Isisekelo Sokwenza Imithetho KaHulumeni: Ukuqonda Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso usebenza njengezincwadi eziphezulu ezingokomthetho ezisezifundazweni zawo ezihlukene, umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lwendlela eyakhiwe ngayo imithetho, onegunya lokuyenza, kanye nezindawo zokuvikela ezisemthethweni eziqinisekisa ukubusa ngokulinganayo. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. umisa imingcele engaphandle yamandla ombuso, umthetho wezwe ngamunye unikeza ipulani eningiliziwe yenqubo yawo yomthetho, igunya lobuphathi, nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Lemibhalo ichaza isimo sokubusa kombuso, ukwaba nemithwalo yemfanelo emagatsheni, futhi ngokuvamile ihlanganisa nezimiso ezikhethekile zentando yeningi (*) ezibonisa indlela yokuhlela umthetho phakathi kwezwe. Ukuqonda ukuthi imithetho yemithetho yemithetho inquma kanjani ukuthi ubani owenza imithetho futhi ibaluleke kanjani kunoma ubani oyisebenzisayo emithethweni yezomthetho, esemthethweni, noma ekusebenzelani yomthetho.

Ukuhlukahluka phakathi kwemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni kuyamangalisa. Eminye, njengeyaseCalifornia, mide futhi inemininingwane, ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela esimisweni sentela kuya ekuqondisweni kwendawo ezungezile, kuyilapho eminye, njengeNew Hampshire, ifushane ngokwesilinganiso futhi ifana nesibonelo sikahulumeni. Kungakhathaliseki ubude, umthetho-sisekelo wombuso uxoxa ngempikiswano eyisisekelo: isiphi isici noma inqubo enamandla okumisa umthetho, futhi yiziphi izinyathelo okumelwe zilandelwe?

Indima Yemithetho KaHulumeni

Cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe, indikimba eyinhloko yokwenza umthetho iisishaya - mthetho, ngokuvamile esibizwa ngokuthi ingqungquthela evamile, ingqungquthela yemithetho, noma nje isishaya-mthetho. Lezi zinhlangano zakhiwa abameleli abakhethiwe abasebenza njengezwi labantu, abahlongoza, abaphikisanayo, abathengisela, futhi ekugcineni bavote ezikweletini eziba umthetho. Ukuhlelwa, izakhiwo, namandla alezi zindlu zomthetho kuchazwa kumthetho-mthetho ngamunye.

Isimiso Sezokuxhumana

Izifunda eziningi ($forty-nine) kumashumi amahlanu , ukusebenza ngaphansi kwendlu yomthetho we-bamaral, okusho ukuthi banezindlu ezimbili ezihlukene: indlu ephansi (ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli, umhlangano, noma iNdlu yabathunywa) nendlu ephezulu (iSigeqe). Lesi sibuko sesimiso sikahulumeni siklanyelwe ukunikeza ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lwendlela yokuzihlola, olufuna ukuba kudlule amagumbi amabili enesimo esifanayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumbusi. I-Nebraska iyodwa nendlu ye-kampumeral, isidumbu esisodwa esaziwa njenge-Unicameral, esakhiwa umthetho wezwe ngo- 1934. Ababhisholi begoboshela ukuthi igumbi elilodwa linciphisa i-propbokip nohlelo lomthetho.

Ukumelelwa Nokugcinwa Kwesigodi

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa futhi imithetho yokumelelwa. Basho inani labamisi-mthetho, indlela izigodi ezidonswa ngayo, nokuthi kuvame kangakanani ukuvunwa ngemva kokubalwa kwabantu ngakunye. Ngokwesibonelo, iTexas inendlu eyilungu elingu 150 nelungu le-31, kanti indlu ephansi ye-New Hampshire inamalungu amakhulu angu-400 (indikimba enkulu yesizwe enkulu ezweni.) iMithetho yoMthetho-sisekelo iqinisekisa ukuthi izifunda zomthetho wezwe ngalinye ziyalingana ngokwenani labantu, imfuneko eqiniswe yiNkanto ebaluleke yiNkanto enjenge . [FLD]] Reynolds v.

Amandla Nokulinganiselwa

Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zinamandla amakhulu . zingadlulisa noma yimuphi umthetho onganqatshelwe yizwe noma umthetho-sisekelo. Nokho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukubeka imingcele ecacile. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mthetho eminingi ihlanganisa umthetho ophethe i-system eyodwa, owenqabela izikweleti zokuhlanganisa isihloko esisodwa, ngaleyo ndlela uvimbele ukuhlanganisa ukuvuleka kwe-locklollting nokulungisa. Eminye idinga ukuvota okunamandla kwezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, njengokunyuka kwentela. Ingqungquthela yesizwe ye-Legistrationstures inikeza imithombo emikhulu kulokhu kushintshashintsha.

Inqubo Yokwenza Imithetho: Kusukela Engqondweni Kuya Eqophelweni Lemithetho

Nakuba umbuso ngamunye ulandela izinqubo zawo eziningiliziwe, inqubo eyinhloko yokwenza imithetho ayiguquguquki ngokuphawulekayo.

Isingeniso Nokufunda Kokuqala

Isivumelwano sisungulwa ummisi-mthetho (noma, kwezinye izifundazwe, ngezabelo zezakhamuzi). Sabelwa inani futhi samukelwa kuqala esitezini esiphansi, simemezela isihloko sayo nenjongo. Imithetho eminingi idinga izikweleti ukuba zifundwe ngezinsuku ezintathu ezihlukene, inikeza isikhathi sokuhlola umphakathi.

Ukubukeza KweKomiti

Ngemva kwesethulo, izimali zibhekiselwa ekomitini − njengeKomiti ye-Judiciary, Impilo, noma izindlela kanye nezindlela. AmaKomiti alalela lapho ochwepheshe, amaqembu ezokuphatha, nezakhamuzi zingafakaza khona. Ikomiti ingavumela isikweleti ngemiyalo noma ngaphandle kokulungisa, igobolondo lejuba (lifake ngokungenzi lutho), noma ibhekise egumbini elingaphansi lesifundo esijulile. Lesigaba sibaluleke kakhulu ekuhleleni umthetho, futhi imithetho yesizwe ngokuvamile igunyaze imihlangano evulekile nokugcinwa kwamarekhodi ukuqinisekisa inqubo ayifihliwe.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Uma ikomiti isibike isamba semali, iqhubekela phambili egumbini eligcwele lengxoxo. Imithetho engokomthetho kahulumeni inquma ubude bempikiswano, ukuhleleka kokulungisa, nomnyango wokuvota odingekayo. Eziningi izindleko, eziningi zanele, kodwa ezinye zenza inzuzo noma ezinye (ezithiwa i-veto/requarequot [izingxenye ezimbili ezintathu zovota]. Ekandlu yomthetho, ngemva kokudlula egumbini elilodwa, umthetho uhamba ngenye ihamba ngenqubo efanayo.

AmaKomiti Omhlangano Nendlela Yokudlula Yokugcina

Uma lamakamelo amabili edlula izinguqulo ezihlukene zemali eyodwa, ikomiti yengqungquthela − ihlanganisa amalungu avela kuzo zombili izindlu − incibilikisa ukungefani. Ukuyekethisa okuwumphumela kumelwe kuvunyelwe yiwo womabili amakamu njengoba kubhalwe. Imithetho-sisekelo yoMbuso ivame ukulinganisela ubukhulu bemibiko yekomiti yengqungquthela ukuze iqaphe ushintsho olungapheli.

Isinyathelo Sombusi

Ngemva kokudlulisa amagumbi womabili inguquko efanayo, ubhabhu-bhuthi luthunyelwa kumbusi. Umbusi angasayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube umthetho ngaphandle kokuwusayina ngemva kwesikhathi esithile esicacisiwe, noma i-vetoto. Uma idlulisiwe, uhlamvu lubuyela kumphathi wendlu yomthetho, ongase uzame ukukhipha i-veto· ngokufuna isithathu esingaphezulu kakhulu esibili egumbini ngalinye. Lokhu kunikezwa kuyahlukahluka; ngokwesibonelo, [FLT] Michigan ifuna kuphela iningi lokudlula abathile, kuyilapho iningi lifuna ivoti emibili-3.

Imithetho Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokwenza Umthetho: Isivikelo Somthetho

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso umisa imithetho elawula “ngendlela” yokwenza umthetho. Lemithetho ikhuthaza ukuhleleka, ivimbela umthetho osheshayo, futhi ivikela amalungelo amancane.

Izimfuneko Ze - quorum

I-demoram jq jq jq inani eliyinani elilinganiselwe lamalungu okumelwe abe khona ukuze isishaya-mthetho siqhube ibhizinisi − i-screensme ihlelwe ngumthetho-mthetho wombuso ngamunye. Ngokuvamile, i-quorrum iyisiningi nje samalungu akhethiwe. Ezinye izifunda-Arakansas, zidinga amalungu amaningi akhethiwe, hhayi lawo akhona kuphela, ukuba enze ibhizinisi. Uma ilungu elingekhoyo liphula i-carmonrum, isishaya-mthetho singaphoqelelwa ukuba sithane.

Izikhala Ezinqamulayo

Ngaphandle kweningi, imithetho-mthetho ifuna imigoqo ephakeme yezenzo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe eziningi zifuna amavoti amabili-sithathu egumbini ngalinye ukuze kubekwe umthetho wesimo esiphuthumayo othatha ngokushesha isigqebhezana sombusi. Ukwanda kwentela ngokuvamile kudinga ukukhokha okukhulu: eColorado, iBill of Rights (TABOR) yesikhulu esifuna imvume yanoma isiphi intela ekhuphukayo, kuyilapho eCalifornia, kudingeka amavoti amabili-3 evotela intela ethile kahulumeni.

Imithetho Ekhethekile Yezincwadi Zemali

Umthetho-sisekelo wezwe abaningi uqukethe “umthetho wemali”: izikweleti zemali kumelwe zivele endlini ephansi, isiko elibolewe kuMthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhloselwe ukubeka amandla esikhwama semali esisendikimbeni eduze kakhulu nabantu. Ezinye izifundazwe, njenge New York, zivumela umbusi ukuba anikeze izikweletu zemali ezithatha indawo yokuqala kunomunye umthetho.

UVeto Akazinaki Izinqubo

Inqubo yokulawula i-gabernatorial vento iningiliswe ngokucacile emithethweni ye-codenal yombuso. Ngemva kokuba umbusi ebuyise isimemezelo esiphindiwe ngokuphikisa, isishaya-mthetho singasicabangela kabusha. Uma umthetho-sisekelo ufuna amavoti amabili-mithathu futhi lowomnyango uhlangatshezwa, umthetho uba umthetho naphezu kweveto. Izifunda ezimbalwa zivumela isishaya-mthetho ukuba sithathe izingxenye zeveto kuphela (ingxenye-layini-veto), kodwa iziphakampatho ezinjalo ziyivelakancane.

Izakhiwo Ezengeziwe Zokubusa: Amasheke Nokulinganisela

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho ayigcini esishaya umthetho noma kumbusi.

I-Veto Power kaMbusi kanye ne-Line-Item-Vito

Cishe bonke ababusi banamandla okukhipha umthetho ngokuqondile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi abaningi banezindleko zohlu lwezintambo, ezivumela ukuba basuse izinto ezithile ezisetshenziswayo ngaphandle kokukhipha yonke imali. Leli thuluzi linikeza ithonya elikhulu phezu kwemali esetshenziswayo. Eminye imithetho-sisekelo, njengaseWisconsin, ngisho nokuvumela umbusi ukuba ashaye amagama noma izinombolo, amandla aye abekwa ekuhlolweni kwemali.

Izinqumo Nezimiso Zomthetho

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso ihlela izikhathi, ubude, kanye nezinga lezikhathi zomthetho. Ezinye izigodlo zineziqephu zaminyaka yonke (umz., iCalifornia, iTexas, ihlangana eqenjini elivamile ngeminyaka engavamile kuphela), kuyilapho eminye ihlangana ngokulandelana kwezinsuku. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi ilinganisela inani lezinsuku isishaya-mthetho esingahlangabezana ngazo, njengezinsuku ezingu-60 noma ezingu-90 ngesimiso ngasinye. Lemithetho inhloso yokuvimbela ukwenza umthetho futhi ikhuthaze ukusebenza kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi bangabiza izikhawulo ezikhethekile zezindaba eziphuthumayo, kodwa uhlelo lwemithetho luvame ukugcinwa ezihlokweni ezimiswe umbusi.

Imithetho Ephuthumayo

Uma kuphakama izindaba eziphuthumayo − njengezinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, noma izinhlekelele ze-paltics `imithetho-mthetho yasemhlabeni' inikeza izinqubo zokwenza umthetho ngokushesha. Izindleko eziphuthumayo zingadlula izinyathelo ezithile ezilandelanayo, kodwa ngokuvamile zidinga umnyango ophezulu wokuvota (umz., amavoti amabili aphindwe kathathu) futhi angase athobeke ngokushesha esigqebheni sikambusi. La zinhlelo zilinganiswa kahle ukuze zivumele ukusabela okusheshayo ngaphandle kokuncintisana nentando yeningi.

Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Okuqondile: Izinyathelo, Izinyathelo, Futhi Ukukhumbula

Mhlawumbe isici esihluke kakhulu somthetho-sisekelo wezwe abaningi ukufakwa kwezimiso zentando yeningi eziqondile. Cishe ingxenye yezwe ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze futhi zidlulise imithetho ngokuthatha isinyathelo esithandwayo, zishiye isosha-mthetho ngokuphelele. Umthetho - sisekelo woMbuso uchaza izimfuneko zokusayinwa, izikhawu, nezinhlelo zokubukeza ukuthatha izinyathelo. AmaReferendendium avumela abavoti ukuba bavume noma balahle umthetho odluliswe yisigebengu ngaphambi kokuba usebenze. Lamathuluzi agunyaze izakhamuzi ukuba zimise umthetho ngokuqondile kodwa futhi abe yizihloko zempikiswano ngokuphathelene nethonya labo embusweni yokubusa komthetho. I-Baltiantia imikhondo yemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezomthetho i-octiveum.

Izinqumo Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokubukeza: Ukushintsha Imithetho

Njengoba nje imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ichaza indlela imithetho evamile eyenziwa ngayo, bamisa futhi imithetho yokushintsha umthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo. Izinqumo zokuchithwa zinzima ngamabomu kunomthetho ovamile. Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi idinga amavoti amabili-mithathu egumbini ngalinye lemithetho ukuze ihlongoze ukulungisa, ilandelwe ukuvunyelwa yiningi labavoti abavoti e-arenteum. Ezinye izizwe zivumela ukulungisa ngemiyalo-mkhandlu, indikimba ekhethekile ekhethelwe leyonjongo. Amalungiselelo enguquko abalulekile ngoba anquma ukuthi isakhiwo somthetho singenziwa kalula kangakanani.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo Ezingamukeleki

Ezindabeni ezinjenge California, Florida, ne Arizona, izakhamuzi zingadlula iziphakamiso zendlu yomthetho-mthetho futhi zihlongoze ukuhlelwa komthetho-mthetho ngokuqondile ngokuqoqa izignesha ezisemthethweni ezanele, i-application ehlongozwayo iyabekwa ku-complistation. Lenqubo iye yasetshenziselwa ukumisa imingcele yezentengo, imingcele yentela, nezinguquko zomthetho womthetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi izinguquko ezinjalo zingabhidliza umthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho omelwe ushiywe.

Ithonya Lemithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ekwephuleni Kwemithetho

Imithetho elandelwayo ebekwe kumthetho-mthetho wezwe inemiphumela enzima kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimfuneko ezinkulu kakhulu zokwandisa intela yenza kube nzima ukunyusa inzuzo, engaholela ekunciphiseni izinkonzo zomphakathi noma ekuncikeni kwemali ekhulisiwe. Imithetho eyodwa elawulayo ivimbela ukugcinwa kwemithetho kodwa ingaphoqelela abashaya imithetho ukuba benze ukuthutha okunzima ezikweletini ezizimele. Izinhlelo eziphuthumayo ziye zabaluleke kakhulu phakathi nesifo se-COVIID-19, njengoba ababusi besebenzisa igunya labo elingokomthetho ekunikezeni iziyalezo ze-athonsi, futhi izishaya-mthetho zemithetho ziphikisana nezingalondolo zabo siqu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aphathelene nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokumiswa kwemithetho elawulayo. Ezizweni ezinegunya elinamandla legatsha lemithetho (njenge-New York), lapho isishaya-mthetho singanqoba khona ukuvota kukambusi ngama-3 amathathu, ukulinganisela kwamandla kubhekiswe kusishaya-mthetho. Kwezinye, njengo-Indiana, umbusi unamandla amakhulu okulawula izimali. Lokhu kuthonya yonke into kusukela enkambisweni yentela kuya enqubweni yezemvelo ukuya emthetho wezenhlalakahleni.

Ukuqonda izakhiwo zomthetho-mthetho wokwenza imithetho akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kuthinta ngokuqondile indlela imithetho ehlongozwa ngayo, impikiswano, ibekwa futhi ibekwe inselele. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisakhamuzi esifuna ukusekela imbangela ethile, ummeli uthatha inqubo yemithetho, noma ummeli ochaza umthetho, indawo yokuqala yokuwubheka, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe ophendula umbuzo wesisekelo: ukuthi ubani owenza imithetho futhi iyenza kanjani?