Ukuphishekela ukulingana nobulungisa sekuyisikhathi eside kuwumsebenzi ochazayo wentando yeningi yaseMelika, owenzelwe ukuhlanganisa isisekelo soMthetho-sisekelo futhi oqiniswa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka e enguquko engokomthetho. Womabili la mithetho yombuso nohulumeni ifeza izindima ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi lezizimiso azimane nje zifinyelelwe kodwa zisekelwa kakhulu ezweni lonke. Nakuba imithetho yemithetho imisa isisekelo esiqinile samalungelo angokomthetho, imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukunikeza lezo sivikelo ukuze kuhlangane nezinselele ezivelayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola indlela lezizimiso ezingokomthetho ezisebenza ngayo, iziqondiso eziyinhloko ezivikela amalungelo abantu, izithiyo eziphikelelayo zokuvala imingcele ebulungisa. Ngokuhlola ngokucubunganisa imithetho engokomthetho, ukuqondisa, ukulinganisela okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesimo negunya elingokomthetho, singaqonda kangcono kangcono ukulingana okungokomthetho nokulunga eUnited States.

Isisekelo Semithetho Yamalungelo Abantu Yasesifundazweni

Imithetho kazwelonke inikeza isivikelo sesivikelo samalungelo omphakathi esisebenza ngokufanayo kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Lemithetho iklanyelwe ukuqeda ubandlululo futhi iqinisekise isivikelo esifanayo ngaphansi komthetho, idala indawo engaphansi lapho kungangehle kuwezwe. Igunya likahulumeni kahulumeni lokumisa imithetho enjalo lisuka ngokuyinhloko kuChwebeste Clausle kanye neSichibiyelo se-Gawula-Mpathi We-14 se-Ecult se-Sult Evilt Protection Classiale.

Imithetho Engokomthetho Yezwe

Imithetho eminingana ephawulekayo kahulumeni iye yalungisa ngokuyisisekelo isimo esingokomthetho sokulingana:

  • Umthetho we-Civil Rights ka-1942 - Lomthetho wetshe letshe letshe wenqabela ubandlululo ngesisekelo sohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe emsebenzini, izindawo zomphakathi, nezinhlelo ezixhaswe uhulumeni. Isihloko VII, esikhuluma ngokucwaswa kwemisebenzi, siye saba yithuluzi elinamandla lokulwa nobandlululo emsebenzini futhi saveza umthetho omkhulu wecala.
  • AmaMelika anoMthetho (ADA) - Igunyazwe ngo-1990, i-ADA inqabela ukucwaswa kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila komphakathi, kuhlanganise nemisebenzi, izikole, ezokuthutha, nezindawo zomphakathi ezivulekele umphakathi wonke. I-ADA futhi ifuna izindawo zokuhlala ezifanele nezindinganiso ezifinyelelekayo zokuklama.
  • Isinqumo seVoting Rights Act ka-65 - Lesisenzo esingekho emthethweni sokuvota, njengokuhlola ukubhadaza nokuvota, esiye sasetshenziselwa ukususa imvume yokuvota abantu baseAfrika. Nakuba isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sika-2013 Shelby County v. Raker washaya izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwemithetho, lesi senzo silokhu siyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela ukungena ku-ballot.
  • UMthetho we Home Home - Njengengxenye yoMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1968, lo mthetho wenqabela ukucwasa, ukuqasha, nokuxhasa izindlu ezisekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, isikhundla sobufazi, nokukhubazeka. Iye yaba nengxenye ekubekeni inselele ekulungiseni i-redlini nezinye izenzo zobuphekula.
  • I-Pay Pay Act ka- 1963 - Lomthetho udinga ukuba amadoda nabesifazane banikwe imali elinganayo ngomsebenzi ofanayo ekwakheni. Naphezu kokudlula kwayo, igebe lobulili obufanayo liyaqhubeka, liqokomisa isidingo sokugcinwa ngokuqhubekayo kwemithetho kanye nezivikelo ezengeziwe zesilinganiso sikahulumeni.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokubuyiselwa Komshini

Imithetho ye-Federal isekelwa yizimiso eziqinile zokugcinwa kwemithetho ezinika abantu amandla okufuna ubulungisa. Izinhlangano eziyinhloko zihlanganisa i-Uncial Accounting Opportunity Commission (EOC), ephoqelela imithetho kahulumeni yokucwaswa kwemisebenzi; i-Department of Civil Rights Division, emangalela ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo ohulumeni; ne-Dercement of Hospital and Urban Development (HUD), ehlola ukucwasana kwezindlu. Amalungelo abantu ngokwezenzo avumela ukuba bafake izivumelwano eziqondile, ngokuvamile ngokuthola ithuba lokuthola usizo, ukukhokhwa, ukukhokhwa kweminxela, kanye nenkongo yommeli.

La mathuluzi okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abalulekile ekuhumusheni amalungelo angabonakali awenzelwe ukukhululeka kwangempela. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu obhekana nobandlululo emsebenzini angafaka i-EOC incwadi, athole imvume elungile ukuya entweni, abese elandela icala enkantolo kahulumeni. Ukutholakala kwalezi zinqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho kahulumeni ayisona nje isici esingokomfanekiso kodwa inesimo esingokoqobo sokuziphatha nokulungisa ukungalungi.

Indlela Imithetho Kahulumeni Ethuthukisa Futhi Ivikelele Ngayo

Nakuba imithetho kahulumeni imisa isilinganiso esiphansi sesizwe, izifunda zinegunya lokumisa imithetho eqhubekela phambili ekuvikeleni ukulingana nobulungisa. Lesi simiso sikahulumeni sivumela amazwe ukuba aphendule izimo zendawo, izimo zezombangazwe, kanye nezidingo zomphakathi ezikhulayo. Imithetho yoMbuso ingahlanganisa izigaba ezengeziwe ezivikelwe ngokuqinile, ibeke izijeziso eziqinile, futhi ikhe izinhlangano zokuphatha ezinikeza amakhambi afinyelelekayo.

Imithetho Emelene Nomthetho

Imibuso eminingi iye yamisa imithetho enikeza isivikelo esingaphezu kwemithetho kahulumeni.

  • Ukuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa [uphawu lwe-Genear] - Yilapho umthetho kahulumeni ngaphansi kweSihloko VII kanye nezinqumo zamuva nje zeNkantolo Ephakeme (umz., Bostock v. Clayton County[) manje uvimbela ukucwaswa okusekelwe ekuthandekeni kobulili nasebulilini emsebenzini, izifunda eziningi zase zihlanganise ngokucacile lezizigaba emithethweni yazo siqu emelene nomthetho emelene nomthetho we-dicricration. Izwe linjengo-California, New York, kanye neWashington zidlulisela isivikelo esinjalo ezindaweni zokuhlala, izindawo zomphakathi, nokubolekisa izimali.
  • Umthombo wentlawulo [ - Izifundana eziningi nezindawo zinqabela ukucwaswa kwabaqashi abasebenzisa iziqinisekiso zezindlu noma olunye usizo lukahulumeni, benikeza isivikelo imithetho yezindawo zokuhlala kahulumeni engasifihlwa ngokuqondile.
  • Ukuthatha nokufaka umlando – Inani elandayo lezifunda eziye zamukela "imithetho ebambezela ukubuza emlandweni wobugebengu emikhankasweni yezempathi yemisebenzi nasemsebenzini wokuhlala, isiza ukunciphisa ubandlululo kubantu ngemibhalo.

Imithetho yoMbuso inganikeza namakhambi athé xaxa. Ngokwesibonelo, eminye imibuso ivumela ama - altiff ukuba athole umonakalo ongenamkhawulo owenziwe ngempoqo, kuyilapho amakhefu kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe - Thit VII elinganisela umonakalo osekelwe ngokobukhulu bomqashi.

Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Namalungelo Abanzi

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uqinisekisa amalungelo angase adlule lawo aseMthethweni woMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ngokwesibonelo, imithetho engokomthetho eminingana ihlanganisa iziqinisekiso ezicacile zokulingana ezisebenza kubadlali abangabodwa (hhayi nje uhulumeni kuphela), noma ihlanganise amalungiselelo akhethekile okuvikela imfihlo, ukuzimela, noma ilungelo lemfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo wezwe waseNew York uchazwe njengokuthi kudingeka ukuxhaswa kwemali yesikole okungalingani, kanti uMthetho-sisekelo waseCalifornia uhlanganisa ilungelo lokusebenza emfilweni edlula isivikelo sikahulumeni.

Imithetho KaMasipala Nezindawo Ezihlalayo

Ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, amadolobha namabala angakhipha imithetho ekhuluma ngezinkinga zendawo. Lezi zingahlanganisa izimfuneko zekhefu lokugula elikhokhelwayo, imithetho yokuhlela ngokufanelekile, imithetho yokuqasha, noma izivikelo zokunqanda ukungahlangani kwezindawo ezingahlanganisiwe umthetho kahulumeni (umz., umthombo wemali, izinga lobudoda, noma ubudlova basekhaya abaphethwe yizisulu). Imishini yamalungelo abantu yasendaweni ngokuvamile inikeza imithombo yamasheya nemithetho esemthethweni, yenza ukuba izakhamuzi ezingakwazi ukukhokha ukwahlulela ngokusemthethweni.

Ngokwesibonelo, iSeattle neSan Francisco zinemithetho efuna abaqashi ukuba banikeze "imbangela" yokuqeda nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwemibiko yemali yokuthenga ngesikweleti ekuqashweni. Lezi zinyathelo zendawo zibonisa indlela izinhlelo zohulumeni bamazwe angaphansi kuka-66 ezikwazi ngayo ukuphothula ezithonya umthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni kamuva.

Imidlalo Ephakathi KoMbuso Neyomthetho

Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni buyinkimbinkimbi, buhilela izimiso zokuhlenga, ukubambisana, nokwengamela kokwahlulela.

I-vs ye-Federal Predection. State Autonomy

Ngaphansi kweSikhulu sika Claus, umthetho kahulumeni ungumthetho ophakeme wezwe, futhi imithetho engqubuzanayo kahulumeni ingahlengwa. Nokho, ukukhululwa akuzenzakaleli. Emkhakheni wamalungelo omphakathi, izinkantolo ngokuvamile zicabanga ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni awuwukhululi umthetho kahulumeni ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu ubonise ngokucacile inhloso yokuhlala emkhakheni. Imithetho eminingi yamalungelo abantu iqukethe "izigaba ezilondoloza ikhambi zezwe. Ngakho, amanani akhululekile ukunikeza isivikelo esengeziwe, kodwa awanakuwalulaza amalungelo ombuso.

Isibonelo esivelele sisekhonsathini phakathi kwe-Fair Hosley Act ne-mouse noma imithetho yendawo. Idolobha lingase livimbele ukucwaswa kobandlululo okusekelwe emthonjeni weholo ngisho nakuba umthetho kahulumeni ungawuphuthi, futhi umthetho kahulumeni ngeke ulahle lowomthetho wendawo. Nokho, uma umthetho kazwelonke udinga ukuba kube nobandlululo (isib., umthetho kaJim Crow), ungalahlwa.

Ukubambisana Kwezibopho

Izinhlangano zikahulumeni nohulumeni ngokuvamile zibambisana ekunyatheleni imithetho emelene nokungavumelani. Ngezivumelwano zomsebenzi ezisekela umsebenzi, i-EEOC ne-guvernet yemisebenzi engakhethi ihlela izinhlangano zemisebenzi ukuze zigweme imizamo yokuveza. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano ze-HID nohulumeni nezinhlangano zezindawo zokuhlala ukuze zibophe imithetho yezindlu elungile. Lokhu kubambisana kusiza ekusebenziseni amakhono nemithombo eminingi kahulumeni, kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle nokuthuthukisa amathuba okuthi ukuphulwa kwemithetho yezindlu kuqondiswe kuyo.

Kwezinye izindawo, imithombo ingathatha igunya lokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yayo ifana kakhulu nezindinganiso zikahulumeni.

Ukuchaza Imithetho Nezindinganiso Ezisontayo

Izinkantolo zombuso nohulumeni zihlela incazelo yokulingana nobulungisa ngencazelo yazo yezimiso nomthetho-mthetho. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingachaza imithetho yazo siqu ukuze inikeze isivikelo esibanzi kuneNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. iqaphele ngaphansi komthetho-sisekelo we-U.S.. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kokuba iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele elinganayo yesivikelo ku i-Shynton v. Davis (ifuna ubufakazi obungagunyaziyo benhloso yezempatho-mthetho-mthetho), ezinye izinkantolo zikahulumeni zamukela igebeva igele ewuyiyo ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, zivumela ukubekela imingcele eqinile imithetho evikelayo elimaza amaqembu avise ngokulimazayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingabusa ngomthetho-mthetho wemithetho kazwelonke ngaphansi komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo wazo, zakhe umsebenzi onciphileyo wamalungelo ngezinye izikhathi oholela ekushintsheni kwesizwe. Umzabalazo ofanayo womshado uveza lokhu: izinqumo zenkantolo zikahulumeni eziqaphela ukulingana komshado zavulela indlela isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme sesiphelo Obergefell v. Hodges[

Izinselele Eziqhubekayo Ekufinyeleleni Ukulingana Kwangempela

Naphezu komthetho ophelele, izithiyo ezinkulu zisalokhu zikhona ekufuneni ukulingana nobulungisa. Ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho akushintshi ngaso sonke isikhathi kube ushintsho lwezwe langempela, futhi imiphakathi ehluzekile iyaqhubeka ibhekene nezithiyo ezihlukanisayo neziwubuhlakani.

Ukungalingani Kwesimiso Nezithiyo Zokwakha

Ukungabi nabulungisa okungokomlando okunjengokugqilazwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanga nokucwaswa kwezindawo, kuye kwadala umehluko omkhulu emcebweni, emfundweni, emakhaya, nasempilweni ehlala ikhona namuhla. Ngisho nalapho imithetho ingathathi hlangothi ebusweni babo, ingaqhubekisela phambili ukungalingani. Ngokwesibonelo, isimiso sobulungisa sobugebengu ngokungenakulinganiswa sithinta abantu abanemibala, futhi ukuthunjwa kwabantu abaningi kuye kwabhubhisa imiphakathi eminingi. Nakuba imithetho yombuso nombuso ivimbela ukuveza izinhlanga nemithetho elawulayo, ukugcinwa komthetho akuvumelani, futhi ukugcinwa kwemithetho kuyaguquguquka, futhi ukucwasana okuphelele kuhlala kuyinselele.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungafani kwezomnotho kuhlangene ngezindlela ezingokomthetho zokuvikela. Umuntu ongakwazi ukukhokhela ummeli angase angakwazi ukuphoqelela amalungelo abo, ngisho noma enegunya eliqinile. Izinhlelo zosizo olungokomthetho azinakunakekelwa njalo, futhi abaqaphi abambalwa ngokuvamile bakuthola kunzima ukusebenzisa izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zasenkantolo.

Ukufinyelela Ebulungiseni Nasemithonjeni Engokomthetho

Igebe phakathi kwesithembiso sobulungisa obulinganayo nobukhona bokutholakala okungenakulinganiswa lingenye yezimpikiswano ezicindezela kakhulu enkundleni yamalungelo abantu. INhlangano yaseMelika ilinganisela ukuthi abantu abathola imali ephansi abathola usizo olungafanele noma abalutholi ngokomthetho lwezinkinga zabo ezingokomthetho ezingu-86%. Ukunqanda imithetho emelene nokuhlukana kusho okuncane uma izisulu zingenakukwazi ukuletha ukumangalela noma ukuswela amalungelo azo.

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni nohulumeni, njenge-Legal Services Services, zinikeza ukusekela okuthile, kodwa zifuna kakhulu ukufinyelela isikhundla. Izinqubo zempikiswano ehlukile, izikhungo zomphakathi, kanye nemithombo ye-inthanethi yokuzisiza iyanda, kodwa ayinakuthatha indawo ngokuphelele esikhundleni sokumelelwa.

Ukungaqapheli Nemfundo

Abantu abaningi abawazi amalungelo abawaphethe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni nohulumeni. Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi iningi lamaMelika alinakuyisho imithetho emikhulu yamalungelo omphakathi noma libone izinhlangano eziwaphoqelelayo. Lokhu kuswela kolwazi kukhulu kakhulu emiphakathini yabafuduki, abantu abakhubazekile, nabanye abangase babhekane nezithiyo zolimi noma amasiko.

Imikhankaso yemfundo engaveli ezingeni lenzuzo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezikole ibalulekile, kodwa ngokuvamile ifinyelela kuphela labo asebeboshiwe kakade. ukusakaza imfundo yamalungelo omphakathi ezifundweni zesikole nasezindaweni zomphakathi kungasiza ekuvaleni igebe lokuqapha.

Indlela Engaphambili: Ukuqinisa Ukulingana Nobulungisa

Ikusasa lokulingana nobulungisa lixhomeke emizamweni eqhubekayo yokuvumelanisa imithetho nokushintsha kwemisebenzi yezenhlalo, igebe elivalekile, nokuhlanganyela emphakathini ekuhlanganyeleni komphakathi. Intuthuko ayigwemeki futhi ayilungiseki, kudinga isinyathelo sokuzithandela.

Izimpande Eziyinhloko Nenguquko

Izinkampani zezokuhlomisa ziye zayimpumelelo engokomlando yentuthuko yamalungelo omphakathi. Kusukela ekulweleni amalungelo omphakathi kuya ekulinganiseni imishado nenhlangano ye-Black LiveMatter, ukuhlelwa kwe-odciaty kuye kwaphoqa izishaya-mthetho nezinkantolo ukuba zandise isivikelo. Namuhla, amaqembu abefundisi agxile ezindabeni ezinjengokubuyiselwa kwamalungelo okuvota, inguquko yamaphoyisa, iLGBTQ+ imithetho engaguquguquki esho ukuthi abanawo, futhi abavikeli abamelene nobandlululo ekutholeni intela ehholweni kwezindlu.

Inguquko yemithetho ezingeni likahulumeni ibaluleke kakhulu ngoba izindawo eziningi zamalungelo omphakathi − njengokuxoshwa komthetho, isivikelo samaphoyisa, kanye nokuphathwa kwamaphoyisa − ngokuyinhloko kuyizindaba zikahulumeni nezindawo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge ACLU, NAACP, nesifundazwe sisebenza ngokuqondiswe imishini yokuhlela umthetho wokulingisa, ukufundisa abavoti, kanye nokumema abavoti.

Ukushintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe Nezenhlalo

Ubuchwepheshe obuhlanganisayo bunikeza kokubili amathuba nezinsongo zokulingana nobulungisa. Ukuhlakanipha kokwenza izinto okusetshenziswa ekuqasheni, ekubolekeni, nasekubuseni kungaqhubekisela phambili ubandlululo uma kungalawulwa ngokucophelela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe bungathuthukisa ukufinyelela kobulungisa ngezindawo zomthetho we-intanethi, ingqungquthela yezincwadi ezibhalwe ngemishini, kanye nokuqulwa kwezindaba ezizimele. Imithetho engokomthetho neyombuso kumelwe ihambisane nalezi zenzakalo, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amalungelo omphakathi avikelwe ezikhalelweni zemishini.

Imithombo yezokuzijabulisa isiye yaba ithuluzi elinamandla lokuthuthukisa ukuqapha nokuhlela, kodwa futhi ingasakaza ukwaziswa okungeyikho nokuhlukunyezwa.

Ukuqapha Okuqhubekayo Nezinkonzo Zomphakathi

Ekugcineni, impilo yentando yeningi ixhomeke ohlwini lokhetho lwezakhamuzi olunolwazi noluthembisene. Ukusebenza kumahholo edolobha, ukuhlangana namahholo edolobha, ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zomthetho, nokusekela izinhlangano zokusiza ezingokomthetho ziyizindlela eziqinile abantu abangasiza ngazo ekuqhubekisele phambili ukulingana nobulungisa. Ukusekela komphakathi ekuqikelweni kwamalungelo omphakathi kumelwe kuqiniswe, futhi imizamo yokunciphisa ukuvikelwa kwezenhlalakahle (hhnightobreat, iziqondiso zenkantolo ezivimbelayo, noma izinhlangano zemithetho yemithetho yezomthetho) kumelwe ibekelwe inselele.

Isimiso esingokomthetho sokulingana nobulungisa sinamandla, kodwa asikona ukuzilimaza. Sincike ekuhlanganyeleni ngenkuthalo kwabasekeli, abahluleli, abamisi bomthetho, nabantu abavamile abakholelwa ukuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe isithunzi nokuphathwa ngokufanele ngaphansi komthetho.

Isiphetho

Imithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni iyizinkonzo ezibalulekile emsebenzini oqhubekayo wokusekela ukulingana nobulungisa e-United States. Imithetho ye-Federal enjenge-Civil Rights Act, i-ADA, ne-Voiting Rights Act inikeza indinganiso yesizwe, kuyilapho imithetho kahulumeni nemithetho yendawo yesivikelo esengeziwe esivumelana nezidingo zomphakathi. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwalamazinga kahulumeni kuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ekugcineni kuveza indawo ebanzi engokomthetho eye yandisa amalungelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Nokho, ukuba khona kwemithetho akwanele. Ukungalingani kwezimiso, ukulinganiselwa kwemithombo engokomthetho, kanye negebe lomphakathi elikhona kuyaqhubeka kuvimbela ukuqashelwa okugcwele kokulingana nobulungisa. Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo, inguquko yezimiso ezinengqondo, nokuzimisela ukwenza ukuvikelwa okungokomthetho kutholakale kubo bonke abantu.

Njengoba sibheka phambili, uhambo oluya emphakathini onobulungisa luhlala lungapheli. Ngokuqonda indima yemithetho kahulumeni nohulumeni (*) nangokuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ezinqubweni zentando yeningi eziwubumbayo, --wena singasondela esizweni lapho ukulingana nobulungisa kungeyona nje izimiso ezingokomthetho, kodwa kwaphila kuwo wonke amaqiniso.