Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimiso zikahulumeni nombuso nombuso wendawo kumelela esinye sezici ezichaza kakhulu zesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe unikeza uhulumeni wezwe imibuso eqondile, iningi leziphathimandla zezindawo ezibusayo [1] kuhlanganisa imfundo, impilo yomphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwezwe, nokwahlulela kobugebengu, kanye nomthetho womthetho wezwe. Kodwa imithetho kahulumeni, ukusekela izimali, nezindinganiso zokulawula ngokuvamile kuhlela imfuno yezindawo eziza kuqala nezenzo zombuso nohulumeni bendawo ngezindlela ezinzulu. Ukuqonda indlela lemisebenzi enzima ebaluleke ngayo kungabi nje kuphela kubakhiqinisi bemithetho kodwa nakubafundi abafuna ukuqonda indlela ephethe ngayo ngokoqobo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindlela zenguquko zesimiso sendawo nezenzo zendawo, kunikeza izibonelo eziningi zezimiso zezindawo ezihlukene, futhi kuhlola ukuncintisana kwemigomo ehlukene yohulumeni lapho kuphakama izimo ezihlukene.

Isisekelo SobuFalistism

I-Federalism e-United States ayilona ilungiselelo eliqinile kodwa ubuhlobo obungaguquguquki. Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kweWashington, D.C., kanye nezinhloko- dolobha zikahulumeni kuye kwashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinkinga zezwe, izingcindezi zezomnotho, noma izinhlangano zezenhlalo. Kuyi-republic yakuqala, umqondo wobuzwe obubili obumanyene obusekela ukuthi ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni abasebenza ngokwehlukene, abahlukene. Namuhla, isimiso sichazwa kangcono njengohlobo lwenhlangano yenhlangano yesizwe, lapho ohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni behlanganyela khona imithwalo yemfanelo futhi ngokuvamile ukuba bavumelane ekusebenziseni imithetho. Lokhu kubambisana kunikezwa njalo ngezimfashinizo zezimali: uhulumeni owesizwe onikeza imvume yokunikeza i-in-id ehambisana nezimo ezithile, ngokukhuthazayo ukwamukela izimiso ezithile zokuhwebelana. Nokho, amashumi eminyaka amuva nje kuye kwabonakala futhi kuphinde kuvusekuvuse ukuvusene nenkambiso, eyaziwa ngokuthi: [uptruptrust:[0] ngesicelo se-Frualvelvelvelve

Esinye sezici ezilandela kakhulu ze-unistism yaseMelika ukuthi ivumela ukuhlukahluka kwezimo. Lokhu kungafani kungaba indawo yokuhlola intuthuko, njengoba uMahluleli uLouis Brandeis achazwa ngokudume kakhulu, kodwa kungaholela futhi ekuhlukahlukaniseni okukhulu kwemiphumela yezakhamuzi kuye ngokuthi zihlalaphi. Izimiso ze-Federal, kungaba ngegunya, ukudelwa, noma ukuchitha amandla, ngokuvamile kuhloselwe ukubeka indawo ephezulu yamalungelo noma isivikelo, kuyilapho izifunda zilondoloza ikhono lokudlula kulesositeshi. Ukungavumelani phakathi kwezakhamuzi kuyinhloko ekuqondeni indlela izimiso zikahulumeni ezisebenza ngayo nezenzo zendawo.

Izikhulu Ezikhulu Zabefundisi Nethonya Lazo

Imithetho eminingana ephawulekayo kahulumeni iye yabuchaza kabusha ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nemibuso, ithonya yonke into kusukela ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zihlola ezinye zezimiso ezinethonya elikhulu kakhulu nokusabela okuhlukahlukene okuye kwabangelwa uhulumeni.

UMthetho Wokunakekela Ongenakuncishiswa (ACA) Nokwanda Kwe - Medicaid

Lapho i-ACA isayiniwe emthethweni ngo-2010, yamelela ukwanda okukhulu kwesinqumo sempilo kusukela kuMedicare noMedicaid. Ilungiselelo eliyinhloko elihloselwe ukunwebela iMedicaid elphanity kubo bonke abantu abadala abaholayo abafinyelela ku-138% benani lobumpofu obuphakathi. Nokho, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2012 se-National Revision of Independent Business. [[FLT] senza ukuba uMidid wandeka ngokungakhethi ngokwezimo yezindawo. Lokhu kwadala igebe esobala: njengo-2025, amashumi amane ekhulu ezindawo ne-Gwadi ye-Colunter, nakuba igweba isilinganiso esingaphezulu seze kakhulu. Ize yandisa isilinganiso esingaphezulu kakhulu semikhaza ezindaweni zezentengo yeze yezentengo yeze yamazwe ampofu. Isilinganiso seze yandisa isilinganiso sezentengo yeze yamazwe ezisenyuko yeze yamazwe aphakeme kakhulu. Izikhulu iphinde ibonise isithi

Isimiso Semfundo: Ukusuka Ekubeni Nengane Eshiywe Ngaphandle Kuya Kuwo Wonke Umfundi Uyaphumelela

Ukuhileleka kwemfundo eyisisekelo nesekhondari kwakhula kakhulu ngokudlula kwe-Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) ngo-65, eyanikeza iziphakamiso zezezimali ezikoleni ezisiza abafundi abathola imali ephansi. Unyaka ka-2001 wokuqululisa, owaziwa ngokuthi uNo Child Lend Bend (NCLB), wandisa kakhulu indima kahulumeni ngokufuna ukuba amazwe asebenzise izilinganiso ezisemthethweni, abeke izisulu zempumelelo, futhi afake izijeziso ezikoleni ezihlulekayo ukwenza intuthuko eyanele minyaka yonke. Nakuba i-NCLB ihlose ukuvala izikhala eziphumele izithuba, futhi yabangela ukugxekwa okubanzi “ukufundisa ukuhlolwa,” okuncane, nokushaya imithetho enzima. Umbuso kanye nothisha bendawo ngokuvamile babezizwa becindezelwa izimfuneko eziqinile.

Ekuphenduleni, uKhongoloshelwane wadlula i- Wonke umFundi Wezokulandisa, ngokuka-2015, futhi ngo-FLT , owabuyisela igunya elikhulu kuhulumeni. Ngaphansi kwe-ESSA, usho ukuthi kumelwe ahlole abafundi ekufundeni nasebalweni kanye nasebangeni, kodwa manje baklama izimiso zabo zokuziphendulela, bahlele imigomo yabo, futhi banqume ukungenela izikole ezinzima. Lokhu kusuka kwesigaba sombuso esiphezulu kuya kwesinye sobulula nobuholi bezwe kuveze uhide olubanzi lwendlela yokungena. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Tennessee, aye asebenzisa izimiso zesikole eziphambili ezihlanganisa ukukhula, amazinga okuthweswa iziqu, nokusetshenziswa kwesiNgisi. Abanye baye babhekana nezinselele ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-NCCCC kuveza kanjani ukulawulwa kwezimiso zesikole ezisezindaweni zomphakathi kanye nezingamele i-Genese.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile: UMthetho Ohlanzekile Womoya Nezinhlelo Zokufezwa KukaHulumeni

I-Ceac Air Act ka-1970, njengoba ilungiswa, imisa izindinganiso zomoya ezisemgangathweni (NAAQS) wesizwe ezingcolisayo ezilimaza impilo yomphakathi nendawo ezungezile. I-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) imisa lezi zindinganiso, kodwa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuzifinyelela nokuzigcina uwele ezindaweni ezithile. Umbuso ngamunye kumelwe uthuthukise i-Hulumeni I-Idectionationation Plan (SIP) echaza ukuthi iziphina kanjani nezindinganiso zikahulumeni. Lesakhiwo sivumela ukuvumelana okuthile ekukhetheni imingcele yokulawula izitshalo (ezingasebenzisi imingcele yokukhipha amandla kagesi) njengezimiso zokuhlola izimoto, izinhlelo zokuhlola izimoto, noma izisusa amandla okuvuselela amandla. Nokho, uma umbuso uhluleka ukuyinikeza i-EPA impumelelo, ingabeka ngisho nokuyilawula kahle i-e ngokomthetho ye-pa.

ICalifornia inendawo ekhethekile ngaphansi kwe-Cease Air Act, futhi ithole umsizi ozimisele ukubeka isilinganiso sayo, amandla aqinile okukhipha imoto − i-a amandla amanye amazwe angakhetha ukuwamukela. Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubeni i-California iqhube inqubo kabanzi lapho i-California ivame ukuqhuba khona inqubo yesizwe, njengoba abenzi bezimoto bekuthola kungenalusizo oluqinile ukwenza imikhumbi ehlukene. Nokho, phakathi nokuphatha kwe-Trump, uhulumeni wamazwe wazama ukuqeda i-computer i-rality ye-colinia yase California futhi inciphe kakhulu i-oce emone, iholela empini engokomthetho futhi incikelwe ngokubhidlizelana kwezindawo ze-oceraligian. I-Acter i-Act iyaqhubeka ukuvuselelwa kwemigomo likahulumeni lapho kumiswa khona uhulumeni. Kodwa i-Ohio, njengasemone, kudinga ukuhlelwa kwemigomo engokomthetho kahulumeni, futhi kudinga ukulawulwa kwezente ye-occonsive. I-Act, i-Active, i-

Abantu Abakhubazekile EMthethweni Wemfundo (IIDEA)

I-IDEA iqinisekisa ukuthi izingane ezikhubazekile zithola imfundo yomphakathi efanelekile ekhululekile (FAPE) endaweni elinganiselwe kakhulu. Lomthetho kahulumeni olawula izifunda zesikole ezibonisa, ulinganise, futhi ukhonze abafundi abafanelekayo kusukela eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwengu-21. I-IEA ifuna futhi ukuba izikole zithuthukise i-Edition Education Program (IEP) ye-IEP kumfundi ngamunye okhubazekile. Umthetho unikeza imali kahulumeni elinganiselwe, engakaze ifinyelele amaphesenti angu-40 ezindleko zemali ezagunyazwa yi-palini ekuqaleni. Njengomphumela, futhi izindawo zinengxenye enkulu yezindleko. Lokhu kuxhasa izimali kuveza izinkonzo ezihlukene: izifunda ezicebile zinganikeza izinkonzo ezibanzi, kuyilapho izifunda ezimpofu zizama ukuhlangabezana nemvume. Uhulumeni ungagodla izimali uma izifunda zikahulumeni zihluleka ukuvumelana nezindlela zokukhokhwana, kodwa ngokuvamile, kodwa izikhulu zikazwa nabazali.

IMassachusetts sekuyisikhathi eside ingumholi wemfundo ekhethekile, inikeza izinhlelo ezigcizelela ukufakwa nokuthweswa kwezinkonzo zoshintsho, futhi ifinyelele iziqu eziphakeme kubafundi abakhubazekile. Ngokuphambene, iMississippi iye yabhekana nokuncishiswa nokuswelakala okungamahlalakhona kothisha abakhethekile abafanelekayo, okuholela ezinkingeni ezingokomthetho nasebusweni bukahulumeni. I-IDEA ibonisa indlela igunya likahulumeni elingamisa ngayo amalungelo abalulekile kodwa lishiye ukufezwa kwemisebenzi.

Indlela Izinhlangano Zezokuxhasa Izimali Zama - computer

Ngaphandle kwemiyalo eqondile, ithuluzi elilodwa elinamandla kakhulu uhulumeni kahulumeni kumelwe lilonke isifundazwe nokuziphatha kwendawo amandla esikhwama. Imali enikezwa amazwe futhi izindawo ifinyelela emakhulwini ezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka, ihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo emikhulu nasemakhaya kuya empilweni yomphakathi. Lokhu kunikeza cishe njalo ngemibandela. Ngokwesibonelo, isho ukuthi ukwamukela izimali zomgwaqo wemoto kumele kubeke iminyaka elinganiselwe yokuphuza engamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Isimo sokulawula wonke amazwe ukuba alandele imigaqo yezono emuva kwawo-1980. Ngokufanayo, ngaphansi kwemithetho yezemfundo yezemfundo neyomphakathi (FLTPA) [FLDPA] [FLD] [F:1], izikole zisho ukuthi izimali zikahulumeni kumelwe zivikele imfihlongosi yomfundi. Usongo lwemali lwemali lubangela ukulawulwa kwemithetho ehlangeneyo yonke imigaqo yemithetho ye-othonsoni, ngisho naleyo empikiswa yimithetho yezwe noma yezwe.

Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwemali enemibandela kunemingcele. Eminyakeni yamuva, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yabonisa ukuthi izimo kumelwe zicace, zihlobene nenjongo yemvume, futhi zingaphoqeleli ukuba kwenziwe izinqumo ezingatshazwa ngokomthetho. Isinqumo sika-2012 seMedicaid sasiyisibonelo esiphawulekayo: iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi usongo lokukhipha zonke izimali zeMedicaid ezazikhona uma amazwe engayandisanga ukuncitshiswa kwemithetho engokomthetho. Lesi sinqumo sangomthetho esilondolozwe sagcinwa kuwo wonke umongo kodwa asizange sishintshe isakhiwo semali esivamile sokusetshenziswa kombuso. Ngakho ukuxhasa izimali zesizwe kuseyinqubo eyinhloko okukhona okungokokwama kwezekwemvelo, ukulondolozwa kwenhlekelele, ukuncitshiswa kwenhlekelele, noma ukulawulwa kwezindawo zezwe nendawo yokwakha inguquko.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ethonyani Le - Federal

Ukuze sifanekise ithonya langempela lokuxhumana kukahulumeni wezwe, sihlola ukuhlola okuningana okugxile kwezehlakalo eziqokomisa ukusabela okuhlukahlukene kwezwe esimweni esifanayo sikahulumeni.

Ukutadisha Indaba 1: Izinqumo Zokwanda Eziyingozi

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ukunwebeka kwe-MEdicaid kwaveza ukuhlukana okusobala. ICalifornia yamukela ukunwetshwa ngokushesha, ibhalisa izigidi futhi inciphisa izinga layo elingakhokhwa kusukela kumaphesenti angu-17 ngo-2013 kuya kumaphesenti angu-7 ngo-2016. Izwe futhi lasebenzisa izimali zikahulumeni ukuze landise izikhungo zempilo zomphakathi futhi lifake imali ekunakekeleni. Ukwanda kweCalifornia kuye kwahlotshaniswa ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela ekulawuleni izifo ezingapheli nasekufinyeleleni kwempilo yengqondo. Ngokungafani, iTexas, enezinga eliphakeme kakhulu elingangeni elikholekiyo ezweni, liye lancipha ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwandisa. Abaholi beZwe baphikisa ngokuthi ukwanda kwenani elibiza kakhulu futhi ukuthi izithembiso zikahulumeni zezingako elikhulu zingashintsha kanjani. Umphumela ukulinganisa ukuthi izigidi ezingu-5 ezifinyelela ezingenisweni ezingenile eziphambili zezengqondo ezihambisana neMidicana kakhulu ukuba zifaneleke kakhulu kodwa zifaneleke kakhulu ukuba zikholeke kakhulu. Izikhulu zezentengo yezentengo yezentengo yezente ezombangazwe zingaphumelela kakhulu.

Ukutadisha Indaba 2: Icebo Lamandla Ahlanzekile Nemiphumela Yalo

Phakathi nokuqondisa kwe-Obama, i-EPA yakhipha i-Clean Power Plan (CPP), ehloselwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwesikhutha ezitshalweni zamandla ezikhona. Umthetho wanikeza ukuvumelana okubanzi: zingahlangana nezisulu zokukhishwa kwegesi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokushenxa amalahle egesi engokwemvelo, ukwandisa amandla avuselelwe, noma ukusebenzisa izinhlelo zempumelelo yamandla asebenzayo. Amazwe afaka ukumangalela ngokushesha, aphikisa ukuthi umthetho we-EPA ungaphezu kwegunya le-EPA ngaphansi kwe-Eaearc Act. INkantolo Ephakeme igcine umthetho ngo-2016, futhi ayizange isetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Ukuphatha i-Trump kwayisusa nge-Afrecureat Ecrome Ee, okwakusebenza ngokunye indlela engcono, kodwa okungangokwamandla angayikhonzileleleli inguquko ezindaweni eziphansi, kodwa imibuso enguhulumeni abambalwa, kodwa ilandela izinhlelo eziphambili zezwe eliphansi, kodwa izimisele kakhulu. Ngokunye imibuso, imibuso, ilandela imithetho ekhipha ngisho neyayo, izinhlelo zezinga

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala 3: Ukulandisa Ngemfundo Ngaphansi Kwe - Essa

Ukusuka ku-NCLB kuya ku-ESSA kuveza ithuba lokuhlela kabusha izimiso zabo zokulandisa. ICalifornia yasebenzisa lokhu kuvumelana ukuze isuke ekuhlolweni okuphezulu futhi kunalokho isebenzise indlela ye-crackboard elinganisa amamaki amaningi: ukuhlola amanani angaphezulu, ukuphothula, ukuphothula, ukuphola kwekholiji, nokusebenza, kanye nokuzinza kwemisebenzi. U-scafardadboard igcizelela ukumiswa ngokuphula ulwazi ngohlelo oluphansi lwabafundi. Le-dirn ye-divdren ituswe ngokunikeza izilinganiso eziningi zesikole, kodwa ibuye ibhekane nokugxekwa ngenxa yokungabi yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu nokungagculisi imiphumela esobala ngaphansi kokusebenza kwabantu. Ngokungafani, i-Florida, ngaphansi kwe-ESA igcizelela kakhulu izinga eliqinile ekuhlolweni kwezifundoyo nemfundo yesikole, ukulandelela kwenqubo yayo yezemfundo ephambili yezenzweni eFlorida. Kodwa ingenza ngibonele ngokuhlola okukhulu kwezentengovuzwa ngisho nangokwenani lezezwezwezwezwezwezwe, lapho kuveza khona isilinganiso sezwe ngisho nesokuveza ukuthi, isilinganiso

Ukushuba Kwemizwa Phakathi Kwe - autonomy Nokufana Kwayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezimiso zikahulumeni nombuso nezenzo zendawo bugcwele imvelo ukuqina. Kwesinye isandla, izindinganiso zesizwe zingavikela amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi ziqinisekise isisekelo sezinga eliphansi ezweni lonke. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1964, wasebenzisa igunya likahulumeni ukuqeda ukucwasana nokuvimbela ukucwaswa kwemibono, ukunqanda umbuso nokumelana nendawo. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yezemvelo inqande umoya wesikhala kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi okungekho simo sisodwa esingakuxazulula kukodwa. Kwesinye isandla, imibandela ephezulu ingazishaya indiva izikhala zezindawo zendawo, ivimbele ukusungulwa kwenguquko, futhi ibangele ukuphakama kombuso [[FLT:] wezwe] kanye nokuncintisana okuvela njalo.

Iminyaka yamuva nje kuye kwaba nokuthambekela okuphawulekayo: izisho zisebenzisa amandla azo ukuhlela inqubo kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, abameli bombuso baye bahlanganisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ngokufaka umthetho wokufuduka, imithetho yendawo ezungezile, nezimiso zokunakekela impilo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zadlula [ ukulahla imithetho ukuvimbela imithetho yendawo ngenkokhelo elinganiselwe, ukulawula izibhamu, noma imithetho yezindawo ezingcwele, kuyilapho zifuna ukulinganisela ukudukiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni ngokuncishwa kwezindawo ezikhona. Izindawo zombuso nezifunda zomhlaba ziye zaba izisekelo eziphambili ezimweni ezifana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ushintsho, ukulungiswa kwezempilo yomphakathi, ngokuvamile ngokudelela iziqondiso zezwe noma iziqondiso zezwe. Lendlela ebanzi yokulawula inqubo eqinile yesifundayo, futhi incishiswa phansi, ngezinye izikhathi, futhi incishiswa phansi kwemithetho yezwe.

Isiphetho

Izimiso ze-freal zihlela imibuso nezenzo zendawo ngokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zemithetho, ukuxhasa imali, nokuhlela isakhiwo. Izibonelo ezixoxwe ngakho − kusukela ekwandeni kweMedicaid kuya ekulandiseni imfundo nasekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile − ziqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ewumphumela ukude kakhulu. Ezinye izifundazwe zidlulela phambili kwezimfuneko zikahulumeni, ezinye zivumelana ngokunqikaza, futhi ezimbalwa zimelana ngokuqondile. Lokhu akulona uphawu lokuhluleka kodwa isici esiyinkimbinkimbi sombuso waseMelika. Ivumela ukuzama, ukuveza izindinganiso zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene, futhi iveza amathuba okufunda ngapha nangapha nangapha nangapha nangapha kwezindawo. Kubafundi, ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ukuhileleka kokusebenza kwenqubo yomphakathi ngempela, kodwa njengokusebenza okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kombuso. Njengoba izimiso ezintsha ze-hulumeni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukushintsha isimo sezulu, ukuvikela kwezikhali, noma ukuvikela i-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-injini ye-ivo kuyaqhubeka, kuqhubeke nokuveza ukuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa noku

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngokusetshenziswa kwe-construction nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso, hlola iHhovisi Lokuphathwa nohlelo lokuhlela imali yemininingwane yemali ezinkokhelweni zikahulumeni, i-Office ye-Governtament yemibiko yezinhlelo ze-Province, kanye ne- Conference of State Legactislatures yezimiso zikahulumeni.[