Imithetho Yesizwe: Ifulegi

Imithetho kazwelonke imiswa yi-United States Congress futhi yasayinwa nguMongameli, noma yadluliselwa e-veto. Isebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezingamashumi amahlanu, amazwe ase-U.S., kanye ne-Fourtical of Columbia. Lemithetho ithola igunya layo kumthetho-sisekelo we-Calture (umthetho ka-Actle, VIClaus 2) onikeza imibuso eqondile ebekwe uhulumeni, njengamandla okulawula ezohwebo bezentengiselwano, imali, imemezela impi, futhi imisa amahhovisi eposi. SSrememacyracystee [ kamthetho womthetho-Calle, Clausdius] omisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni yi-"mthetho wezwe, osho ukuthi u-"umthetho wezwe owezwe."

Imithetho kazwelonke ihlanganisa izimpikiswano eziningi ezithinta wonke umuntu waseMelika. Izindawo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

  • ICivil Rights: UMthetho waMalungelo ka-1964, uMthetho Wamalungelo Omphakathi, kanye namaMelika okhubazekile wenqabela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, umsuka wesizwe, ukukhubazeka, nezinye izici ezivikelweyo. Lemithetho ibumba umsebenzi, indlu, imfundo, nendawo yokuhlala yomphakathi.
  • [[INKQUBO:0] Intengo: Imithetho ye-International Revolution ibusa intela yeholo kahulumeni, intela yenkampani, intela yokukhokha, kanye nentela yezindawo. I- Internal Revenue Service (IRS) imisa lemithetho.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa nokwenziwa kwento: umthetho weFederal kuphela olawulayo ongase ungene ezweni, uthole amavisa, ube isakhamuzi esisemthethweni, noma uxoshwe. I-Immigration and Nationality Act iyisici esiyinhloko somthetho.
  • [[NT.0] Isivikelo somthetho wezenkolo: Imithetho enjenge-Chrease Air Act, Clean Water Act, neNational Environmental Policy Act emisa izindinganiso ezweni lonke zokulawula ukungcola, ukulondoloza imithombo yempahla, kanye nokuhlola imiphumela yendawo ezungezile.
  • Ukunakekela: I-Affordble Care Act (ACA) yamisa imithetho kahulumeni yomshuwalense wempilo, ukwanda kweMedicaid, kanye nemithetho yomuntu ngamunye. I-Medicare ne-Medicaid yizinhlelo ezimiswe ngokwemithetho.
  • Entengiselwano ye-Interstate: I-Classiste Claus ivumela iziKhomishane zezentengiselwano zebhizinisi ezinqamule imigqa kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa yonke into kusukela emithethweni emelene nokuthembeka kwemithetho kuya ekudleni nasekulondekeni kwezidakamizwa (FDA) kanye nomkhiqizo othengwayo (CPSCC).

Imithetho kahulumeni iphoqelelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni (isib., uMnyango Wezobulungisa, i - Environmental Procespective Agency, i - Aumement Opportunity Commission) futhi yamiswa ngokungemthetho ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zesigodi, izinkantolo zesifunda zokudluliswa kwecala, neNkantolo Ephakeme yase - United States.

Imithetho Kahulumeni: Isinqumo Sendawo

Imithetho kahulumeni imiswa izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni (futhi ngezinye izikhathi abavoti ngokuqondile ngezinyathelo zokuvota) futhi basayinwe ngumbusi. Isebenza kuphela phakathi kwemingcele yalowo mbuso. ISichibiyelo seshumi kumthetho-mthetho ezindaweni wonke amagunya angaphathiswanga uhulumeni, noma anqatshelwe ezizweni. Lokhu kunikezwa kwegunya kuvumela amazwe ukuba alawule izindaba eziningi ezithinta izakhamuzi ngosuku oluqondile.

Imithetho kahulumeni iyahlukahluka kakhulu. Okungokomthetho kwesinye isifundazwe kungase kube okungekho emthethweni kwezinye izingxenye zomthetho kahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Imfundo:[ Amazwe amisa izifunda zesikole, amisa izikole, alawula isiqinisekiso sothisha, futhi axhase izikole zomphakathi (ngokuvamile ngokubambisana nohulumeni bendawo).
  • Ukukhipha:[ kwezwe umshini womshayeli welayisense, izimoto ezibhalisayo, i-opens, i-open arevers, futhi igcine imigwaqo emikhulu phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Isilinganiso sejubane, imikhawulo ye-DUI, nemithetho yesihlalo ye-belt iyahluka ngokwezwe.
  • Umthetho owenziwe ngecala: Icala eliningi, [[FLT:] ukuhlasela, ukubulala, amacala ezidakamizwa (icala elicaciswe futhi lijeziswe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Icala likahulumeni elikhethekile (umz., ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuphanga amabhange, umgunyathi) liwela ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.
  • Umthetho womkhaya:[ Umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, ukutholwa, kanye nobuhlobo basekhaya yizindaba ezingokwezwe ngokuyinhloko. Izwe lichaza izimfuneko zomshado nezizathu zesehlukaniso.
  • [[[UMTL:0] Iprojekthi nezincwadi: ukuthengiselana ngefa, ubuhlobo bendawo, izibopho nezindawo, nezivumelwano zebhizinisi zibuswa ngezimiso zikahulumeni nomthetho ovamile.
  • I-Icening kanye ne-Professional Registration: yase-United States odokotela belayisense, abameli, amanxusa ezindawo, izakha-mhlaba, neminye imisebenzi eminingi. Balawula futhi imisebenzi yokuhlanganisa nokwenza ibhizinisi phakathi kwezwe.
  • I-Insurence and Health: i-States ilawula izinkampani zomshuwalense nezimiso (ikhaya, impilo) ngeminyango yomshuwalense. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zandisa iMedicaid kunezimfuneko zikahulumeni.

Imithetho kahulumeni iphoqelelwa yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, amaphoyisa kahulumeni, nokugcinwa komthetho wendawo.

Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Engaba Ngayo Isivikelo Esikhulu

Iphuzu eliyinhloko ukuthi iziteshi zingahlanganisa [ izivikelelo ezingaphezulu kwalokho okufunwa umthetho kahulumeni, uma nje zingaphikisani nezimiso zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Nakuba iholo eliphansi likahulumeni lingu - R2,25 ngehora (cishe ngo - 2025), izifunda eziningi ziye zabeka iholo eliphansi kakhulu.
  • Imithetho emelene nocansi inikeza isisekelo, kodwa izifundazwe zinganezela izigaba ezivikelekile njengokuthi umuntu ungowesilisa, ukuthi ungubani, noma isimo somshado.
  • Izimiso zendawo ezungezile: ICalifornia inezindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha izimoto kunezindinganiso zikahulumeni, i - EPA eye yazivumela ngemishini yokuzibamba.
  • Umkhaya wakwaPaid uhamba: Akukho hlelo lomkhaya olukhokhelwayo olukhona, kodwa amazwe amaningana (ngokwesibonelo, eCalifornia, eNew York, eMassachusetts) aye amisa eyawo imithetho yokuhamba ekhokhelwa.

Nokho, uma umthetho kahulumeni ungqubuzana nomthetho kahulumeni (ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni uzama ukumisa ngokusemthethweni into eyenqatshelwe nguhulumeni njengensangu), uhulumeni kahulumeni ungaqhubeka uphoqelela umthetho kahulumeni, nakuba ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kuhlukahluke.

Indlela Imithetho Kazwelonke Neyombuso Engenela Ngayo: Ubuhlobo Obuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukuhlobana komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni akuqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi.

UClaus Onedumela Elibi Nokukhululwa

Njengoba kushiwo, iSupremacy Claus inikeza umthetho kahulumeni isandla esiphezulu. Lokhu kuholela emfundisweni ye- ihlawulo. Uma uMkhandlu uhlose ukuthatha insimu ngokuphelele, umthetho kahulumeni ukhushulwa ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho kahulumeni ulawula izakhiwo zamandla enuzi kuphela; izikhungo azikwazi ukubeka izindinganiso zawo siqu zokuphepha kubasebenzi. Kwezinye izimo, i-Congress ingamisa isakhiwo, ivumele izimfuneko eziqinile (njengeholo elincane). Izinkantolo zinquma imibuzo yokukhulula izakhiwo lapho imithetho iphikisana.

Isihlengo singavezwa (umthetho kahulumeni usho ngokucacile ukuthi imibuso ayinakuthatha isinyathelo kuleyondawo) noma isikiselwe (icebo likahulumeni libanzi kangangokuba lishiya imvume yokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni). izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S. ngokuvamile zixazulula lezimpikiswano.

Amandla Akhona: Lapho Kokubili Izinga Lithatha Khona Umthetho

Ezindaweni eziningi, kokubili uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bamazwe banegunya. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi amandla akhona [. Izibonelo zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhokha: Bobabili bafaka intela yeholo, nakuba isilinganiso sikahulumeni ngokuvamile siphakeme. I-pav intela yokuthengisa, izintela zempahla, kanye nezintela zokukhipha.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwe-Environry: I-EPA imisa izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa imibuso ingasebenzisa futhi iqikelele lezozindinganiso (umzk., ngokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwe-oral Act yombuso ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air).
  • Umthetho we-Federal ubusa imicimbi yokuwiswa kwemali, kodwa unquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti zempahla ezingakhululwa.
  • Imithetho ye-FOL iyasebenza, kodwa izifunda zinganezela isivikelo esengeziwe (umz., ikhefu lokudla, imithetho eyengeziwe).

Uma zombili lezi zigaba zilawula umsebenzi ofanayo, abantu namabhizinisi kumelwe bavumelane nazo zombili izimfuneko, ngaphandle kokuba baxabane.

Ukholo Olugcwele Nodumo LukaClaus

ISiphakamiso se-IV soMthetho-sisekelo sifuna ukuba kuhlonishwe izigaba "izenzo zomphakathi, amarekhodi, nezokwahlulela" zezinye izifundazwe. Lokhu kusho umshado owenziwa ngokomthetho kwesinye isifundazwe kumelwe uqashelwe ngokwezinga elibanzi, futhi isahlulelo senkantolo esivela kwesinye isifundazwe singaphoqelelwa kwesinye. Nokho, lesi sigqebhezana asivimbeli ukuba nemithetho ehlukene (umz., omunye uhulumeni awunayo intela yokuthengisa; omunye unayo).

Ubumbano Nobukhosi BukaHulumeni

UFederalism uyi geqe lomthetho-sisekelo wamandla phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe nezwe. Amazwe alondoloza ubukhosi obuningi, kuhlanganise namandla okuhlela ohulumeni bawo siqu, ukumisa imithetho yawo siqu, nokusebenzisa amandla amaphoyisa (igunya elivamile lokuvikela impilo, ukulondeka, inhlalakahle, nezimiso zokuziphatha). INkantolo Ephakeme ngezinye izikhathi iye yayishaya imithetho kahulumeni ephula kakhulu imithetho kahulumeni ebusa ngaphansi kweSiphenduko seSikhulu seshumi (umk., New York v. United States, Princing.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo: Indlela Lemithetho Ekuthinta Ngayo Nsuku Zonke

Ukuqonda ukuhlanganiswa komthetho kahulumeni nombuso akuyona indlela yokufunda, kunemiphumela yangempela yamalungelo akho, izibopho zakho, nezinqumo zakho zansuku zonke.

Umsebenzi Namalungelo Emisebenzi

Amalungelo akho emsebenzini alolongwa yiyo yomibili imithetho kahulumeni nombuso. Umthetho kahulumeni ubeka isisekelo seholo eliphansi, ikhefu elithatha isikhathi esengeziwe (Izindinganiso zezisebenzi), ukuphepha emsebenzini (OSHA), ukunqanda u-discrini (isiH VII), nekhefu lomkhaya lokusebenza (FMLA). Kodwa umthetho kahulumeni ungakunika amalungelo engeziwe: iholo eliphezulu, ukugula, ikhefu elikhokhwayo, ikhefu elikhudliweyo lomkhaya, isivikelo esiqinile sokunqanda ukuhlukana kwemithetho, kanye nezinzuzo zokungasebenzi. Uma umthetho wezwe unikeza umthetho owenawo ngokomthetho owezweyo, umqashi wakho kumelwe alandele umthetho. Uma umthetho kahulumeni uphansi nomthetho wezwelome (re), umthetho ophayo kakhulu usebenza ngokuvamile.

Abanikazi Bebhizinisi Nabaqondisi Bebhizinisi

Uma uqala ibhizinisi, kumelwe uvumelane nazo zombili iziqondiso zikahulumeni (umz., umqashi Identificationnombolo, intela kahulumeni yokugoma, ukugoma, indawo ezungezile, iziqondiso zikahulumeni (umz., ukubhalisa kwezamabhizinisi, izintela zikahulumeni, imishuwalense, umshuwalense wokungasebenzi). Ezinye izimboni . Ngokungathi zikweleta intela, zilawulwa kakhulu uhulumeni. Ezinye (_izindawo zokudayisa, izitolo, isitolo, izakhiwo, ukulawulwa ngokuyinhloko umbuso.) Ukungahoxi noma ungqi olungakhokhwa lungaholela ezijekeni, ekumangalelweni, ekumangalelweni, noma ekukhokheleni imvume yokungagunyaziwe.

Izindlu Nezakhiwo Zangempela

Umthetho we-Federal wenqabela ukuhlalisa ubandlululo (Umthetho we-Fair House Act). Umthetho woMbuso unganezela amakilasi avikelwe ngokwengeziwe futhi unikeze izimiso eziqinile zokuqinisekisa. Ubuhlobo be-Lander-tenster cishe bulawulwa ngokuphelele yimithetho kahulumeni ne-Lond protence, kuhlanganise nemingcele yokugcinwa kwezindawo, izinqubo zokuxoshwa, izindinganiso zokuhlala, nokulawula (lapho kuvunyelwe umthetho kazwelo). Umthetho kaFederal uthinta futhi izindlu ngemithetho yezindlu zokweleta (Izimfuneko ze-Lending Act), izimfuneko zomshuwalense, kanye nezikweletwano zentela zokuthola izindlu eziphansi.

Amalungelo Abantu Angokomthetho Nesivikelo Sabathengi

Amalungelo akho njengabathengi avikelwa yizo zombili amazinga. Umthetho we-Federal uhlanganisa ukuphepha komkhiqizo (Consumer Product Safety Commission), ukudla nokuphepha kwemilaliso (FDA), iqiniso ekubolekeni, nasese (umz., i-HIPAA ukuze uthole ulwazi lwezempilo, i-Gram-Liley-ikhweyiyeyedwa yezemali). Umthetho unikeza izivikelo ezengeziwe zokuvikela: imithetho kalamula yezimoto ezinezimolemu, izenzo zokuhweba ngokungafanele, izimvume, nemithetho yentengobo. Abameli bezwe ngokuvamile bafaka imithetho yezentengo ngokwezimali.

Ukwahlulela Kwesigebengu: Ungamangalelwa Kabili?

Ngaphansi kwemfundiso yobukhosi ehlukene, kokubili ohulumeni bamazwe nabezwe bangakumangalela ngokuziphatha okufanayo uma bephula kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso. IsiHlanzi sesihlanu esinqanda ukubekwa kwezingozi ezimbili sivimbela ukuquliswa kabili kombusi oyedwa. Ngakho, umuntu ophanga ibhange eligunyaziwe elisemthethweni angabekwa icala ngohulumeni futhi ubekwe uhulumeni ngenxa yokuphanga futhi ubhekane nezilingo nezijeziso ezimbili ezihlukene. Lokhu akuvamile kodwa kwenzeka.

Izindaba Zomkhaya Nezomuntu Siqu

Umshado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwezingane, nefa kucishe kube izindaba zikahulumeni. Nokho, umthetho kahulumeni ungathinta izinzuzo zikahulumeni ezihlobene nesikhundla somshado (umzk., izinzuzo ze-Social Security ezisindayo, ukuxhaswa kwezokufuduka). IDefense of Marriage Act (DOMA) yahlaselwa ngokwengxenye, futhi manje imishado efanayo iqashelwa ngokwemithetho ngenxa ye-Obergefell v. Hodges (20.5), ekholelwa futhi ukuthi izivumelwano kumelwe zinikezwe imvume futhi ziqashe imishado enjalo.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi: Lapho Ungathola Khona Ulwazi Olwethenjwayo

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi inkimbinkimbi, kuwukuhlakanipha ukuhlala unolwazi. Nakhu imithombo enegunya:

  • Imithetho e-Foderal: Ikhodi le-U.S. ikhona e-[FLT:]code.house.gov[. Isikhongozeli. sinikeza imvume yokulandelela nomlando wemithetho. I-Cornell Legional Information inikeza futhi inguqulo ehlelwe kahle: [[FLT:] umthetho.conell conell/uclade .
  • Imithetho yeSizwe: Iwebhusayithi yombuso ngamunye yombuso wesishayamthetho ikhipha imithetho yayo. Eziningi ziphenyiswa nge- Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legislatures (NCSL), efingqa izinkamiso zesimiso sezindaba ngezihloko ezihlukahlukene.
  • Imibuzo esemthethweni:[ ezindabeni zomuntu siqu, thintana nommeli onemvume esifundazweni sakho. Izinxulumani ze-bar yombuso eziningi zinikeza izinkonzo zobukhoma. Abantu abafikayo abaphansi bangafanelekela usizo olungokomthetho.
  • Ikhomu kanye ne-inforcement: Iwebhusayithi yeNkantolo yase-U.S. (]uqulumo.gov[]) ichaza ijaji lejaji likahulumeni. Izinkantolo zikaHulumeni zinezingosi zazo. UMnyango weJaji ( ukwahlulela.gov]]) unikeza ukwaziswa ngemibandela engokomthetho.

Isiphetho: Ukusebenzisa Isimiso Sokudlala

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika siwukuhlelwa kwemithetho elandelwayo nehlangene nombuso. Nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ubeka izindinganiso zesizwe futhi uthatha indawo yokuqala, umthetho kahulumeni unikeza ukuhluka okunzima kwendawo futhi unikeza isivikelo esikhulu. Ukuqonda lelihlelo elihlangeneyo kukunika amandla okusebenzisa amalungelo akho, ufeze izibopho zakho, futhi ugweme izihibe ezingokomthetho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uqala ibhizinisi, ukuthenga ikhaya, ukusingatha impikiswano yomsebenzi, noma ukubhekana nempikiswano engokomthetho, ukuqaphela izingqimba zombili ezingokomthetho kubalulekile. Ngenxa yokuthi imithetho ishintsha njalo ngomthetho, imithetho, imithetho, imithetho, nomthetho, kanye nezinqumo zenkantolo, zihambelana njalo imithombo yezikhulu zezikhulu noma ummeli ofanelekayo, kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuhlala manje. Lesi siqondiso esisobala siqala, hhayi ukubuyisela ukuqashelwa komthetho osemthethweni esimweni esithile.