Izishaya-mthetho zinezisekelo zokulawula izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi e-United States. Nakuba uhulumeni unikeza ukubambisana kwesizwe ngezinhlangano ezinjenge Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), igunya elingokomthetho lokuthatha isinyathelo esiqondile njengokungathi ukuqondisa, ukuvala amabhizinisi, nokulungisa imijovo yokugoma. Uma kuvela umqedazwe, noma umqedazwe, noma inhlekelele yemvelo, noma ukugqashuka, abamisi-mthetho kumelwe bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ekwenzeni imithetho evikela izakhamuzi, bahlukanise imithombo yezimali, futhi balinganisele imibandela yabantu ngabanye ngokuphepha okuhlangene. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela imithetho echaza ngayo ukuthi imithetho isebenzisa ngayo ngokuyinhloko njengethuluzi eliyinhloko lokusabela ezinsongweni zempilo, izinhlobo zemithetho engokomthetho eziqondisa leyo zenzo, nezinselele ezingokomthetho ezingokomphakathi.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Samandla Empilo Yomphakathi

Ukuqonda indlela izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezisingatha ngayo izinkinga zempilo kudinga kuqala ukuqaphela isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo segunya lazo. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi, imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo e-United States, kugcinelwa elinganayo, noma abantu. Lendawo ihlanganisa amandla abusayo emibuso :] igunya labo elingokwemvelo lokumisa imithetho nemithetho yokuvikela impilo, ukuphepha, inhlalakahle, kanye nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi zabo. Impilo yomphakathi iyisibonakaliso esiyinhloko samandla amaphoyisa.

INkantolo ePhakeme yase United States yaqinisekisa lesi simiso enkantolo ephawulayo Jacoboson v. Massachusetts [1905]. Kulesosinqumo, inkantolo yasekela umthetho kahulumeni ofuna ukugonywa kwengxibongo eCambridge, eMassachusetts, futhi yathi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ayiphelele; ingaba ngaphansi kwemithetho enengqondo ebekwe ngokwenzuzo eyodwa. Inkantolo yathi:

“ Ukuphepha nempilo yabantu baseMassachusetts kubaluleke kakhulu kumbuso. Isishaya-mthetho sinamandla okumisa imithetho yokuvikela impilo nokuphepha komphakathi, nokufuna ukugoma uma ikhona.”

Lelicala lasungula ukuhlolwa komthetho wempilo yomphakathi [[FLT: 1] okusaqondisa umthetho wezempilo: izinkantolo ziyosekela umthetho uma unesibopho sangempela noma esiqinile sokuvikela impilo yomphakathi, akuwona ozibophayo noma ongenangqondo, futhi awephuli amalungelo ayisisekelo. Izishaya-mthetho zombuso zanamuhla zisebenza phakathi kwalesi simo lapho kuhlelwa izinyathelo eziphuthumayo.

Ubuciko Besenzo Somthetho Esiwubuhlanya

Izishaya-mthetho zisebenzisa amathuluzi amaningi angokomthetho phakathi nezinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Lezizenzo zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezine ezibanzi, ngayinye ifeza injongo ehlukile ekusongeleni nasekunciphiseni umonakalo.

Iziqondiso Eziphuthumayo Nezikhangiso

Ezifundazweni eziningi, umbusi unegunya lokumemezela isimo esiphuthumayo noma isimo esiphuthumayo sempilo yomphakathi ngomyalo oqondisiwe. Nokho, izishaya-mthetho eziningi zivame ukusekela noma ukwengamela. Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni udinga ukuba indinganiso eshiwoyo ibangele isimiso esikhethekile ngokuzenzekelayo noma ukuthi isishayamthetho kumelwe sivume umthetho kambusi phakathi nezinsuku ezithile. Phakathi nomqedazwe weCHOVAD-19, izishayamthetho eziningana zidlulise imithetho elinganisela isikhathi sezimemezelo noma ifuna ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yemithetho yesimo esiphuthumayo ukuze yandise isiqephu esithile. Ngokwesibonelo, Kyy'stuackie umthetho womthetho owenzile ngo-202 owanika umhlangano omkhulu ekuqedeni imiyalo yemiyalo. Umthetho onjalo uqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nemithetho yokuhlukanisa imibuso ehloniphe kakhulu phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo.

Ukuthunyelwa Kwemithombo Yezincwadi Nokuhlinzwa

Imali iyingxenye yesidingo sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wezempilo yomphakathi. Ama-gconflature adlulisa izikweleti zezindleko eziphuthumayo ukuze kungeniswe imali ezindaweni zokuhlola, ukusakaza ukugoma, ukwanda kwesilinganiso sesibhedlela, nokuqashwa kwezisebenzi zezempilo. Lemithetho ihlanganisa amalungiselelo okusheshisa inzuzo, ukukhipha izimfuneko zokuncintisana, nokudala imali ekhethekile engavumelani nemithetho esemthethweni. [[FLT:] [0] Ngezikhathi ze-CHOVAD-19 umqedazwe, iphawula ukuthi ezibalelwa ngezigidi zezigidi zezigidi zemali [[[FL:1] zombili izimali zikahulumeni nezimali ezinikezwa imvume yomthetho engcono, kanye nezindawo zemithetho ehleliwe ngaphandle kwemithetho ye-CVT, ikhona.[12] Imithetho efuna ukukhokhwakhwakhwaza yemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho ka-Octive.[3][3]

Ukuvumelana Nezimiso

Izinkinga zempilo zivame ukudalula ukuqina kwemithetho ekhona evimbela ukusabela okusheshayo. Imithetho ingamisa izinguquko zesikhashana noma ezihlala njalo ekubekeni imithetho yesikhashana, imithetho yezinga lokusebenza, nemithetho ye-telemedicine. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala ze-COVID-19, izifundazwe eziningi zinikeza imithetho evumela odokotela ukuba basebenzise nge-tel-header ngaphandle kokuthatha imvume ye-motel ngaphandle kokuthola imvume egcwele yezwe, nokwandisa izinhlobo zezinkonzo ezinganikezwa kude. Ngokufanayo, izishaya-mthetho zemithetho ezidambisayo zemithi, ezizenza zikwazi ukunikeza imijovolo ngaphandle komthetho kadokotela noma ukukhipha izinhlelo eziphuthumayo zemithi. Lezi zimo eziphuthumayo zazibonakalisa zibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukutholakala lapho kuncishiswa izinkonzo ezisezingenisweni ezisindayo ezibhedlela nasezigunjinini zesibhedlela.

Ngalé kobhadane, izishaya-mthetho ziye zasebenzisa ushintsho olulawulayo ukuze zixazulule izinhlekelele ezithile. Phakathi nonyaka ka 2016 iZika igciwane , isho njengaseFlorida nase Texas, ishaya imithetho efutha imvume yokufakelwa kwezibulala zinambuzane futhi igunyaza izikhulu zezempilo ukuba zingene ezikhungweni zokuqeda ukuzala omiyane. Ukulungisa okunjalo kwenza iminyango yezempilo yezwe isebenze ngaphandle kokulinda izinqubo zokulawula ezinde.

Iziyalezo Nokulungiselela Izinguquko

Nakuba ukusabela ngokushesha kudinga ukunakwa okukhulu kwezimiso zomthetho phakathi nenhlekelele, izishaya-mthetho ezibheke phambili zisebenzisa futhi isikhathi sokuqinisa izakhiwo zempilo yomphakathi esikhathini esizayo. Lo mkhakha uhlanganisa imithetho egunyaza izimiso ezithuthukisiwe zezifo, idinga inqwaba yamathuluzi okuvikela komuntu siqu (PPE) noma izikhungo zokukhipha i-audirectorers, futhi yenza izikhungo eziphuthumayo. Ezinye izimemezelo ziye zasungula [ izimali zomphakathi zempilo [ [iindlela] ezigcwaliswa ngokuzenzekelayo unyaka ngamunye, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izimali ezisikwe aziwushiyishiyishiyi uhlelo lokulungisa isimiso somphakathi. Abanye baye badlulisa imithetho edinga izibhedlela ezithile zokulondoloza amandla aphakeme noma ukuhlanganyela ezimisweni zezokuthuthukisa impilo yomphakathi phakathi kwezindawo zomphakathi, futhi zisungula ukuqeqeshwa kwezelulekwa kwesimiso sezezezomthetho saminyaka yonke. [FLD:][FFT] [F3]] [FT] [FS]] U.[19] U.S.S

Ezifundweni zocaba ze-Depth

Ukuze sibonise ukusabela okuhlukahlukene kwemithetho elawulayo phakathi kwezinsongo zempilo ezihlukahlukene, kuwusizo ukuhlola izinhlekelele ezithile nemithetho yemithetho ebekwe ukuze ikhulume nazo.

ICOVOID-19: I - Legislative Laboratory Engenambali

Ubhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19 lwabangela igagasi elikhulu kakhulu lomthetho wezempilo yomphakathi emlandweni wanamuhla waseMelika. Phakathi noMatshi 2020 nonyaka ka-2022, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zaletha amashumi ezinkulungwane zemali futhi zamisa amakhulu emithetho ehlobene nazo zonke izici zokulawula izifo eziwumqedazwe. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • Imithetho yokugoma neyokugoma ifuna izifihla - buso ezingaphakathi noma ezithuthwini zomphakathi, futhi kamuva, amapassport okugoma ezinye izinto. Amanye ama-passworth amisa imithetho yokukhulula evimbela izindawo noma abaqashi ukuba bagunyaze leyo mithetho.
  • [ Isivikelo sobuqotho: Izifunda eziningi zamisa imithetho evikela abanakekela impilo, amabhizinisi, izikole, nabakhiqizi be-PPICIE noma imijovo ehlobene ne-COVID, uma nje bethatha isinyathelo ngokholo oluhle futhi belandela iziqondiso zempilo yomphakathi.
  • Imisebenzi yokukhipha: Imithetho eyavumela imihlangano ekude yezindikimba zikahulumeni, ukuvota kwandisa ukuvota, futhi yenza izisebenzi zikahulumeni zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wamathikithi.
  • [ Imithetho ye-active nezimiso zasesibhedlela: Imithetho elahla izimfuneko ezidingekayo zesidingo, evunyelwe okwesikhashana ukugunyaza izisebenzi zosizo lwempilo ezithathe umhlala-phansi, futhi yagunyaza ukuba izibhedlela zibike imininingwane yemisebenzi yansuku zonke.

Esinye isibonelo esiphawulekayo yi-Michigan’s Emergency Management and Health Order Act ekuqaleni yanika umbusi amandla abanzi, kodwa kamuva isishaya-mthetho sawalungisa ukuze sifune ukuvunyelwa kwemithetho yezimiso zezinsuku ezidlula ku-28. Lo mshini owehlelayo phakathi kwempi phakathi kwesikhulu ne-agnomentia, odlalwa emazweni amaningi, uqokomisa ukushukuma kwezenzo zejubane nesibopho sombuso wentando yeningi.

Umqedazwe We - opioid: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Okuwumthetho Okungalawuleki

Ngokungafani nohlobo olubi lobhadane, inhlekelele yeopioid iye yanda phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka, ivumela izishaya - mthetho ukuba ziphendule ngochungechunge lwemithetho eguquguqukayo kodwa ethinta ithonya. Izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa izinhlobo eziningi zomthetho:

  • I-Prectal Drug Monitorting Programs (PDMPs): Imithetho elawula ukuthi abayali bahlola i-memorial kabanzi ngaphambi kokuthumela izinto ezilawulwa kuqala. Njengango-2023, zonke izifundazwe ezingu-50 ngaphandle kwe-PDMPs ye-Missouri zinemisebenzi ye-PDMPs.
  • [ Imithetho ye-Naloxone Access Laws:[ Imithetho evumela osokhemisi ukuba banikeze umthi oweqisayo ngaphandle kogunyaziwe futhi inikeza ukuzivikela kobuSamariya obuhle kubantu ababiza u-911 ukuze basebenzise ngokweqile.
  • Imithetho enikeza inzuzo esemthethweni esemthethweni emela abenzi bemithi (umz., Johnson & Johnson, Purdue Pharma) ukwelashwa nokuvinjelwa kwezinhlelo zokuluthwa.
  • Imingcele ebekelwe: Izilinganiso eziningi, kuhlanganise [ New York ne[FLT] Shyington[[, inikeze imithetho elinganisela imiyalo yokuqala ye-opioid enikeza izinhlungu eziphindwe ka-7 zezinsuku, ihlose ukunciphisa ingozi yokuncika.

Inkinga ye - opioid ibonisa indlela izishaya - mthetho ezingasebenzisa ngayo ukuxubana kokuqondisa, ukuxhasa, nokwahlulela kobugebengu ukuze zibhekane nosongo lwempilo yomphakathi oluhilela kokubili ukugcinwa kwemithetho.

IZika neVctor-Borne Disease: Imithetho yendawo ezungezile

Lapho igciwane leZika lifinyelela eMelika ngo-2016, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ezindaweni zaseningizimu yezwe ezinezi-Aedes zasabela ngomthetho ohlolwe. FLORIDA yadlula i-“Mosquito Control and Public Emergency Act," eyanikeza igunya elibanzi lokulawula imiyane lesifunda ukuba ingene ezindaweni eziyimfihlo ukuze ifafaze, idinga izibhedlela nezindawo zokucwaninga ukuze zibike amacala eZika phakathi namahora angu-24, futhi yafakelwa izigidi ezingu-R3 ze-R3 ze-At , [[FLT] , zashaya izinyathelo ezifanayo, kuhlanganise nomthetho ovumela ukuba kukhishwe iziyalezo zokulawula umiyane ngaphandle kokuthola iziyalezo zenkantolo. Le mithetho ibonisa indlela yokulungisa inqubo yempilo engokwenhlala umphakathi nezindawo ezithile. [FLT]]]

Izinselele Nezingxabano Ekuqondiseni Imithetho

Ngisho noma zinegunya elisobala elingokomthetho, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zibhekana nezinselele ezinkulu lapho zisingatha izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi. Lezi zinselele azizona nje ukuphatha, zihilela imibuzo eyisisekelo ngemingcele yamandla kahulumeni, amalungelo abantu nokuvumelana kwezombangazwe.

Ubumbano Nezingxabano Eziyinhlekelele

Impilo yomphakathi eUnited States ingumthwalo wemfanelo ohlanganyelwe kahulumeni wezwe, ongaholela ezimpikiswaneni. Amanxusa e-Federal njenge CDC ne-Food and Drug Administration (FDA) amisa iziqondiso zesizwe futhi avumele imijovo noma ukwelashwa, kodwa abusa lezozimiso. Izingxabano ziphakama lapho izishaya-mthetho zidlulisa imithetho ephikisana noma edlula ukutusa kukahulumeni (ngokwesibonelo), imithetho evimbela izifihla-mfihlo ezikozweni naphezu kwesiqondiso seCDC, noma imithetho evimbela amapasepomage. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuxazulula lezimpikiswano ngokuchaza iSupremacy Claus ye-Constitution, okuthi umthetho kahulumeni uvala umthetho lapho uphikisana khona. Nokho, ezindaweni ezingawuvikeliyo wonke umthetho.

Kuvela ukungezwani okuhlobene phakathi kwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni nohulumeni bendawo. Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho yokukhulula ukuthi amadolobha adiliva nezindawo zegunya ukuphoqelela imigaqo eqinile yempilo yomphakathi kunaleyo emiswe umbuso. Phakathi ne-COVID-19, izimpikiswano zokukhulula zaba zezombangazwe kakhulu, ezinye izishaya-mthetho zephikisana ngokuthi izindinganiso ezifanayo zidingekile emabhizinisini nasezikoleni, kuyilapho izikhulu zendawo ziphikisa ngokuthi zidinga ukuvumelana nezimo ukuze zibhekane nezimo ezihlukene zendawo.

Ukukhululeka Kwangaphakathi Nenqubo Efanele

Umthetho wezempilo womphakathi uvame ukunqabela ukuziphatha komuntu ngamunye, ukuhlukanisa, ukugoma, noma ukugqoka izifihlakaliso. Lokhu kungenela kuhlanganisa amalungelo ayisisekelo anjengokuzimela ngokwawo, inkululeko yokuhamba, nokuzivivinya kwezenkolo. uJacobonson [ indinganiso] ifuna ukuba imingcele enjalo ibe enengqondo futhi ingabi yisithakazelo, kodwa “enengqondo” phakathi nenkinga esheshayo inciphisanayo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zasekela iziyalezo zempilo yomphakathi, kodwa kuye kwaba khona lapho abahluleli abashaya khona imithetho engekhona isivikelo esincane noma ephule umthetho othile owenqabile. Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yesifunda e [FLT:] [Flact: [Flamp]

Imithetho kumelwe futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izinqubo zokuhlukaniswa kwabantu ngabanye nokuhlukaniswa nabanye zihlanganisa inqubo yokuvikela inqubo, njengesaziso, ilungelo lokuzwa, nezindlela ezingezinhle kakhulu ezingase zivinjelwe.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe Nokungaqondi

Mhlawumbe inselele enkulu ebhekene nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni eminyakeni yamuva ukuncishiswa kwemithetho ye-bipartisan ezilinganisweni zempilo yomphakathi. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, impilo yomphakathi yalawulwa kakhulu, nama-democratic commentality asekela iziphakamiso eziqinile kanye nemithetho elawula iRepublican evimbela ukunqatshelwa noma ukumiswa kwemithetho yokuvimbela iziyalezo ezinjalo. Ukungavumelani ngemida, izifihla-mbobo, kanye negciwane ngokwalo ngokwalo laqhubeka liyinkimbinkimbi imizamo yemithetho yezemithetho yomthetho. Ezinye izishaya - mthetho zasabela ngokufaka izivikelo ezingokomthetho zezokuvikela abela odokotela abamukela izindinganiso zezokwelapha zokwelapha, kuyilapho abanye beye bavimbele imithetho yokususa imithombo yezokuxhumana ebonakala iwudukisayo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nangendlela yokuxhumana kwemicimbiswa ngokunamandla.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphathwa Kwemithetho Ephumelelayo

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zinkulu kangakanani, izishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni zingathatha izindlela eziningana ezingcono kakhulu zokuthuthukisa ukuphatha kwazo izinkinga zempilo yomphakathi.

  • Iqopha u-Classical nge-Triggers: umthetho ophuthumayo kufanele uhlanganise izinsuku zokuphelelwa kwezinsuku eziboshelwe emazingeni empilo anenjongo (umz., amazinga, amandla esibhedlela) ukuvimbela ukwanda okuhlala njalo kwamandla kahulumeni ngaphandle kokudinga okuqhubekayo. Izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa lesi simiso ezimemezelweni zazo eziphuthumayo phakathi ne-CHOVID-19.
  • Imithetho kufanele iqunge izimemezelo, idlulise umbiko ongochwepheshe onikeza izinqumo zabo. Lokhu kwakha ukwethemba umphakathi futhi kunciphisa ukusakazeka kokwaziswa okunganembile. Izigodlo eziningi zasungula amakomiti aqondisayo akhipha imibiko evamile ngokusetshenziswa kwemiyalo yezempilo.
  • Isinqumo se-Driven Ukwenza: Imithetho kufanele isekelwe emininingwaneni nakuziboniso zamanje. Imithetho ingamisa izifundo zeminyango yezempilo kahulumeni noma izikhungo zemfundo ukuze kuboniswe ithonya lezimiso ezihlukahlukene. Ukuhlanganisa imvume yemininingwane esemthethweni iqinisekisa ukuthi abenzi bomthetho banolwazi olunembile, lwesikhathi sangempela.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukuvumelana kwezimo zendawo:[ Nakuba ukufana kunenzuzo, izishaya-mthetho kufanele zicabangele ukuvumela izindawo ukuba zisebenzise izinyathelo eziqinile uma isayensi isekela ikhona nemithombo yendawo. Imithetho yokukhulula evimbela izenzo zendawo ngokuphelele ingaba nenzuzo.
  • I-posi-Crissurest:[ Ngemva kokuphela kwenhlekelele, izishaya-mthetho kufanele zihlole indlela ezisabela ngayo, kuhlanganise nokuzwa komphakathi nemibiko evela kubaphindi abazimele. Lenqubo iveza izikhala emthethweni futhi iholele ekuthuthukiseni ukulungisa. Ezinye izigaba, njengaye, iNew Jersey, i-New Jersey , iye yakha “izithunywa ezifundiswayo ze-onkethi ezikhiqini eziveza iziphakamiso ezisebenzayo zezimiso zomthetho zesikhathi esizayo.

Isiphetho

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zingabadlali ababalulekile esimisweni sempilo yomphakathi waseMelika. Ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla amaphoyisa, bakha uhlelo olungokomthetho oluvumela ohulumeni bamazwe ukuba bathathe isinyathelo ngokushesha futhi ngokuphumelelayo. Kusukela ekuqondiseni nasekuxhaseni izinqubo zesikhashana eziphuthumayo nasezindlekweni zezezimali kuya ezinhlalweni ezinde zenguquko, ukumiswa kwemithetho kuhlela zonke izigameko zokulawula izinhlekelele − , ukulinganisela, ukululama, nokulungisa esikhathini esizayo. Izenzakalo zeCOVOVID-19, umqedazwelo wesifo esibangelwa yi-opiopioid, nezifo ezibangelwa yi-vectoroctrary enjenge Zika zibonisa kokubili izinhlobonhlobo zamathuluzi ezimiso zemithetho elawula izinhlekelele nengxabano eqhubekayo phakathi kwesidingo somphakathi namalungelo abantu ngabanye.

Njengoba usongo lwezempilo luqhubeka luvela ngezantsi (nawasezifweni ezisezingeni eliphezulu), amabhaktheriya amelana nezidakamizwa, noma izinhlekelele ezihlobene nesimo sezulu − izishaya-mthetho zesifundazwe kumele zihlale ziqinile, zinobufakazi obungaqondakali, futhi zisabela emiphakathini ezikhonzayo. Izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sisebenza kanjani phakathi nenhlekelele zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukusekela imithetho evikela impilo yomphakathi kuyilapho ivikela inkululeko yomphakathi. Ekugcineni, amandla enqubo yombuso kahulumeni anquma ukuthi simelana kanjani nesiphepho futhi sivela ngokushesha kangakanani ngakolunye uhlangothi.