Ukuchaza Imithetho Yangaphakathi Nokumangalela Kwezigebengu

Isimiso somthetho waseMelika, esisekelwe esikweni elivamile, sisebenza ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukumangalelana komphakathi nokumangalelwa kobugebengu. Nakuba zombili izindlela zihilela izinkantolo, amajaji, nabameli, izinjongo ezisebenzayo zihlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Ukumangalelana kwasemthethweni phakathi kwamaqembu azimele (iqembu), amabhizinisi, noma izinhlangano . “‘ Umuntu ofuna ikhambi lokulungisa izivumelwano ezicatshangelwe ngokungafanele. Okungalungile kuhilela ukwephulwa kwesivumelwano, ukubangela (ukulimaza komphakathi), noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo empahleni. Umuntu oletha isuti iyi- emalini , futhi owenziwa yiyo enziwa [FFF:2] [FLT] [FFFF].[3] umgomo wokujeza isigwebo noma ukujeza inkantolo, kodwa umuntu ophinde enze isigwebo esithebeni (imvume) noma ukugweba) ngokulandelana okuthile.

Ngokuphambene, ukuquliswa kwecala kuvela kuhulumeni − isikhulu sikahulumeni noma uhulumeni — ngokumelene nomuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwa ngokwenza isenzo umphakathi oye wasibheka njengobugebengu. Uhulumeni umelelwa umshushisi (njengommeli wesigodi noma i-U.S. Attorney), futhi omangalelwayo unecala owephula umthetho [ owenziwe ngokungemthetho]. Injongo yecala iwukugcina ukuhleleka nokhuseleko ngokwenqabela ubugebengu obala, ukuvimbela ubugebengu besikhathi esizayo, futhi, kwezinye izifebe zobugebengu. Imiphumela yezephulamthetho ingahlanganisa ukuboshwa, ukukhokhwana, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ngisho nokufa kwesigwebo kwezinye isisekelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kungokomthetho ohluliwe, ukuvikela, ukubusa, ukubusa, ukubusa kwecala ngalinye.

Lezi zimiso ezimbili azihlukene ngokuphelele; lesi senzo esifanayo ngezinye izikhathi singabangela kokubili ukumangalelwa kwecala lomphakathi kanye nokuquliswa kwecala. Isibonelo esidumile yicala lika-O.J. Simpson: wakhululwa ekubulaweni enkantolo yobugebengu kodwa wathola ukuthi unecala lokufa ngokungeyikho enkantolo yomphakathi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba lezi zimiso ezimbili zisebenza ngaphansi kwezindinganiso ezihlukene zobufakazi futhi ziphishekele izinhloso ezihlukene. Isimiso sobugebengu sasidinga ubufakazi obungenakungatshalwa kungabaza okunengqondo − − kanti isimiso somphakathi sasidinga ukuhlaziywa kobufakazi obuselelwe kakhulu kuphela kwendinganiso yezinga eliphansi kakhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa ngokuqhathaniswa kwalezi zinqubo ezimbili ezingokomthetho, siqokomisa izici zazo ezihlukene, imithetho eqinile, imithetho eqinile, nemiphumela yangempela yomhlaba.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwamacala Omphakathi Nezobugebengu

Indlela Esiyiyo Lesi Simo

Umehluko oyinhloko ukhona kulokho isimiso ngasinye esiklanyelwe ukukusingatha. Izimpikiswano zombango zixazulula izimpikiswano phakathi kwezimo zombango. Uma usayina isivumelwano sokuthenga imoto futhi umthengisi ehluleka ukuyiletha, ungamangalela ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano. Uma umshayeli efaka isibani esibomvu futhi eshayisa imoto yakho, ungafaka icala lokuzisholo ngokunganaki. Umthetho womphakathi uphathelene namalungelo omuntu siqu. Nokho, amagebengo obugebengu akhuluma ngecala elimelene nomphakathi njengelungu lomphakathi. Ngisho noma ubugebengu bulimaza ngokuqondile isisulu esisodwa, uhulumeni umangalela umenzi wobubi ngenxa yokuthi isenzo sesephula umthetho owenqabela ukuziphatha okunjalo. URoberber, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, ukweba, nobugebengu bonke buyicala ngenxa yokusongela ukuthula komphakathi nokuhleleka komthetho. Icala livame ukunikeza ubufakazi esigebeqe.

Imicimbi Ehilelekile

Enkantolo yomphakathi, amaqembu ayizinhlangano ezizimele. Umthetho uqala isenzo, futhi ummangalelwa uyasabela. Kwezinye izimo, uhulumeni angaba ummangalelwa enkantolo yomphakathi. (ngokwesibonelo, uma i-Ndeviletion Protection Agency isheshisa inkampani yokwephula imithetho yokungcola. Kodwa uhulumeni wenza njenge-reguator, hhayi njengomshushisi. Emacaleni oletha icala ngaso sonke isikhathi uhulumeni, umelela abantu. Icala libalela [[FLT: 0]] i-Statent [. I-revertivet noma [FLT:] United States]. i-Svilevent . [iqembu]] isisulu asilona iqembu eliphethe icala, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi lizwile ukuhlelwa kwelungelo noma ukuhlelwa kwemithetho.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi

Umthwalo wobufakazi uwumehluko omkhulu olandelayo phakathi kwecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu. Enkantolo yomphakathi, ummangalelwa kumelwe afakazele icala lakhe ngecala uphakanyiso lobufakazi[. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ubufakazi obuphelele bubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka kakhulu kunezinga elingaphezu kuka-51% , ukuthi intengo ye-athoff iyiqiniso. Lendinganiso ivame ukuchazwa njengenhlansi yesilinganiso sobulungisa emseni we-paltiff. Esondweni wobugebengu, uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise icala lommangalelwa elinecala eliphakeme ukuveza ukungabaza okunengqondo [[FLT] [FLD:] [3]. Lendinganiso ewuphawu oluphakeme kakhulu esimisweni somthetho. Idinga ukuqiniseka okuqinile, kodwa akudingi ukuqiniseka okuqinile kwecala. Uma noma yisiphi isigebethi esinecala esinecala esingumuntu esingu esona esingu. Kumelwe ukuba umuntu onecala ahlulelwe kakhulu abonise iphutha esingu elimsulwa.

Imiphumela Nezindlela Zokwelapha

Amakhambi atholakala esimisweni ngasinye abonisa izinjongo zawo ezingafani. Ezindabeni zombango, ikhambi elivamile yimali elimazayo ekhokhelwayo ukuze kukhokhelwe ukulahlekelwa okungokoqobo (izindleko zezokwelapha, ukulahlekelwa iholo, umonakalo wempahla) futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukujeziswa kokujezisa ukujezisa. Izinkantolo zingakhipha amakhambi angenacala, njengemithetho (ukuyala iqembu ukuba liyeke ukwenza okuthile) noma ukwenza okuthile okukhethekile (ukuhlela iqembu ukuba lifeze izivumelwano). Emacala obugebengu, imiphumela ingaba ukujeziswa. Imiphumela ingaphumela ekuvalweni (ijele noma ijele), amashendebe, amahlawulo, amahlawulo, amahhalalo, imvume yokugcinwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, inkonzo yomphakathi, noma ezinye izimo zenkantolo. Ezimweni zokufa, isigwebo sentambo siwumphumela. Abaphakela isigwebo sempatho yecala, ukuncishwa kwemithetho yezekwa kwemisebenzi, ukuvo.

Umthwalo Wobufakazi Obujulile

Umthwalo wobufakazi unezingxenye ezimbili: umthwalo wokukhiqiza nomthwalo wokuthonya. Umthwalo wokukhiqiza udinga umkhakha wobufakazi obanele ukuze usekele ukutholwa kobufakazi. Umthwalo wokunxenxa udinga iqembu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iphuzu lithola iqiniso (ujaji noma ijaji) ukuthi izenzakalo ziyiqiniso ngokwezinga elilindelekile. Nokho, kokubili amagalelo omphakathi nowezephulamthetho, umthwalo wokukhiqiza ushintsha kakhulu phakathi kwamaqembu phakathi kokuqulwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lomphakathi, umkhohlisi kumelwe aqale aveze ubufakazi obusekela iphuzu lawo. Uma enza kanjalo, umthwalo uphendukela emmangalweni ukuze ukhiphe ubufakazi obuqinisekile. Nokho, umthwalo wezeluleko, uhlala njalo kanye neqembu eliletha icala. Endabeni yecala, icala lomphakathi ligcina icala.

Indinganiso ye-digri-dict-elula isekelwe ngokujulile emthethweni wesiNgisi ovamile futhi iye yaqashelwa iNkantolo Ephakeme njengemfuneko engokomthetho ezicabeni zobugebengu. EWinship[[ (1970]), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi i-Sect Procement Claus yeSichimende se-Grandement e-JTy ifuna uhulumeni ukuba ufakaze zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lendinganiso ivikela ukumangalelwa okungalungile futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ezwe awasetshenziswa kalula. Indinganiso, ngokwendlela ephakathi kokunye edinga ukukhomba, ibonisa iqiniso ukuthi ezingxabeni zomphakathi, umthetho kumelwe ulahlekelwe izigaba ezimbili eziyimfihlo. Uma ubufakazi obungaqinile, ilahlekelwa yisilinganiso esiqinile. Kodwa idinga ukukhomba okusobala; futhi ukukhomba okungakho okungakho okunganteki okungante, futhi okungujula ubufakazi obuqinileyo, kodwa obungakho obuqinileyo, obungubufakazi obungakho obungathembekileyo,

Izinhlobo Zomthetho Wombango

Ukuqonda izigaba eziyinhloko kusiza ekucaciseni izinga lokuqulwa kwemibono yomphakathi. Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa izingxabano zesivumelwano, izimpikiswano zezivumelwano, izindaba zomthetho womkhaya, nezingxabano zempahla.

Izimpikiswano Ezihlangene

Izimpikiswano ziphakama lapho elinye iqembu liveza ukuthi elinye iqembu liye lahluleka ukufeza izithembiso ezenziwe ngesivumelwano esigunyazwa ngokomthetho. Lamacala angahlanganisa noma yini evela esivumelwaneni esibhaliwe sokuthengisa izimpahla eziyinkimbinkimbi ezivumelwaneni zebhizinisi ezihlukene. Ukugwetshwa kwesivumelwano okusobala kokuphulwa kwesivumelwano kumelwe kufakazele ukuthi izivumelwano ezisemthethweni, ukwenza noma izaba zokusebenza komuntu othile, ukuphulwa kommangalelwa, kanye nezingozi ezibangelwa yikho okuvela ekuphukeni kwakhe. Ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa izindleko zemali ukuze kubekwe iqembu elingafiki hlangothini lokuthatha izivumelwano. Kwezinye izimo, umthetho oqondile owenziweyo ukumiswa kwenkantolo ukuze kwenziwe isenzo esithenjisiwe ngempela, futhi uma indaba ewuhlobo luyindabuzekile.

Izinkulumo Ezishoyo

I-tort yomthetho isingatha ukulimala komphakathi okubangela ukulimala noma ukulimala komunye umuntu noma impahla yabo. I-tort evame kakhulu ukudakwa, okudinga ukubonisa ukuthi ummangalelwa uboshelwe umsebenzi wokunakekela ummangalelwa, waphungula lowo msebenzi, wabangela umonakalo ngenxa yalokho. Izingozi zezimoto, ukungasebenza kahle kwezehlakalo zezokwelapha, ukushelela nokulimaza, kanye nokulimaza izingozi ezibangelwa yimiphumela yonke eyenzekayo. Ukushaya indiva ngecala kubangela ukunganaki. Ngokubophana kokuhlasela, ibhethri, ukuboshwa ngephutha, nokuhlanjalazwa, ukulahlekelwa izindleko zokwelapha, ukulimala, ukulahlekelwa izingozi, ukulimala okungenacala, njengalezo ezihilela imisebenzi eyingozi noma imikhiqizo engalungile, akudingi ubufakazi obunephutha noma inhloso; ukulimala nje okungakhohlakala. Ukufuna izindleko zokwelapha, nokuhlupheka nokuhlupheka okukhulu, futhi ukwenze ubugebengu obungathi kubi.

Icala Lemithetho Yomkhaya

Umthetho womkhaya uyisici esikhethekile sokuqulwa kwecala eliphathelene nokuhlangana kwasekhaya. Izehlukaniso zihilela ukudilizwa okungokomthetho komshado nezindaba zengxoxo ezinjengokwahlukana kwempahla, ukusekela kobupolisa, nokusekela abantwana. Izimpikiswano zokuwinwa kwabantwana zinquma ukuthi ingane izophilaphi futhi iyokwenza izinqumo ezibalulekile ngokukhuliswa kwayo. Icala lokutholwa lidinga ukuvunyelwa kwenkantolo ukuze kusungulwe ubuhlobo obungokomthetho phakathi kwabantu abangahlobene nezakhi zofuzo. Icala lomkhaya livame ukuhlanganisa izimpikiswano ezingokwemizwelo kakhulu nezingaqondana eziyinkimbinkimbi. Izinkantolo eziningi zomkhaya zikhuthaza ukuxhumana kwezingane noma ezinye izindlela zesinqumo sokwenza impikiswano ukuze zisize izivumelwano ukuba zifinyelele ngaphandle kokuthatha izivumelwano eziqhubekayo.

Ukungqubuzana Kwempahla

Izingxabano zempahla zihilela izingxabano mayelana nokuba nempahla, impahla, noma ukusetshenziswa kwempahla yomuntu siqu. Izingxabano zezindawo ngokuvamile zihilela imikhawulo yemingcele, ukuncishiswa kwezindawo, ukukhitshana izihloko zempahla, noma izingxabano eziba khona. Ngokwesibonelo, umninikhaya angase amangalelwe umakhelwane wokwakha uthango oluphazamisa impahla yabo. Izingxabano zempahla zingahilela ukuba nempahla eyigugu njengezezemisebenzi, izimoto, noma impahla yebhizinisi. Izenzo zesiqu eziphansi zingeniswa ekutholeni imvume ecacile yendawo uma kunempikiswano noma ifu lesihloko. Lezi zidinga ukuhlolisiswe ngokucophelela kwezemisebenzi, ukuhlola, nemibhalo engokomlando.

Izinhlobo Zokushushisa Kwezigebengu

Amacala ezigebengu ahlukaniswa ngonya, olunquma lapho icala lizwakala khona nesijeziso esingase sikhishwe. Izigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko amaphutha, amaphutha, kanye neziphambeko.

Imikhosi

Izenzo zobugebengu ezingathi sína kakhulu futhi zinezijeziso ezinzima kakhulu. Zihlanganisa amacala anjengokubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga ngezikhali, ukuthumba, nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa. Ukugwetshwa kwecala kungaphumela ekugwetshweni ejele isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka, futhi kwezinye izimo, ukuboshwa kokuphila noma isigwebo sokufa. Ukumangalelwa okungagunyaziwe kuyenzeka enkantolo ephakeme noma enkantolo yesifunda, futhi abamangalelwa banelungelo lokuqulwa icala lejaji. Isivikelo se-procedtural sikhulu kakhulu emacaleni ngenxa yokuthi izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu. Iziqondiso eziningi zokugweba zithola izigwebo ezingase zisekelwe embusweni yobugebengu nasemlandweni wobugebengu osusiwe. Ezinye izigwebo, njengezinye izivumelwano zezidakamizwa, njengemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Amaphutha

Amaphutha awekho angathi sína kakhulu, ajeziswa unyaka owodwa ejele, amafa, noma inkonzo yomphakathi. Amaphutha avamile ahlanganisa ukweba okuncane, ukuhlasela okulula, ukuziphatha okungahleleki, ukushayela ngaphansi kwethonya (icala lokuqala), nokuphambuka. Icala elingalungile liphathwa kakhulu ezinkantolo eziphansi, njengezinkantolo zesifunda noma izinkantolo zesifunda. Nakuba izinqubo zifana nezomthetho wezembubhiso, ngokuvamile ziyagobeka, futhi abamangalelwa bangase bangayitholi inkantolo yamajaji (nakuba izifunda eziningi zinikeza enye uma zicelwa). Amaphutha noma amacala asemacaleni aphansi asemacaleni aphansi angenzeke kakhulu, kuhlanganise nezenzo zobugebengu ezingathinta umsebenzi, izindlu, izindlu, nezindawo zokulala.

Iziphazamiso

Iziphazamiso, ezibizwa nangokuthi ukuphulwa kwecala, ziyicala elingathi sína kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile lijeziswa kuphela ngenkokhelo. Amathikithi ezimoto ayisibonelo esivamile. Okunye ukweqa kungase kuhlanganise ukungcolisa, ukushaya izinyawo, noma ukwephula umsindo okuncane. Iziphazamiso azinawo amathuba esikhathi sejele futhi ngokuvamile ziphathwa ngenqubo elula yokulawula. Ezindaweni eziningi, abamangalelwa abanalo ilungelo lokuqulwa icala. Nakuba iziphakamiso zibhekwa njengezingamacala obugebengu ngomqondo owesayensi, ngokuvamile ziphathwa njengezingakhokhwa ezithiwe kahle. Ukuhluleka ukukhokha ngokupha okulungile kungaholela ezinhlabeni ezengeziwe, njengemali yemali ehlwithwayo noma ihhosholo.

Ukumelelwa Ngokomthetho

Ilungelo lokumelelwa ngokomthetho liyitshe eliyinhloko lesimiso somthetho waseMelika, kodwa lisebenza ngokuhlukile emacaleni omphakathi nawezigebengu. Emacala obugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokweluleka noma ubani omangalelwe ngecala elingaphumela ekuboshweni. Uma ummangalelwa engakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli, inkantolo kumelwe imise elinye ngezindleko zomphakathi. Lelilungelo lamiswa yiNkantolo ePhakemente ePhakeme kakhulu [FL:0] Gideon v. [1963] [imperight] ngenxa kahulumeni ongase afake icala leze imvume futhi kamuva lidluliselwe kunoma yiliphi icala lapho kunokwenzeka khona. Abavikeli bomphakathi bangaba abamele abameli abakhokhishwe nguhulumeni. Bavame ukusebenza futhi bakhutshwe ngaphansi kwe-funsi, kodwa banganikezwa izinkonzo ezingokwangokwasemthetho.

Enkantolo yomphakathi, akukho lungelo lomthetho-mthetho lokuthola imvume engokomthetho. Inhlangano ngayinye kumelwe iqashe ummeli wayo noma iqhubeke ipro se (zimelela yona ngokwayo). Umthwalo wezimali wokumangalela ungaba lukhulu, futhi abantu abaningi abaneziphakamiso ezisemthethweni abakwazi ukuthola usizo olusemthethweni. Izinhlangano zosizo olungokomthetho zinikeza izinkonzo zesihle noma eziphansi ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezezimali, njengemibango yepulazi noma izindaba zomkhaya, kodwa izimali zilinganiselwe. Ukuntula kwelungelo lokululeka ezimweni zomphakathi kuye kwagxekwa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezihilela izidingo zabantu eziyisisekelo ezinjengezindlu, ukugcinwa kwezingane, nokuvikelwa kobudlova. Ezinye izizwe ziye zazama ngezinhlelo ezithile zomphakathi noma ngosizo lomthetho. “izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle zezezimali zezenhlalakahle.

Umehluko Okhona

Izinqubo zecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu zivumelana nezici eziningi ezifanayo . zombili zihlanganisa ukuncenga, ukuthola, ukuthatha icala, ukuqulwa kwecala, nokudluliswa kwecala, kodwa kunezinto ezingafani. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, inqubo iqala uma amafacelele amafacelele amacala akha ikhalo futhi iwasebenzise kummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa kumelwe afake ikhambi noma afake isahlulelo esiphelele. Ukuthola imvume ngokuvamile ibanzi futhi ivumela womabili amalungu ukuba acele izincwadi, athathe iziphakamiso, futhi asebenzele izicelo. Imithetho yomthetho ivame uma ingekho uma kufunwa inkantolo. Imithetho yobufakazi ilula uma iqhathaniswa nezigebethi, futhi isilinganiso sobufakazi siphansi.

Ezicabeni zobugebengu, lenqubo iqala ngokuboshwa noma ukuqulwa kwamacala abashushisi. Ukubonakala kokuqala kwazisa ummangalelwa ngamacala namalungelo abo. Ukuqulwa kwecala kokuqala noma ukuqhubekelwa kwejaji elikhulu kunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kube nesizathu sokuqhubeka. Ukutholakala kwamacala obugebengu akubanzi njengasemacaleni omphakathi, futhi abamangalelwa banesivikelo esikhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphendu sesihlanu neseSisithupha. Ukuqulwa kwecala kuhlale njalo phambi kwejaji uma ummangalelwa ebhekene nezinyanga ezingaphezu kwesithupha zokuboshwa. Imithetho yobufakazi isebenza ngokuqinile, futhi abamangalelwa kumelwe bafakazele zonke izici zobugebengu ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Ummangali unelungelo lokufakaza noma lokuthula, futhi uma bekhetha ukungafakameli, ijaji ngeke ikwenze lokho.

Isivikelo Somthetho - sisekelo Emacala Ezelelesi

Izigebengu zijabulela iziphetho zomthetho-mthetho ezingenakho empesheni yomphakathi. ISichibiyelo sesine sivikela ekufuneni nokuquleka okungacabangeli futhi sifuna ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze sithole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe ngokunokwenzeka ezimweni eziningi. Ubufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula iSichibiyelo sesine singakhishwa ngaphansi komthetho [ wesiphendu . ISichibiyelo sesihlanu sivikela ekuzifuneleni ukuncipheni komuntu siqu (ilungelo lokuthula) nengozi ephindwe kabili (ukuzama kabili icala elifanayo). Kudinga futhi ukumangalelwa okukhulu kwecala ngenxa ye-felon. ISiphaka sokulungisa isigwebo siqinisekisa ilungelo lokushesha nokuqulwa kwasobala, imvume engasahlulelwangayeki, nokukhokhwakhwaza okungahle ukuze kutholakale imvume yokukhokhwaba.

Abamangalelwa abanazo izivikelo ezifanayo. Akukho lungelo kummeli omiswe inkantolo, akukho lungelo lokumelana nokuzimela (nakuba isiHlanzi sesihlanu singasetshenziswa ekufakeni izigwebo zomphakathi uma ubufakazi bungaqulwa), futhi akukho siqobo esimelene nokumangalelwa okuningi okuvela ezenzakalweni ezifanayo. Isivikelo seSiphendu sesine sokunqanda ukuseshwa nokuquleka ngokuvamile asisebenzi ekuziphatheni kwamaqembu abantu, kuphela esinyathelo sikahulumeni. Nokho, iziphakamiso zomphakathi zinamalungelo afanelekile ngaphansi kwezesihlanu neSichibiyelo se - 14, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqaphela nethuba lokuzwa ngaphambi kokuba zincishwe ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla.

Indima Yamajukuthu

Ijaji lifeza indima kuwo womabili amacala obugebengu, kodwa imithetho iyahluka. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa icala nganoma iliphi icala elijeziswa ngezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ijaji kumelwe lingathathi hlangothi, futhi isinqumo salo kumelwe sihlangane emacaleni obugebengu obusemthethweni. Amazwe amaningi adinga futhi izinqumo ezingqubuzanayo emacala angathi sína, nakuba amanye aye avumela izinqumo ezingaphelele ezinqunyweni zejaji (Inkantolo Ephakeme yayikholelwa ukuthi isahlulelo esingaphelele singumthetho wobugebengu [FLT:]].],[FLT], 20]). Ikomiti yejaji ifuna ukunquma ukuthi inecala noma icala elimsulwa.

Ezindabeni zomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seSember siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji enkantolo kahulumeni ngenxa yamacala ahilela ama - dollar angaphezu kuka - 20 (amaRandi angaphezulu) kodwa lelilungelo aliboshelwa ezindaweni. Izizwe eziningi zinikeza inkantolo yamajaji ezicabeni zombango, kodwa ezinye zibeke imingcele ezinhlobo ezithile zecala. Izehlulelo zomphakathi zihlanganisa izijaji ezimbalwa kunabethathathi-jaji abanecala (ngokuvamile abayisithupha esikhundleni sabayishumi nambili). Ukungalungisi akuyona imibandela engokomthetho; imibuso eminingi ivumela isahlulelo ukuba sigwetshwe yize, njengamalungu amahlanu ayisithupha asebenza ngejaji. Ijaji lomthetho inquma inquma ukuthi ummangalelwa uyafaneleka futhi uma kunjalo, inani lemali ikhona kuzo zombili izimiso zomthetho.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo nayo iyahluka futhi phakathi kwecala lomphakathi nelobugebengu. Emacaleni omphakathi, noma yiliphi iqembu lingadlulisa isahlulelo sokugcina. (umkhandlu ofaka isikhalo) kumelwe uphawule amaphutha omthetho owenziwa yinkantolo enkantolo equlwayo. Izikhalo ngokuvamile zizwakala enkantolo ephakathi, futhi ukubukeza okuqhubekayo kungatholakala enkantolo ephakeme noma eU.S.Nkantolo Ephakeme. Indinganiso yokubukeza: okuyiqiniso kuyaphinda kubukezwe ngenxa yephutha elicacile, kuyilapho iziphetho ezingokomthetho zibukezwa u-oyela [ [vo:] [FLT] [ase-asenzisha]. Izikhalo zomthetho zingaba zinde futhi zibizise, futhi inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, noma ukuphinde i-mendiciswe ecaleni.

Ezimweni zobugebengu, ummangalelwa angadlulisela isiqinisekiso njengendaba yokuthola imvume ezindaweni eziningi. Umshushisi ngokuvamile akanakudlulisela icala lokungagwetshwa ngenxa yesisho sengozi esiphindwe kabili. Nokho, ukuquliswa kwecala kungadlulisa izimemezelo ezithile zangaphambi kwenkantolo noma izindaba zokugweba. Izikhalo zecala ngokuvamile zigxila ekumangalelweni okuthiwa kumthetho - sisekelo, njengokungasizisisekeli ngokweluleko, ukuvuma okungafanele, noma ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela ukuqulwa kwecala. Uma ummangalelwa egwetshwa agwetshelwe ukufa, ukudluliswa kwamacala ezindaweni eziningi. Inkantolo ye-appellate ingakuqinisekisa ukuqulwa, ibuye ihlulele ukuqulwa okusha, noma ilungise isigwebo. Izicelo ezisezinhlolweni ze-pocpocpos zinikeza izicelo ezengeziwe, ukubukezwa kwesivumelwano sokuvindwa kweziboshwa ezinkantolo ezisebusweni ezisebusweni ezisebusweni ezisebusweni.

Isiphetho

Umehluko phakathi kokumangalelwa kwecala lombango nokuquliswa kwecala lombango nobugebengu awuyona nje imfundo kuphela, ikhona imiphumela yangempela kubo bonke abahilelekile. Izehlakalo zombango zinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano zomuntu siqu nokuhlanganisa izisulu zokulimala. Izephulamthetho zisiza umphakathi ngokujezisa izaphula-mthetho nangokuvikela umphakathi kubantu abayingozi. Izindinganiso ezihlukene zobufakazi, izigidi, izinqubo, kanye namakhambi abonisa izinjongo ezihlukile nezindinganiso ezingaphansi kwesimiso ngasinye. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuqonda lokhu kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni izingxabano ezingokomthetho. Ukuqaphela ukuthi isimo sibangela ukumangalelwa kwezakhamuzi kuveza ukumangalelwa kwecala lobugebengu, futhi sazi ukuthi isivikelo sisebenza emongweni ngamunye, kunika abantu amandla okuqondisa isimiso somthetho ngokuphumelelayo ngokwengeziwe. Umthetho awukho i-olithlonto ehlelwe ngezimiso ezihlukene kodwa kusebenza ndawonye ezisebenza ngomthetho ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kugcinwe ngobulungisa.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [[FLT: 0] i-Connell Legil Information yenqubo yomphakathi yokucubungula, i-iewebhthi ye- U.S.S. yezohlelo lwezincazelo, [[FLT:] iMelika Bar Association [ yemitatho yemfundo esemthethweni, kanye i-Justia yeziqondiso ezisebenzayo. Le mithombo inikeza ukwaziswa okugunyazayo kulabo abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo isimiso somthetho saseMelika.