Isingeniso

Izishaya-mthetho zezwe zinendima enkulu, ngokuvamile engagunyaziwe, endima ekuqondiseni nasekuqondiseni amathuluzi omphakathi kanye nezinkonzo zamandla. Lezindawo zenzalo ``izinkampani zamandla kagesi, izimboni zemvelo ezikhipha igesi, izimboni zamanzi namanzi angcolile, kanye nezinkonzo zokuthutha imishini,'imisebenzi yezokuxhumana---inquisiwe','imisebenzi ebalulekile elawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke, nokusebenza kwezomnotho. Izinkonzo zokulawula ezisungulwe abenzi bomthetho zithinta ngokuqondile izikweleta-mali, ukukhokha, ukukhokha, ukutshala izakhiwo, kanye nejubane lokuguqula amandla ahlanzekile. Ukwengamela i-mthetho omthetho owemithetho eqinile kuqinisekisa ukuba inzuzo noma izinhlangano zezentengo eziseduze zezentengo zisebenzeleze ngokwezimali yomphakathi, ukulinganisela kwezentengo yezimali, ukuphepha kwezentengo yezindawo zokusebenza, nokuphatha indawo ezindaweni zokulawulayo. Lesihloko sihlola indlela yokulungisa imithetho yezente, ukuphatha namasishi yezente, ukuphatha.

Indima Yesisekelo Semithetho KaHulumeni Ekubuseni Kwezenhlalakahle

Ngokungafani nemithetho eminingi kahulumeni, umthetho wezenzuzo yomphakathi e-United States ngokuyinhloko unomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni. I-Federal Energy Reguliation Commission (FERC) iqondisa izimakethe zikagesi ezibanzi kanye namapayipi egesi angaphakathi kwezwe, kodwa umsebenzi wezentengiselwano wezentengiselwano (igunya lokukhanyisa amakhaya namabhizinisi) okulawulwa yizwe. Le ngxenye elawulayo isho ukuthi izishaya-mthetho zezindawo zokwakha eziyinhloko zesakhiwo somthetho okusebenza imishini.

Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zenza imisebenzi eminingana ebucayi kulo mbuso:

  • umthetho wokwehlisa: abakhi bomthetho badlulisa imithetho echaza ukuthi yiziphi izinkonzo ezakha “inzuzo yomphakathi,” zimise igunya lezisebenzi eziqondisayo, futhi zinikeze lezozikhomisha amathuluzi angokomthetho adingekayo ukuze kubekwe amazinga, ukuvunyelelwa kwezakhiwo, nezindinganiso eziphoqelelwe.
  • Ukubekwa-kakhulu: Imithetho ihlanganisa izimfuneko zezinga lomsebenzi, ukuthembeka, izivikelo zabathengi, nokuthobela indawo ezungezile. Lezizindinganiso ziba yindawo eyisisekelo okumelwe izithiyo zihlangabezane nayo.
  • Izinqumo zohlelo lwemaphawut: Ezinye izifundazwe zigcina imishini ehlangene ngokuqonde phezulu lapho inkampani eyodwa ikhiqiza khona, idlulisa, futhi isakaza amandla. Ezinye zinezimakethe ezivulwe kabusha ukuze zivumele ukukhethwa kwezentengiselwano. Lezimiso eziyisisekelo zenziwa ngesenzo somthetho.
  • Ukuqapha nokulandisa: Ngenkathi umthetho wezinsuku zonke wehlela kubaphathi abamisiwe, izishaya-mthetho zilondoloza igunya lokuqondisa ngokuzwa, ukugunyaza, ukuhlelwa kwemali, namandla okulungisa noma ukubuyisela imithetho yokuqondisa.
  • [[[NT:0] Izinqubo zokuhlela: Imithetho inquma ukuthi izinhlangano ezilawulayo zixhaswe kanjani ngokuxhaswe ngokusetshenziswa kwemali etholakala kusizo lwezemisebenzi noma ngezimali zikahulumeni jikelele, kanye nemali efanele yezinhlelo zempumelelo yamandla, usizo oluphansi olutholakalayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-propections.

Indima yomthetho ayiyona eqinile. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe nokwethengwa kwemisebenzi, abamisi-mthetho bombuso kumelwe balungise imithetho emisha ukuze baxazulule izinselele ezinjengokwabiwa kwesizukulwane selanga, izimoto zikagesi ezifuna izakhiwo zesakhiwo, nokusongela kwe-inthanethi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa okunamandla phakathi kwenqubo yomthetho kanye nokusetshenziswa kokulawula kuthinta isimo sansuku zonke sabathengi nabathengi babo.

Izimo Eziqondisayo: Ukusetshenziswa Kwesimiso Somthetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziphathisa iziphathimandla ezisebenzayo eziningi eziphethe amanxusa azinikezele, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-Public Utility Commissions (PSCs), noma amaKhomishane e-PS, noma ama-Communication Commission. La maqembu ayizi-quasi-judicial, i-quasi-legislative ezichazayo futhi zisebenzise imithetho edluliswa yi-isishaya-mthetho. Nakuba abaphathi begunyazwe njalo ngumbusi (futhi useke umthetho wendlu yomthetho), umlawuli wendlu yomthetho ulondoloza amandla abalulekile okuchaza i-procédational, imithetho ye-procedational, nezindinganiso ezingaphansi ze-procrative.

Ukubekwa Kwesilinganiso Nokwenziwa Kokulinganisa

Umsebenzi obonakalayo kakhulu wemishini kahulumeni yokuhlela isilinganiso. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto eziningi ezisebenza ngemishini zisebenza ngokusemthethweni emasimini awo okusebenzela, azibhekene nokucindezela kokuncintisana ukuze kugcinwe amanani ephansi. Kunalokho, abaqondisi-mthetho kumelwe banqume ukuthi yini ehlanganisa izinga “elilungile nelinengqondo” ("izinga elifanele") lokuhlanganisa izindleko ezihlakaniphile ze-otterturectory futhi zinikeze inzuzo engcono ekubekeni imali, kodwa hhayi ukuxhaphaza abathengi abathunjiwe.

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinikeza uhlelo lwale nqubo yokuhlela izinga. Zingase zisho:

  • Indlela izindleko ezihlelwa ngayo (isib., ukukhiqizwa, ukusakazwa kwemikhiqizo, ukusakazwa kwemali)
  • Izinhlobo zezindleko ezivunyelwe (izindlela zokubukeza uhulumeni)
  • Indlela yokubala izinga lokubuya elivunyelweyo nge - equity
  • Izinhlelo zamacala ezingalingani, kuhlanganise nezikhathi, ukuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi, nokuxhaswa kwemali
  • Ukuthi ezinye izinqubo zokwenza izinga (njengenzuzo ekhishwayo noma imithetho esekelwe ekusebenzeni) ziyavunyelwa

Iziphepho nazo ziyangenela ngokuqondile ngezinye izikhathi, zimise imithetho ekhuphuka izinga lokukhokha, ikhiphela imishini, noma idinge izinto ezisemzimbeni ukuze zithathe izindleko ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweziphepho ezinkulu, izishaya - mthetho ziye zathatha isinyathelo sokuvimbela amathuluzi okuvimbela ukudlula kwazo zonke izindleko zokubuyisela isiphepho ukuba abakhokhisi bezimali bakhokhe ngaphandle kokuhlola ngokucophelela.

Izindinganiso Ezisemgangathweni Zezentengiselwano Nezenkonzo

Ngaphandle kwamazinga, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa imithetho yokuvikela abathengi emelwe ilandelwe yizinto ezisemgangathweni. Lezi zivame ukuhlanganisa:

  • Izivikelo zokuxhumene: Ibusa imingcele yokuthi zingavalwa nini futhi kanjani izikhisi ezingezingavimbela umsebenzi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu noma kubantu abasengozini.
  • Ukuveza obala:[ Izimfuneko ezibonisa izindleko ngokucacile ukukhokhela, ukusetshenziswa, nanoma yiziphi izisho ezisebenzayo.
  • Isinqumo se-complant: izinqubo ezicaciwe zokusingatha izimpikiswano zamakhasimende, ngokubhekisa uku-authority ku-appolation commist uma kudingekile.
  • [ Izindinganiso zokwethembeka: izimpawu zokuphindaphindeka, izikhathi zokubuyisela, kanye nezinga le-voltation, kanye nezijeziso zokungangeni.

Imithetho futhi igunyaza izinhlelo zosizo ezitholakalayo eziphansi, ukusekela amandla adingekayo, kanye nokuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula isimo sezulu, ngokuvamile ezixhaswe ngokukhokhela izindleko ezincane zonke ezikhokhwayo. Lezi zinhlelo zisiza ekunciphiseni izindleko zokusetshenziswa kwenzuzo eziphinde zincishiswe kuyilapho ukuqhubekela phambili kwenqubo njengemali egciniwe yamandla kanye nokulondolozwa kwendawo ezungezile.

Ukuhlela Nokuvunyelwa

Izindawo ezinkulu zokutshala inzuzo (izindawo ezintsha zamandla asebenzayo), imigqa yokudlulisa, amapayipi egesi engokwemvelo, izindawo zokwelapha amanzi zidinga ukuvunyelelwa. I-paneod orgod. I-paneo ihlela izimfuneko zokugunyazwa okunjalo, kuhlanganise nezimfuneko zokuhlelwa kwezindawo, ukuhlolwa kwezindawo ezizungezile, nokuhlanganyela komphakathi. Kwezinye izifunda, izishaya-mthetho ziye zanikeza imvume yokuvuselela imisebenzi yamandla ogesi noma ukuhlelwa kokukhuliswa kwemisebe yesimanje, ibonise izinto eziza kuqala.

Imithetho ingadala futhi ezinye izindlela ezivumela ezinye izisekelo zesisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibuso iye yamisa “imishini yesimanje” evumela izinto ezisebenza ngemishini ukuba zisebenzise izakhiwo eziphambili ze-mitein noma ukuthutha ngaphandle kokudlula ebhokisini eligcwele lezemali yesiko, uma nje ihlangabezana nezindleko zemithetho kanye nezimpawu zokusebenza.

Imishini Eqondisayo: Indlela Umthetho KaHulumeni Othonya Ngayo Ukuziphatha Kobunyumba

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni azigcini nje ngokubeka indlela ebanzi; zihlela izimiso ezithile zomthetho ezinquma ukuthi izinto ezisebenza ngokusesilinganisweni zisebenza kanjani usuku nosuku. Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ithonya lomthetho ekuqondiseni i-athom.

Izinga Elivamile Lokubuyela

Ngaphansi kwezindleko zokubuyisela izindleko noma izinga lokulawula okungabuyiwe, i-bit ivunyelwe ukubuyisa izindleko zayo ezisetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha futhi ithole ibuye ngesilinganiso sayo (inani lenetha lenhloko- dolobha yayo ebhaliwe). Isishaya-mthetho sichaza ukuthi yini ehlanganisa “i-prugent” ukutshala nokuhlela indlela yokubala isilinganiso. Amanye amazwe athathe izakhiwo zabanye abalinganisi bezinto ezihamba ngokulandelana, kodwa isakhiwo esiyisisekelo (ne-legislative regitive sagunyaza lokubuya ngomthetho we-equit/* ihlala itshe lembombo lomthetho we-ocet womphakathi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwemisebenzi

Ekusabeleni ekukhathaleleni ukuthi imithetho evamile ayinazo izisusa zempumelelo nenguquko, izishaya-mthetho zesifundazwe eziningana ziye zamukela imithetho esekelwe ekusebenzeni (PBR). I-PBR inzuzo esemthethweni yokusebenza okukhethekile njengokuthembeka, ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okuvuselelwa, kanye nokusebenza kahle. I-pastimension kumelwe ichaze lemigomo, ibeke izisulu, futhi imise izakhiwo ezijezisa isijeziso. I-PBR izuza inzuzo njengezindawo ezifuna ukuhlanganisa izisusa eziwusizo zezezimali nemigomo yomphakathi.

Ukuhlelwa Kwemithombo Yengcebo Engahlangene

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zikahulumeni zidinga izinto ezisizayo ukuze kusungulwe futhi kuthunyelwe amasu ahlangene athengiselwayo (IRPs) abikezela isidingo sesikhathi esizayo futhi asho ingxube eshibhile eshibhile kakhulu yesizukulwane, ukudluliswa, nemithombo efunwayo. Isishaya-mthetho singagunyaza umkhathi, izimo okumelwe zihlolwe (kuhlanganise nokunqanda i-carbon compation), kanye nezinga lokufakwa kwe-athonsi. I-RP zingamathuluzi anamandla okuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutshala izimali eziwusizo kuhlangene nenqubo yamandla kahulumeni ethatha isikhathi eside.

Izindinganiso Zesikhungo Esivuselelwayo Nezinhlayiya Zamandla Ezihlanzekile

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zahola enkambisweni yamandla ahlanzekile ngezindinganiso zamandla avuselelwayo (RPS) noma ngezindinganiso zamandla ahlanzekile (CES). Lemithetho idinga amathuluzi okusebenza ukuze ithole awezinga elikhethekile kugesi ofanelekelayo onyakeni obekuyikhonzile. Indlu yomthetho ichaza ubuchwepheshe obufanele, ihlela izindlela zokulalela (kuhlanganise nokuhweba ngamandla amafutha okuvusemuva), kanye nokumisa izijeziso kumazwe angangeni-i-2025. Kusukela ngo-2025, angaphezu kuka-30 aye afaka izicelo ezinjalo, futhi amaningana aye aphinde ahlanganise imithombo ye-zero-carbon anamandla enuzi.

Isilinganiso Senkathi Nenkathi Esakazwe

Ukukhula okusheshayo kophahla lwendlu kanye neminye imithombo yamandla esakazwayo kuye kwashukumisela ukumiswa kwemithetho esetshenziswayo ekufakeni amamitha e-net", inqubo yokukhokhwa okuthi abathengi abazungeza ilanga baphinde badle isizukulwane eseqile ababuyela emuva emgqeni we-grid. Izishaya-mthetho zinquma izinga lokuthengwa kwalokhu okungaphezulu okukhokhelwa ngalo, noma yiziphi izikepisi ezisebuningini bohlelo, nokuthi iziphi ezinye izikhangiso (umzz., izimali ezimisiwe zokungena kwemigqa) ziyavunyelwa. Lokhu kukhetha kuthinta ngokuqondile izomnotho zokuhlala ngelanga kanye nempilo yezimali.

Izimo Zamuva Nezinselele Ezivundlile Emithethoni Yokuzala

I-itwopia ishintsha ngokushesha kunanoma iliphi iqophelo kusukela ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu ezihlela kabusha zango-1990. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zilwa nezimpikiswano eziningana eziguqulayo ezifuna izisekelo ezintsha zomthetho.

Ukuhlaziya Nokuhlaziya Kwanamuhla

Njengoba izifundazwe ziphishekela izinhloso zokususa imoto, ukufakwa kwemithetho yezokuthutha nezakhiwo kuqhubela phambili isidingo sikagesi esisha. Imithetho imisa imithetho yokusekela ukuhlanganiswa kwemoto ehamba phambili, ukwandisa izimoto ezihambayo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-grid edluliswayo ingawusingatha umthwalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithetho yokulungisa izimisele ukusheshisa ukufakwa kwamamitha ahlakaniphile, izinzwa ezithuthukile, kanye nobuchwepheshe bezimoto obuthuthukisa ukwethenjelwa nokusetshenziswa kwemishini okungakhomba futhi kukwazi ukuhlanganisa umthwalo.

Ukungalondeki Nokulondeka Okungokomzimba

Ukuhlasela kwezesisekelo esibucayi, kuhlanganise nesehlakalo seColonian Pipeline nokuhlasela izinto ezisebenza ngogesi, kuye kwabhebhethekisa ukungakhuliswa kwe-inthanethi kubekwa phezulu kwezinhlelo zomthetho. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zimisa izimfuneko zokulawula amathuluzi ukuze alondoloze amalungiselelo e-inthanethi, ziqhube izinqumo ezivamile eziyingozi, futhi zibike imibiko yokuphula imithetho. Eminye imithetho ibeka izindinganiso eziyimfuneko ezisekelwe ezakhini ezisezingeni eliphezulu njenge-ISTRCybersecurity Frame. Ukuvikelwa kwezimiso zokuzivikela nokulawulwa kwezenzwe ezisezindlini ekuhlaseleni izikhali ezingokomzimba.

Ubulungisa Bendawo Ezungezile Nokungakhethi

Ngokomlando, umthetho wezenzuzo awuzange ube khona njalo ngemithwalo emincane ethwalwa imiphakathi ethola imali encane nemiphakathi enemibala ephansi. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zidlulisa imithetho elawulayo edinga abaphathi bendawo ezungezile abafuna imiphumela ephindaphindiwe, ukuqinisekisa ukubopha izivumelwano zomphakathi ezinenjongo, kanye nokutshala imali ngokuqondile ezindaweni ezigciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifunda-mazwe manje zidinga izinto ezidingekayo ukuze zihlolwe ngokulinganayo ezinhlangothini zezibalo noma amaqhinga ezakhilezeko.

Igesi Yemvelo Nokushintsha Kwamandla

Indima yegesi yemvelo ezweni eliqeda ukuncintisana kuyimpikiswano eshubile yomthetho. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zamisa imithetho enqabela ukuxhumana kwegesi yemvelo ezakhiweni ezintsha, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zathatha isinyathelo sokuvikela igesi yabathengi abakhona. Imithetho idida umbuzo futhi wokuthi ingabhekana kanjani nendlela yokuphatha izimali zemvelo ezisekela igesi ezingase zibe yimpahla elahlekile esikhathini esizayo esiphansi. Le mpikiswano ihilela ukuhweba okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwemali, ukuthembeka, nezinhloso zendawo ezungezile.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ekuvuselelweni Kwezenzuzo: Abaholi Nabanamandla

Ukuqonda indlela ekwenziwa ngayo umthetho we-atroject kudinga ukuqaphela abadlali abayinhloko kanye nezithakazelo zabo. Lenqubo iqala lapho ummisi-mthetho, ikomiti, noma iqembu elingaphandle liveza isidingo somthetho omusha. Izinhlelo zokuqala zokulungisa zilolongwa ngokuzwa, lapho kuzwakala khona ubufakazi:

  • Izinkampani zezenzuzo zisekela ukuqiniseka kokulawula, zilahlekisela ukululama, futhi zilinganisela ukulinganiselwa
  • Abasekeli bamaConsumer (ngokuvamile kumahhovisi ezwe eseluleko somphakathi noma izinhlangano ezingazuzi nzuzo) baqhubela phambili amazinga aphansi kanye nesivikelo esiqinile
  • [ Amaqembu anezimo zengqondo afaka amandla ahlanzekile anamandla agunyaza ukukhipha igesi kanye nezindinganiso zokukhipha igesi eqinile
  • [[UMTL:0] Ibhizinisi namakhasimende ezimboni [ kukhathazekile ngethonya lamazinga ekuncintisaneni
  • Izinyunyana ze-Labor ezivikela imisebenzi emkhakheni wamandla
  • Abakhomishane bomthetho banikeza ubuchwepheshe nemibono ekulawuleni

Ukuzitika, iminikelo yomkhankaso nemithombo yezindaba konke kunendima. Amabhukwana angalungiswa kaningi lapho ehamba phakathi kwamakomiti namavoti aphansi kuwo womabili amagumbi. Isigqebhezana sikambusi (noma u-veto) siyisinyathelo sokugcina. Yonke inqubo ingahlanganisa izikhawu eziningana zemithetho, ikakhulukazi ezinyatheloni eziyinkimbinkimbi noma eziphikisanayo.

Uma sewumisiwe, umthetho unikezwa ikhomishane yokuhlela ukumiswa. Izindaba zekhomishane zishaya imithetho, imicimbi, nokususa izimpikiswano ezisekelwe kumthetho omusha. Imithetho igcina iqondisa ngamalungiselelo okushona kwelanga (okudinga ukuhlelwa kabusha kwendlela yokuhlela imali), ukulawula uhlelo lwemali, nekhono lokudlulisa umthetho wokulungisa.

Ukuhlola Icala: Imithetho KaHulumeni Ithatha Isinyathelo Ekwenzeni Inqubo

Ukuhola Kwamandla Okuhlanzekile ECalifornia

Isishaya-mthetho sase California siye saba i-trayblazer kumthetho wezenzuzo. ISigele uBill 100 (208) sihlela impoqo kagesi ehlanzekile eyikhulu ngo-2045, sakha ngezindinganiso zetheku ezivuselelwe ngaphambili. Umhlangano Bill 327 (2013) wagunyaza i-California Public Utilities Commission ukuba ilungise isilinganiso se-mineration ye-net futhi isungule inqubo entsha yokuhlela isizukulwane esisasazi, eqiniswe ngokwemithetho, idinga imishini ukuba idlulisele amasuntswo athatha isikhathi eside ngokuvumelana nemigomo yokunciphiswa kwegesi eshisayo. Le misebenzi ye-Opagian iye yaguqula indawo yamandla eCalifornia lapho iguqula izifundo ze-colish California.[1] Futhi leyo yaziwa nezinye izimpikiswano.

ITexas: Ukunqamuka Kwemingcele Nokuphinde Uhlukaniswe

Imakethe yamandla yaseTexas iyingqayizivele: i-Gradical Reliability Council yaseTexas (ERCOT) isebenza ibhizinisi elincintisanayo elilawulwayo elidayisayo elinethengiso elikhethelwe ukulisebenzisa, elikhulu kakhulu lingena FERC. Indlu yomthetho yeTexas yakha lesi sakhiwo semakethe ngo-1999 futhi iye yangenela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukulungisa imithetho yayo. Ngemva kwe 2021 yesiphepho esimnyama sasebusika, i-pas accomstion ephelisayo (SB 2, SB 3) idinga ukuhlelwa kwesimo sezulu, imisa imboni yemaketheli ukuze ikhokhe inteko yokwethembeka, futhi idlulise ukulawulwa kwe-ERCOT. Lemithetho ibonisa indlela izishaya-mthetho ezingathi iziphemu ezikhona ekubhekaneni ngokuyisisekelo nokuhlelwa kwe-racracking.

Ukushintsha KwaseNew York Ukuqonda Amandla (REV)

I-EMV, eyaqalwa yi-Public Service Commission ngo-2014, yanikezwa ukusekela kwemithetho nge-Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA) ngo-2019. I-CLCPA igunyaza ukungathathi hlangothi kwekharbon esemhlabeni wonke ngo-2050 futhi ihlela ezinye zezisulu zokuncishiswa kwemfuno enkulu kakhulu kwesizwe. I-patrogate yamisa imithetho esekela ukugcinwa kwezinto eziwusizo ekuthuthukiseni i-protedro, indawo yokugcina amandla, kanye nesisekelo sezimoto zikagesi. Indlela ye-New York yokubonisa indlela i-carbon nezenzo zokulawula i-transcheadnated decarbon.

Isiphetho

Amazindlu zombuso yizo eziyinhloko zokwakha izisekelo ezilawula amathuluzi omphakathi asebenza namandla. Ngokwenza izimiso, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokuhlela, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nokukhethwa kokuklama, babumba ukwethembeka, ukukwazi ukukhokhela, nokusekelwa kwezinkonzo ezibalulekile. Ukubambisana phakathi kwesimiso somthetho nokusetshenziswa komthetho nokulawula kunamandla anamandla anamandla. Ngokuqhubekayo ukujwayela ukushintsha kwezesayensi yemvelo, imibandela engokwendawo ezungezile, nokushintsha kwezinhlelo zokuthenga. Njengoba ushintsho lwamandla lukhula nezinselele ezintsha, indima yemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho iyokhula kuphela ngokubaluleka. Ukuqonda indlela izishaya-mthetho zemithetho nezimiso zokulawula ibalulekile kunoma ubani ohilelekeyo esimisweni samandla, ukuphatha okusizayo, ukuvikela imvelo. Ikusasa lemisebe yogesi, amanzi, negesi engokwemvelo, nakagesi ezindaweni ezizinziwayo ezingenisweni ezihlukene zomphakathi.

Kulabo abafuna ukujula ngokwengeziwe, i-National Association of Regural Utility Commissions (NARUC) inikeza iziqondiso ezisemikhakheni yomthetho, ne-Energy Information Administration (EIA) inikeza ukwaziswa ngezimiso zikahulumeni. Iwebhusayithi zomthetho womthetho ngamunye nezindawo ezisebenza umphakathi ziyimithombo ecebile yomthetho wamanje nezinguquko ezihlongozwe.

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Note: Lesi sihloko sinikeza ulwazi olubanzi futhi asikhangi iseluleko esingokomthetho. Imithetho yezwe ethile iyahlukahluka kakhulu; abafundi kufanele bahlole imithombo eyinhloko ukuze bathole isiqondiso sokulawula.