Ubandlululo lweminyaka lulokhu lungenye yezindlela ezigcwele kakhulu kodwa ezivame ukunganakwa enqubweni yokuqasha. Nakuba abaqashi abaningi beqaphela ukugwema ulimi olunemisuka ebanzi, ukuqashwa okucashile ezincazelweni zomsebenzi nezimfuneko zesikhundla kungasusa ngokulandelana kwezimiso zezisebenzi ezindala. Ngenhlanhla, indikimba eqinile yemithetho — kusukela kwi-Age Discrimination in Bloking Act (ADEA) eUnited States ukuvumelana nomthetho kwamanye amazwe — ngokusobala inqabela inqubo yokuqasha abantu abaneminyaka ephakeme kakhulu futhi inikeza izisekelo ezicacile zokusebenza imisebenzi esemthethweni. Ukuqonda indlela lemithetho esebenza ngayo ekuchazeni imisebenzi kubalulekile kunoma yimuphi umkhakhakha ohlukahlukene, osemthethweni.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho: Indlela Imithetho Yobandlululo Lweminyaka Evikela Ngayo Izisebenzi Ezikhulile

E-United States, umthetho oyinhloko kahulumeni okhuluma ngokucwaswa kweminyaka esukela emsebenzini yi- Agentivation in Orough Act ka-1967,. I-ADEA ivikela abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 ubudala noma ngaphezulu abangabandlulwayo ngenxa yobudala obusekelwe kunoma yisiphi isici semisebenzi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha, ukudubula, ukukhushulisa, ukukhokhela, imbuyiselo, nemisebenzi. I-ADEA isebenza kubaqashi abazimele nabaqeshwa abangamashumi amabili nangaphezulu, kanye nohulumeni, izinhlangano zemisebenzi, nezinhlangano zemisebenzi.

Isivikelo se-ADEA sidlulela nasenqubweni yokusebenza. Ngaphansi koMthetho, akuvunyelwe ukuba umqashi ahluleke noma enqabe ukuqasha umuntu ngenxa yobudala babo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izincazelo zomsebenzi nezimfuneko ezibekweyo azinakusetshenziswa njengelungu lokulawula ukususwa kobudala. I-Equal Proclation Commission (EOC) ikhiphe isiqondiso esikhulu kulokho okuhlanganisa umsebenzi wediski yokuthumela izigebetho, igcizelela ukuthi abaqashi kumelwe bagxile emisebenzini [ yemisebenzi engathi sína [[FLT] yendima ehlobene nemikhuba yokunga umsindo.

Ngalé kwe-ADEA, izizwe eziningi zinemithetho yazo siqu yobudala yobandlululo engasebenza kubaqashi abancane noma isivikelo esibanzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho we-New York State Human Rights wenqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kunoma yimuphi umuntu oyishumi nanhlanu noma ngaphezulu, ukususwa komnyango wobudala we-ADEA angu-40 nobubanzi. Ngokufanayo, i-California Fair Work kanye noMthetho we-House (FALT) uvikela bonke abantu abayishumi nangaphezulu kodwa usebenza nabaqashi abambalwa abasebenza njengezisebenzi ezinhlanu. Abaqashi abasebenza ezizweni eziningi kumelwe baqinisekise umsebenzi wabo nezindlela eziningi ezihambelanayo.

Ngokwezizwe zonke, ukucwasa ngeminyaka kunamandla ngokulinganayo. I-European Union’s I-Framective Directive (2000/78/EC) inqabela ukucwaswa kweminyaka emsebenzini nakuqeqeshelwa imisebenzi ehlangene namalungu. [Umthetho [[FLT:]] wokungalingani [[FLT:] [FLT]] [3] ukwenza kube okungekho emthethweni ukucwasa noma ubani osemdala, ukuthi unikeza incazelo efanayo yomsebenzi, noma endala. [FLT:] eCanada [FL:] Actalct [F]

Indlela Umsebenzi Onemibono Engaqondile Ochazwa Ngayo Ophulwa UMthetho

Izincazelo zobuhlalo zivame ukuxhumana, kungaba ngokucacile noma ngokuphelele, intando yezisebenzi ezisencane. Indinganiso engokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-ADEA iwukuthi umqashi akanakukwazi “umkhawulo, ukuthatha, noma ukuhlukanisa” nganoma iyiphi indlela engaphuca umuntu omdala amathuba emisebenzi ngenxa yobudala bakhe. Lokhu kuvimbela kuhlanganisa nolimi olusikisela iqembu elithile lobudala.

Izibonelo Ezivamile Zolimi Olungavumelani Nemibono

  • Iziphawuli eziqondile: Amagama afana “entsha,”“asha,”“ athathe iziqu,” “owamasha,” noma“i-aspector” angabonisa okuthandwa yintsha ekhalayo. Ngisho noma umqashi ebengenayo injongo yokufuna ukubhalisa, ulimi olunjalo lungadala ithonya elihlukanisayo [[ kuzisebenzi ezindala.
  • Iminyaka eminingi kanye nezinsuku zokuthweswa iziqu: Ikhomba “iminyaka engu0-0-2 yokuhlangenwe nakho” ngendima engafezwa ngokomthetho ingcali ephakathi, noma ukucela i-“degree”, ingahlukanisa ngokuphelele abasebekhulile abazobhapathizwa. I-EOC iye yathatha isinyathelo sokuqinisekisa abaqashi esidinga“ abathweswe iziqu basekolishi abaphakathi” noma “iminyaka engaphezu kwesihlanu yolwazi” ngaphandle kwesidingo esingokomthetho sebhizinisi.
  • Izimpawu ezifanele i-cultal: izincazelo ezigcizelela “impucuko emisha, enamandla” noma“izimo eziphezulu” zingaba ikhodi lokukhetha iminyaka yobudala. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuthi ulimi olunjalo, uma lungahlangene nezimfuneko ezingokoqobo zomsebenzi, lungasekela ukucwaswa kobudala.
  • [ Izimfuneko ezingokomzimba ezidingekile: ezifuna amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ukuphakamisa izisindo ezisindayo, noma ukuma amahora amaningi ngaphandle kokucabangela indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kungasusa ngokungadingekile izisebenzi esezikhulile ngaphandle kokuba zibaluleke ngempela.

Isiqondiso se-Human Resource Management (SHRM) yeluleka ukuba izincazelo zomsebenzi zihlolwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe zonke izimfuneko ezisohlwini zingu job-ehlangeneyo futhi zivumelana nesidingo sezebhizinisi[. I-Puge noma i-stereox display ayimending kodwa futhi inciphisa itheku lesicelo ngokunqabela ama-astricter afanelekayo ukuba angasebenzisi.

Ukucwasana okungaqondakali

Nakuba olunye ulimi lobandlululo lusobala — “u-EOC ukhetha i-25-35” — ukuphambanisa okuningi kwanamuhla kuyacasha. Ngokwesibonelo, kudinga “inani elikhulu leminyaka eyishumi yolwazi” kungavikelwa njengendlela yokulawula amazinga eholo, kodwa kungasiza futhi ukukhipha izisebenzi ezingomakade. I-EEOC isho ukuthi ukusebenzisa okuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu noma izibhuleki njengendlela yokukhokha izinqumo zenkokhelo kungaba yi-discriptum ngaphandle kokuba ubukhulu obudingwa ngempela emsebenzini. Ngokufanayo, idinga iziqinisekiso ezithile zobuchwepheshe ezingadingenwa yindima, noma ukudlulisa i-emfa emphakathini, kungaba yisifihla - fihlaka ngenxa yobudala.

Abaqashi futhi kufanele baqaphele ngokusebenzisa izinketho zokukhetha ezisekelwe kwizithombe, njengokufuna isithombe samuva ngesicelo. Nakuba kungeyona into engekho emthethweni ngaso sonke isikhathi, lomkhuba ungaholela ekucabangeni okusekelwe ebudaleni futhi ngokuvamile ukhutshelwa abameli bemisebenzi.

Izimfuneko zomsebenzi eziyisisekelo v. Indlela yokunquma esekelwe ebudaleni

Umthetho awubenqabeli abaqashi ukuba bamise izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zomsebenzi. Ngaphansi kwe-ADEA, imfuneko enethonya elingalinganiyo ezisebenzini esezikhulile ingaba ngokomthetho uma umqashi engabonisa ukuthi imfuneko iyi- i-fide commonement commotion (BFQ) edingekile ngokufanelekile ekusebenzeni okuvamile kwebhizinisi. Nokho, i-BFOQ ichazwa kancane. Ngokwesibonelo, iminyaka efunekayo yokuthatha umhlala-debuyile wezindiza ivunyelwe ngenxa yemithetho yokuvikela izindiza ezihamba ngendiza, kodwa okungajwayelekile.

Lapho bebhala izincazelo zomsebenzi, abaqashi kufanele bahlukanise phakathi kwezimfanelo eziphansi kanye ne-[FLT] izimfanelo ezifakiwe[. Izimfuneko ezincane kakhulu kufanele zidingeke ngokuphelele ukwenza umsebenzi nge-overset. Izimfanelo ezikhethwayo kufanele zisetshenziswe ngokuncipha futhi zibukezwe njalo ngenxa yobudala. Ngokwesibonelo:

  • Valid:[ “Kumelwe igcine ilayisense yomshayeli wezentengiselwano (CDL) nokugunyaza abagibeli.” (Izici ezihlobene nomsebenzi).
  • Inkinga engokwesizathu: “Kumelwe ukuba nekhono lokuphakamisa amakhilogremu angu-50 ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphandle kosizo.” (Ingadinga indawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe kuzisebenzi ezindala noma kulabo abakhubazekile.)
  • I-Discorination: “Kumelwe uphile ngokomzimba futhi ukwazi ukuhambisana neqembu eliselisha.” (I-Streodiction, hhayi umsebenzi oqondile.)

I-UK Eality Act [ Isiqondiso se-2010] ngokufanayo sithi abaqashi akumelwe basebenzise “isiteshi, isilinganiso noma indlela yokusebenza” (PCP) ebeka izisebenzi ezindala enkingeni ethile ngaphandle kokuba i-PCP iyindlela elinganayo yokufinyelela injongo esemthethweni. Lokhu kufana “nesidingo sezebhizinisi” sokuvikela ku-U.S.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokubambisana Nemisebenzi

Ukwenza izincazelo zomsebenzi zobudala obungahlangene kudinga umzamo wenhloso nokubukezwa njalo. Ngezansi kunemikhuba engcono kakhulu ethathwe kwiziqondiso ze-EEOC kanye nezimiso ezingokomthetho:

  1. Focus emisebenzini ebalulekile: dweba kuphela imisebenzi eyisisekelo yendima. Gwema “ukuthatha-akhona” engadingwanga ngempela. Sebenzisa injongo, ulimi olunenzuzo uma kungenzeka (umz., “iqembu lesihlanu” kunokuthi“ hola iqembu elinonya oluphezulu”).
  2. chaza izilungisi zobudala ezihlobene: Susa iziphawuli ezinjengezincane, ezindala, ezinamandla, ezivuthiwe, zamuva, ezaziwayo, noma ezintsha. Sebenzisa amasha angathathi hlangothi njenge- “ayenziwe,”“ engenalwazi,” noma “engaqondakali.”
  3. Bona izimfuneko ngokucophelela: Ungachazi inani eligcwele leminyaka ngaphandle kokuba kudingekile ngokuphelele. Uma usebenzisa amabhande olwazi, qinisekisa ukuthi asekelwe ekuhlaziyweni komsebenzi osemthethweni futhi hhayi ekuncipheni intengo. Cabangela ukuchaza izimfuneko ngokwemiphumela (“ukumiswa kwemisuka emithathu egcwele yemikhiqizo ephilayo”) kunokuba usebenzise isikhathi.
  4. Phuma isikhathi semfundo: Ungaceli “abathweswa iziqu abasha” noma ubeke isikhathi esilinganiselwe kusukela ekuqedweni kwezinga lesilinganiso ngaphandle kokuba indima idinga ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe olusheshayo ukuphelelwa (umzk., ezinye iziqinisekiso).
  5. faka isitatimende esinengqondo sokuhlala: cacisa ukuthi umqashi uzakucabangela indawo yokuhlala efanelekile kubantu abafanelekayo abakhubazekile, futhi acabangele nendawo yokuhlala ehlobene nezinguquko zobudala (umz., ukubona, ukuzwa, amandla angokomzimba).
  6. Sebenzisa ubulili-nautility nolimi lweminyaka-okanye olungathathi-hlangothi kuyo yonke: Lokhu kuyasiza futhi ekugwemeni ezinye izinhlobo zobandlululo. Amathuluzi anjenge-Tritio noma i-Ongig angasiza ekutholeni amagama angaba nobandlululo.
  7. [ qeqesha abaphathi abaqashayo nabaqaphi: Ukuqeqesha minyaka yonke imithetho yobandlululo, ubandlululo olungekho mfindweni, nendlela yokubhala imisebenzi ehlanganisa. Khuphela ukuqeqeshelwa izinjongo zokulalela.
  8. Ama-application ezikhathi ezithile: Ukubukeza umsebenzi okhona okungenani ngonyaka. Uma indawo ivulwa, phinda uphinde uvule incazelo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ihlala ikhona futhi ingekhona ukulahla.

Le mikhuba ayinciphisi nje kuphela izingozi ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi yandisa nethalenta. Abaqashi abaningi babika ukuthi ukususa ulimi oluhlobene nobudala kuholela ekutheni abantu abanolwazi kakhulu futhi abanolwazi.

Indima Ye - EEOC Nokuphoqelelwa

I-U.S.Aumement Obportounty Commission (EEOC) iphoqelela i-ADEA futhi iphenya ngenkuthalo izikhalo ezihlobene nokukhishwa komsebenzi wobushiqela. Phakathi kuka - 2019 no-2023, i-EEOC yamangalela abaqashi abaningi ababesebenzisa ulimi olufana “nomuntu osanda kuphothula ekolishi” noma“ oweve emusha nonamandla” ekukhangiseni izikhangiso zemisebenzi, okuphumela ekutholeni izindawo zokusebenza eziphawulekayo nasezenzweni.

Ngokuphawulekayo, i-EEOC’s Strategic Entorcement Plan (SEP) ibekwe “isimiso sokukhetha,” kuhlanganise nobandlululo lobudala ekuqashweni. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho nomsebenzi owodwa obekwe ngolimi olunobandlululo ungabangela uphendlo uma luyingxenye yendlela ebanzi. Abaqashi kufanele baqaphele futhi ukuthi abafaki bezicelo abaqaphela ukuthi ubandlululo lweminyaka bangafaka icala nge-EOC, futhi impumelelo izicelo zingaphumela ekukhokheleni iholo, ukukhokha umholo, ukukhokhisa phambili, ukukhokhwa kweminxeba, kanye nenkokhelo yabameli.

Ngaphezu kokugcinwa kwamandla kahulumeni, ukumangalelwa kwamacala kwangasese kuvamile. Amasudi obandlululo lwesigaba sokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuvamile aqala ngobufakazi obuvela ezincazelweni zomsebenzi nasemniningo yokuqasha. Ngokwesibonelo, EOC v. M.C. Dean, Inc. [2021], umsebenzi womqashi owenzelwe “umqeqeshi ophakathi” wayephakathi kwendaba ye-EEOC. Inkampani yazinza itholela imali eyizigidi ezingu-R3,5 futhi yavuma ukuthatha imisebenzi yayo yokuthola imali.

Enkathini lapho amasiko ezinhlangano nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlanga kuhlolisiswa khona, idumela lobandlululo lobudala lingavimbela ukusetshenziswa kwekhono eliphakeme — elikhulu nelincane.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ebufakazini Bomsebenzi Wobudala Obungathathi Luhlangothi

Nakuba i - ADEA iwumthetho wobandlululo owenziwe ngeminyaka, abaqashi abafinyelelayo emhlabeni wonke kumelwe basebenzise ucezu lwemithetho.

I - European Union

I-EU Directive 2000/78/EC inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu, nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwemisebenzi kuhlukahluka. Emazweni anjenge-Jalimane neFrance, izikhangiso zemisebenzi ezichaza ubudala obubodwa zivame ukubhekwa njengezingekho emthethweni ngaphandle kokuba kuvunywe ngemfuneko yangempela yomsebenzi. I-European Court of Justice (ECJ) iye yanquma ukuthi ngisho nolimi oluhlukanisa ngokungaqondile (“entsha kanye namandla”) lungaphula isiqondiso uma luthinta iqembu elithile lobudala ngokungalawuleki.

United Kingdom

UMthetho we-Eucality Act wa 2010 unikeza abantu ilungelo lokungahlukaniswa ngesisekelo seminyaka yabo emsebenzini. I-UK’s Advisory, Concaliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) inikeza isiqondiso esicacile: umsebenzi autivert akumelwe unqume noma usikisele ukukhethwa kweqembu elithile lobudala, kanye namagama afana nesithi “umntwana” noma“ umkhuli” kufanele agwenywe. Abaqashi futhi banqatshelwe ekuceleni usuku lokuzalwa kwezinhlelo ngaphandle kokuba kudingeka ngokukhethekile ukuba bahlole izinjongo.

Canada

I-Canadian Human Rights Act inqabela ukucwaswa kobudala, futhi izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho yazo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ontario’s Human Rights inqabela ngokukhethekile ukucwaswa kobudala ezikhangisweni zemisebenzi. Abaqashi belulekwa ukuba basebenzise ulimi olungenalulimi lweminyaka yobudala futhi bagweme noma ikuphi ukubhekisela “kubafundi abasanda kuhlanganyela” ngaphandle kokuba isikhundla siyindima yokungena ephansi.

Australia

I-Australian Human Rights Commission ikhiphe iziqondiso ezithi izikhangiso zemisebenzi akumelwe zichaze imingcele yobudala noma zisebenzise ulimi olusikisela ukuthi iqembu elithile lobudala lithandwa. Amabinzana afana ne- “encane nenamandla” atholakele njengenhlamla ye-CD yeKhomishoni.

Abaqashi bembulunga yonke kufanele basebenzise isilinganiso esifanayo somsebenzi othatha indawo yesigaba sobudala obuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezibekelwe imingcele ephakeme kakhulu ezisezindaweni zabo zokusebenza. Lendlela esheshayo inciphisa izingozi zokuthobela imvume nezokuthatha imvume.

Isiphetho: Ukwakha Inqubo Elungile Neyinselele

Imithetho yokucwasa ngeminyaka ayizona nje izithiyo ezifanele ukugwenywa; zingamathuluzi okwakha izindawo zemisebenzi ezilinganayo. Ngokususa ubandlululo lobudala ezincazelweni zomsebenzi nezimfuneko, abaqashi abavumelani nje kuphela nezigunyazo ezingokomthetho kodwa futhi basebenzisela olwazini olukhulu, ukuhlakanipha, nokwethembeka izisebenzi ezindala ezikulethayo. Izindleko zokungasheshi — kokubili ngokwezikweleta ezingokomthetho kanye nangekhono elilahlekile — ziwudlula kude umzamo odingekayo ekusebenzeni ngaphandle, izimemezelo zomsebenzi.

Abaqashi kufanele babheke izincazelo zomsebenzi njengezincwadi eziphilayo ezibonisa izidingo zangempela zendima, hhayi imibono ephelelwe isikhathi yokuthi ubani ongcono kakhulu ukuyenza. Ukuqeqeshwa kwasikhathi sonke, izinqubo eziqinile zokuhlola, kanye nokuzimisela ukuqasha izilinganiso ezifanelekile kuyizisekelo zokuqashwa komqashwa oweminyaka yobudala. Embonini yemisebenzi eyandayo, izinhlangano ezihlanganisa ukwahlukahlukahlukana kobudala kuyoba yizona ezichumayo.