. Nokho, lezi zinkantolo zomhlaba wonke ngokwazo zidinga izinga eliphakeme lokuzimela ukuze zisebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Kumelwe zikhululeke ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe yimibuso eyazidala. Ngokwesibonelo, iECTHR, iye yabhekana nemizamo yezikhathi ezithile yamanye amalungu ukuze inciphise igunya layo noma imise amajaji abambelele kwezombangazwe. Ukuvikela ukuzibusa kwabahluleli bomhlaba wonke kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukumisa Izenzakalo Ezingokomthetho Ezithuthukisa Izindinganiso Zembulunga Yonke

Izinqumo zokwahlulela zakha umthetho othatha inqumbi oziguqula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isahlulelo esisodwa sesibindi singashukumisela izinkantolo kwezinye izifunda ukuba zicabange ngendlela efanayo. Lesi simo, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi izingxoxo zokwahlulela noma ukugcinwa komthetho-sisekelo wezwe lonke, sisiza ekusakazekeni nasekuqiniseni izindinganiso zabantu emingceleni.

Cabangela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwelungelo lokuzifihla ngenkathi yonyaka ka-2014. Lapho iNkantolo yeJaji ye-European Union (CJEU) ikhipha i-Google Spain v. AEPD noMario Costeja Gonzáleja isahlulelo ngo-2014, ukumisa “isinqumo esifanele ukulibaleka,” isinqumo esizwakalayo ezinkantolo nasezindlu zomthetho wemithetho yemithetho ye-pricio emhlabeni wonke. Nakuba lesi sinqumo sasisekelwe emthetho we-EU sivikelo sokwaziswa, ukucabanga kwaso kwakuthonya izimpikiswano emazweni anjenge-United States, iJapane, ne-Indiya. Izinkantolo ze-Epende zivame kakhulu ukuhileleka engxoxweni enjalo yomhlaba wonke ngenxa yokuthi aziboni izithakaze zesizwe; zingabheka kwamanye amazwe njengegunya lokuthonya.

Ngokufanayo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, naphezu kwezinselele zayo zokuzibusa, iye yakhipha imithetho eyaguqula umthetho wamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke (ngokwesibonelo, ekwahlukaneni kwezinhlanga Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo[, ekulinganiseni umshado ] Obergecrev v. Hodges[, nasevalweni [[FLT]] v.RMFLT]. Rumsfeld. [indlela].

Izinselele Zokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Ukwahlulela Emhlabeni Wonke

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukuzimela enkantolo kubhekene nezinsongo eziphikelelayo.

Ukungenela Kwezombangazwe Nokungesabisa

Emazweni amaningi, ohulumeni bahlasela ngokuqondile ukukhululeka kokwahlulela ngokupakisha izinkantolo nabaqotho, besebenzisa izimemezelo zokujezisa amajaji, noma behluleka ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zenkantolo. i-Hungary nePoland baye babhekana nemithetho ye-European Union futhi bamelana nezinqubo zokwahlulela ezilulaza ukuzibusa. ETurkey, amakhulu amajaji axoshwa ngemva kokuba u-2016 ezame ukugumbuqelwa, ukuqeda ukuthenjwa umphakathi. EVenezuela, ukuzimela kweNkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu kwahoxa lapho uhulumeni wandisa ubukhulu bawo futhi umise amajaji abazimisele ukusekela izenzo zesikhulu eziqeda ukubusa kwentando yeningi.

Abahluleli abamelene nezithakazelo ezinamandla bangase babhekane nokuhlukunyezwa, ukusongelwa, noma ubudlova. Izintatheli nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu baye babhala amacala abahluleli ababulawayo emazweni anjengePakistan, iColombia, nePhilippines. Ukuhlasela okunjalo kubangela umphumela ohlasimulisayo odumaza abanye abahluleli ukuba bakhiphe izinqumo zokuzibusa.

Ukonakala Nokuntuleka Kwecala

Ukonakala kwezenkantolo ngokwazo kungalulaza futhi ukuzimela. Uma amajaji efumbathiswa noma ehileleke ekuthonyeni imiphumela yokuzuza komuntu siqu noma kwezombangazwe, sonke isimiso sobulungisa silahlekelwa ukuthembeka. Lokhu kudala inkinga ikakhulukazi emazweni lapho ukumiswa kokwahlulela kuqinile futhi lapho kungekho zindlela eziphumelelayo zokuyala abahluleli abangayenzi inqubo. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokuziphendulela ngokuzibusa kuwumsebenzi obucayi. Imikhandlu yokwahlulela enamandla enezinqubo ezibonisayo ingasiza, kodwa yona ngokwayo kumelwe ivikeleke ekulawuleni kwezombangazwe.

Izivikelo Ezingokomthetho Ezanele Abahluleli

Kwezinye izifunda, amajaji awazitholi izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezanele. Zingase zithonywe yizivumelwano zesikhashana (esikhundleni sokuphila), amaholo aphansi, noma ukususwa umphathi ngaphandle kwesizathu sangempela. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izinkantolo zezempi noma izinkantolo ezikhethekile zisebenza ngaphandle kwe-jaji elivamile futhi zithonywe kakhulu isikhulu. Lokhu buthakathaka bezakhiwo benza kube lula ukuba ohulumeni bacindezele amajaji ukuba athobele.

Ithonya Lezomnotho Nokucindezela Komphakathi

Abahluleli bangase futhi bathonywe yizithakazelo zezomnotho noma umbono othandwayo. Emacaleni aphakeme ahlanganisa izinkampani noma abantu abacebile, kunethuba lokufumbathisa noma ezinye izinhlobo zethonya elingadingekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esikhathini sezombangazwe ezihlukene, abahluleli abakhipha izinqumo ezingadidelwayo bangase babhekane nezimpica-mfa zomphakathi. Nakuba ukulandisa komphakathi kubalulekile, akumelwe kudlulele phambili ekusongelani noma emizamweni yokusongela ibhentshi.

Ukwanda Kwe - Populism Nobu - aspertialist

Ukunyuka kwezinhlangano zezempoqo nezokubusa ngempoqo emhlabeni wonke kusongela ngokuqondile ekuzimeleni kokwahlulela. Abaholi ababheka ikomiti yokwahlulela njengesithiyo esisemikhankasweni yabo baye basebenzisa ukuhlasela abahluleli njengecebo lezombangazwe. Emazweni ahlukene njenge-Israel, Poland, neBrazil, kuye kwazama ngokuqhubekayo ukwenza buthaka izinkantolo. Lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuthi ukuzimela kokwahlulela akunakuthathwa kalula ngisho nasebukhosini obuvuthiwe. Amaqumrhu abantu asemhlabeni wonke, njengaseKhomishani ye- ye-Venice ye-Commission of Europe [, iye yakhipha imibono nokutusa okuhloselwe ukugcinwa kwe-custom, kodwa ihlala ibuthaka.

Imishini Yokuvikela Nokuqinisa Ukuzimela Kokwahlulela

Ngenxa yalezi zinselele, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhuthaza inkululeko yokwahlulela. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Isiqinisekiso somthetho nemithetho : Amalungiselelo asemthethweni okwahlulela, izinqumo ezisekelwe ekufanelekeni, futhi umkhandlu wokwahlulela ozimele ubalulekile. Amazwe amaningi aye amukela izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ezenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba ohulumeni baphazamise.
  • Umqondisi wezwe lonke: izindikimba zesivumelwano samalungelo abantu, njenge-UN Human Rights Committee ne Committee emelene nokuhlukunyezwa, njalo zihlola ukuvumelana kwamazwe nezindinganiso zokwahlulela zokuzibusa. Ukutusa kwazo, nakuba kungabopheki ngokomthetho, kuveza ukucindezela kokuziphatha nokusebenzelana.
  • Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu zesifunda[: I-ECTHR, Inter-American Court, ne-African Court on Human and People’s Rights zingafihla izikhalo ngokuphulwa kwelungelo enkantolo ezimele. Izahlulelo zazo zingadinga izimemezelo zokuguqula imithetho noma imikhuba.
  • Uqeqesho nokwakhiwa komsebenzi [: Izinhlangano ezinjenge International Bat Association ne-UN Development Programme inikeza imithombo yemfundo yokwahlulela nezinguquko, ikakhulukazi ezifundayo ezintekenteke noma ezizweni zangemva.
  • Ukuhlola umphakathi nemithombo yezindaba: Amaqembu amalungelo abantu, izinxulumani ze-bar, nezintatheli ezizimele zifeza indima ebalulekile ekudaleni ukuhlasela kwenkululeko yokwahlulela. Imikhankaso yomphakathi ingabangela ukuphikisa ukubuyela emuva.
  • [ Ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke nezijeziso: I-European Union ingagodla izimali noma ibeke izijeziso ezindaweni ezingamalungu eziphula ukukhululeka kokwahlulela. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, i-UN Security Council ingathatha isinyathelo, nakuba ukuqamba imvume kuvame ukulinganisela ukuphumelela kwayo.

Ikusasa Lokuzimela Ekwahluleleni Ezweni Eligcwele Imbulunga Yonke

Njengoba izwe lihlangana kakhulu, indima yokuzimela kokwahlulela ekulolongeni izindinganiso zamalungelo abantu cishe iyanda. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe zonke uncike ngokuqhubekayo ekufezekeni kwamalungelo abantu: izivumelwano ziphoqelelwa ngokwesizwe ngezinkantolo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe bobuchwepheshe, ukunqamuka kwemikhawulo ye-data, futhi izinhlangano zezizwe ngezizwe zidala izinselele ezintsha. Izinkantolo kumelwe zilwisane nezimpikiswano ezinjengobandlululo, ukulawulwa kwemithetho engaphezulu kwe-oralterritorritarianism, kanye nelungelo lokungafihliwe nhlobo embusweni yokuhlola. Ngaphandle kokuzimela, azinakukwazi ukusingatha lemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi neyimikhankaye yezombangazwe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izigebengu ezizimele zibalulekile ekusekeleni umthetho ezikhungweni zokubusa zembulunga yonke, njengezinkantolo zezezimali zomhlaba wonke, izinkantolo zezephula-mthetho zezizwe zonke, nezezempikiswano zeWTO. Lezi zindikimba zithembele ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni amajaji okungakhethi nasemthethweni. Lapho ukuzimela kwazo kubuzwa.

Kukhona futhi ukuqaphela okukhulayo ukuthi ukuzimela kokwahlulela kuhlangene nemigomo ebanzi yezenhlalakahle njengentuthuko yezomnotho, impilo yomphakathi, nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile. Ukucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi amazwe azimele kwezokwahlulela anokulandisa okungcono kwamalungelo abantu, amazinga aphakeme okutshala imali kwamanye amazwe, nezinhlangano zentando yeningi eziqinile. Lokhu kwenza ukuvikelwa kokuzimela kokwahlulela kungabi nje indaba engokomthetho kodwa kube imfuneko engokwenzuzo yokuthuthukisa.

Isiphetho: I - Guardier Yamalungelo Abantu Engenakuxazululwa

Ukuzimela kokwahlulela kungaphezu nje kwesimiso somthetho esingaqinile; yithuluzi elisebenzayo elinikeza ukuphila ezimisweni zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. Izinkantolo ze- Independent zichaza izivumelwano, zithathela ohulumeni icala, futhi zimise izenzakalo ezithinta imingcele. Zivikela abantu emandleni okuzibusa, zivikela amadlanzana angenalusizo oluqinile, futhi ziqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abantu bangafuna ubulungisa ngaphandle kokwesaba. Izinselele ababhekene nazo . Izinkinga zezezombangazwe, inkohlakalo, ukuhlasela kwempova, ukuhlasela okungalawuleki, kukhulu, kodwa namathuluzi akhona ukuze bavikele.

Ngokukabili, ukuhlaselwa kwemithetho yokulwela amalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke kuxhomeke ekuzimeleni kwabahluleli abayisebenzisayo. Ngazo zonke izikhathi inkantolo iphikisana nokubusa ngesibindi ngokumelene nezwe elinamandla noma inhlangano, kuqinisa ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo zembulunga yonke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaselwa kwazo zonke iziqu zokwahlulela kwenza kube buthaka ukuthi izakhiwo zokwakha nokuthembana komphakathi. Izakhamuzi, abameli, umphakathi womphakathi, nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kumelwe zihlale ziqaphile. Ukushikashikeka okuqhubekayo kokulondoloza nokuthuthukisa ukuzibusa kuyimpi yombono wokuthi akekho ongaphezu komthetho nokuthi wonke umuntu unelungelo lokulingana nobulungisa. Njengoba uMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg ephawulile kanye, “Umgcini womthetho, okuyisisekelo sesisekelo senkululeko nentando yeningi.” kuyindima edlula noma isiphi isizwe esingumphakathi esihlangene nesimiso somphakathi.