Ukuqonda Ukubhucungwa Kwezinhlansi: Ithuluzi Lokuqondisa

Ukuhlola kokucindezela kumelela elinye lamasu okukhohlisa kakhulu nangabazeka kakhulu ekukhankanyeni kwezombangazwe. Ngokungafani nocwaningo lomphakathi olusemthethweni olufuna ukulinganisa umzwano, ukuphoqelela ukuhlolwa kuklanyelwe ukukhohlisa abaphenywa ngokunikeza ukwaziswa okuxekethile noma okungamanga ngaphansi kokucwaninga. Inqubo engundoqo icacile: ucingo lubuza uchungechunge lwemibuzo ethwele ekhandlekayo ehlobanayo ngokuqondisisa noma ngokuphoqelela ukusabela ngombono omisiwe. Lezi zingcingo azihlolwanga ukucwaninga; ziwubushiqela bemininingwane yemininingwane. Igama elithi "push" ngokwalo liqala ngawo 1990, kodwa ukuhlinza kuqhubeke, e-e, i-partvo i-tectivete ehambisana nocingo olusekelwe ngokucushela ngokuhambela kanye nezimiso zocingo ezithinta ucingo.

Enhliziyweni yabo, ukuphenya okuphoqelelayo kusebenzisa isimiso esiyisisekelo sengqondo: ithonya eliyisisekelo lokudalulwa. Uma umuntu ezwa ukusho okuphambene kuphindaphindwa emongweni ka "udoti," ukuzisholo kuzenzakalela uthembeke ngenxa nje yokuthi kubuzwa ngakho. Lokhu kwakha indlela eyingozi engqondweni yovoti, kunamamboko akhohlisayo noma abe yihaba njengokuthile okumelwe akucabangele. Umvoti akanandaba ukuthi iziphi izimpendulo eziphendulayo; umgomo ukungenisa imbewu yokungabaza, intukuthelo, noma ukwesaba okuyothinta izinqumo zesikhathi esizayo zomvoti.

Ukuhlobana Kombuzo Oshukumisayo

Inhlolo - vo engokwesiko isebenzisa ukungathathi hlangothi, ukulinganisela. Ngokwesibonelo: [[FLT: 0]]" Ungakulinganisela kanjani ukuphatha kukambusi kwezomnotho zikahulumeni? Kulungile, kulungile, kulungile, kumpofu?. Ukuhlola okucindezelayo, kodwa, kuzakubuza: "" Angeke kwenzeke kakhulu noma cishe ungavotela iSenator Smith uma wazi ukuthi uvotela ukukhuphula intela emakhaya aphakathi izikhathi ezintathu? . Lokhu kuthatha iqiniso (umbhalo wokuvota) futhi kufuye, nakuba konke kuzenza sengathi ufuna umbono othile. Umbuzo ngokwawo usuke ufaka ukwaziswa okungamangazayo, ufaka ukwaziswa okungamangalelekile, okunganisayo, okungakho konke okungathwayo ngemiphumela ewumphumela yokuphila noma imiphumela yomuntu.

Izindlela zobuchwepheshe ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlanganisa:

  • Ulimi olufakiwe: amagama afana "oyisigebengu," "ishwaba," "radical," noma "ingozi" afakwa emibuzweni ephenduleni engokomzwelo.
  • Izindawo ezingamanga: Imibuzo ithatha amaqiniso angaqiniseki, njenge: " Ucabanga ukuthi ukuphatha kuka-X kwehlazo lokuhlela imali kwakungalungile?[ uma kungekho ihlazo.
  • Ukushiyeka okungalawuleki: Izimfanelo ezimbi zombangi kuphela ezishiwoyo, kuyilapho ukuphumelela kwazo kungashaywa mkhuba.
  • [ Ukuphinda ukwenzeka kokuhlasela: imibuzo eminingi iqinisa indikimba efanayo ephambene ngemigqa ehlukene, idlulisa impendulo ngesigijimi.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Neziphawulekayo

Ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe akusikho okusha. Nakuba isimo sawo sanamuhla sasakazeka ngawo-1990 lapho kukhula amarobhothi namashekethisi, izinguqulo zakuqala zavela emsakazweni nasekunyatheliseni. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nawo-1930, eminye imikhankaso yezombangazwe yasebenzisa "imivumo yemiklamo" ehlolwa ngamabomu ukuze iveze izihloko ezijabulisayo. Nokho, inkulumo ethi "uphenyo lwamaprofester" yathandwa phakathi nonyaka ka-199967 Republican pureal primricyrications, lapho umkhankaso wasebenzisa khona ukuhlola okuphoqamba ukusakaza amahlebezo okunga ngokuphila komuntu siqu kwabaphikisi.

Elinye lamacala aziwayo kakhulu enziwa phakathi nonyaka ka 2000 eNingizimu ye-Riphabliki, lapho umkhankaso ka-George W. Bush wamangalelwa khona ngokusebenzisa iziphetho zokuphoqelela ukusikisela ukuthi uJohn McCaine wayebe nomntwana ongamukeleki (ukuzisho okungamanga). Kamuva, ngo-2004, umkhankaso ka-U.S. uMphathi uTom Daschle wabekwa icala lokumfaka uphenyo ngokumfaka emaqenjini aphikisayo. U-2020.S., u-vota, u-Prite ngo-Print wabika ukuthi wamukela izingcingo ezibuzwa: " ukuba wayazi ukuthi uJoe Biden wayebekwe icala lokonakala yikomiti yegesagean, ubungasayimvotela namanje?[FLT.1]

Ngaphandle kwe-United States, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuhlola okuphoqelelekile eUnited Kingdom, eCanada, e-Australia, naseNdiya. Ngo-2019, ukhetho lukahulumeni waseCanada lwabona ama-ronocall afana ne-Ecostans Canada kodwa empeleni ayenamazwi aphambene ngerekhodi lendawo ezungezile. Ucingo oluvamile lusho ukuthi ukuphoqelela ukuphenywa kwezibalo kuphumelela kakhulu ezinhlangani eziseduze noma endaweni ephansi, lapho iphesenti elincane labavoti lingase lithozwe ngokwaziswa okungakhinyabezwa.

[ Intengo ye-External:[ Ukungena juqu eNingizimu Carolina ka 2000 ukusunduza impikiswano yenhlolo - vo, bheka umbiko we-Dashington Post ka 2000].

Izindawo Ezingokomthetho Nezimpunga

Ukuhlola kokuphoqa kukhona endaweni ephansi kakhulu. E-United States, akukhona ukuthi kungokomthetho ngokwe-se, ngoba iSichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela inkulumo yezombangazwe, kuhlanganise namasu omkhankaso okukhohlisa, uma nje zinganqameli ekuhlanjalazweni noma ekukhwabaniseni. Nokho, izifundazwe eziningi zinemithetho efuna ukubizwa noma ukuvezwa kwe-odoli ukuthi ucingo lusuka emkhankasweni wezombangazwe. I-Federal Commissions (FCC) ivimbela izingcingo zezimoto ezihambelayo ezweni ngaphandle kokuba uma uma uma umamukeliswa evuma, kodwa izingcingo zezombangazwe zivinjelwe futhi ngaphansi kocingo lwe-Consumer Consumer Protection Act. Kodwa zisunduza abashayeli beminxela izingcingo ze-of ocingo noma "lived" abashazingcingo bavela ezixholweni zocingo phesheya, ukwenza ukuphoqeqelela.

Ngokwe-ethername, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kulahlwa yizinhlangano ezikhokhelwayo. INhlangano yaseMelika ye-Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) iyakugxeka ngokucacile ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo, ithi "akuyona izicelo" futhi "kufanele kubikwe kuziphathimandla ezifanele""" futhi ochwepheshe abaningi bezombangazwe bayakugwema, besaba ukubuyiselwa uma kusobala. Kodwa ngokomthetho, isimo esingaziwa sokushaya izingcingo nobunzima bokuzilandela kulowo osungulayo sivumela imikhankanyo yokulala ukuba isebenzise izikhangiso zokuphenyanisa nokulandisa okuncane.

Imishini Eshukumisa Ukubhebhetheka Kwezinsalela Ezingokwengqondo

Ukuze umuntu aqonde ukuthi kungani ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kuphumelela, kumelwe ahlole ukuthambekela komqondo. ithonya eliyiqiniso elinamandla kakhulu: ukuchayeka ngokuphindaphindiwe entweni - ngisho nakweyokukhohlisa - - kwandisa amathuba okuthi umuntu uzoyikholelwa. Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kusebenzisa lokhu ngokunikeza "isenzo" (ngokuvamile) empikiswaneni, khona -ke kuvumele ukusabela ukuyenza. Kamuva, ngisho noma beyilahla inkumbulo ye "fact" ihlala ikhona. Lokhu kubangela ukuba ukuphenya ngempumelelo enkulu ekutshazeni amaphutha ngaphandle kokufuna isisulu ukuba sikwamukele ngokunganaki.

Enye indlela ingu- ubandlululo lokungavumelani nemithetho yentela[. Abantu banaka kakhulu ukwaziswa okuphambene kunokwaziswa okuqondile noma okungathathi hlangothi. Ukuhlola okucindezelayo okubuzayo, " Uzosekela icebo lika-X's lokuphakamisa izintela? – ngisho noma lelicebo lingekho – lifaka inhlangano embi engqondweni yovoti. Ukukhuluma nje ngokuphakamisa intela kuba yihlazo elihlangene nomfundi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlola okusunduzayo kusebenzisa ukuvota . Umbuzo wokuqala ochungechungeni ungamisa ihange elithonya zonke izimpendulo ezilandelayo. Uma ukuvota okusunduzayo kuqala nge, " uyavuma ukuthi irekhodi lokuvota lika Y libuthakathaka ngendlela eyingozi? [, umvoti manje uboshelwe efumeni eliphambene. Ngisho noma kamuva imibuzo ingathathi hlangothi, i-ankile ihlanekezela ukuhlola komvoti olandelayo.

[ Inzuzo: Imiphumela engokwengqondo yokuphindaphinda enkolelweni ibhalwe kahle. Bheka ikhasi le-Wkipedia ephume-eni leqiniso elibi[ ekufushaneni kwezifundo eziyinhloko.

Indlela Izintuthwane Ezishukumisayo Ezivimbela Ngayo Ukunaka Ezindabeni Ezibucayi

Isihloko sokuqala siphawula kahle ukuthi ukuhlola okuphoqelelayo kusetshenziselwa ukuphazamisa, kodwa lesisici sifanelwe ukwanda okukhulu. Ekuxhumaneni okusemthethweni, "ukuzilibazisa" kuyithuluzi elivamile lomkhankaso. Uma umfundi efuna ukugwema ukuxoxa ngevoti ephikisayo, uhlelo lwenqubo, noma ihlazo, angasebenzisa ukuphenya okuphoqelelayo ukuze aphoqelele abezindaba nokuphikisa ukuze asabele ekumangaleni okungamanga noma entweni ekhiqizwayo. Loluhlobo lwezicupho [ olunezelishosholo olunezombangazwe [[: umphikisi wecala: umjikelezo ophoqeke ukuba aphise ukuphika okunga, okugcina ukuzisho okunga kwezindaba.

Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nempikiswano ephathelene nokuguqulwa kwezempilo, umkhankaso ungase uqhubekisele izingcingo zokuhlola izicelo zemibuzo enjengethi: " bewazi ukuthi icebo lezempilo likaJones lizosusa izinzuzo zasebekhulile? (ukusontwa noma ukuqamba amanga okuqondile). Umkhankaso we-Senator kumelwe usebenzise isikhathi nemali ukulahla amanga, kuyilapho umagazini wokuqala wenguquko yezempilo uphelelwa ukukhanya. Abacosheli bezindaba, belangazelela ukumboza izingxabano, ukumboza isimiso esingemuva nesokumangalelwa okungaqondile. Umphumela: umphakathi uhlala ungazi lutho ngezindawo ezingokoqobo zokulungisa inguquko.

Lendlela yokuzilibazisa isebenza ngenxa yomsebenzi wokumisa i-methodia. Umphakathi uthambekele ekucabangeni ngalokho okuhlanganiswa imithombo yezindaba. Uma ukugqugquzela ukuphenya kudala impikiswano, leyompikiswano iba indaba. Ngaleyondlela umkhankaso wokuhlakanipha ungathumba umjikelezo wezindaba ngokufaka amanga avusa inkanuko emvelweni.

Ukuhlolwa Kwecala: Ukudilizwa Kwesimiso Sezomnotho

Ngo-2010, phakathi nokhetho lwaphakathi ne-U.S., abaningi abafuna ukukhokha intela babhekana nokuhlola okuphoqelelwe okwabuzwa: " Ubengadlula cishe kakhulu ngokuvotela uMmeleli X uma wazi ukuthi wavotela iphakethe elishukumisayo elachitha izigidi zezigidi zama-dollar omkhokhi wentela? Ipakethe eshukumisayo (i-American Revestment Act) ngempela yadluliswa ngo-2009 ukuze imelane ne-Great Recession. Nakuba izazi zezomnotho zaziphikisana ngokuphumelela kwayo, ukusunduza ifomu yokuvota encishisiwe njengemfucumfucu. Impikiswano yangempela bekufanele ibe yisimo sezomnotho nendalo. Kunalokho, ingxoxo yathunyelwa ku "ukuchitha imali engokomzwelo" – ukukhushushisa i-mithenwa kwezomnotho. Isilinganiso se-GD]

Ngokufanayo, ukuphenya okuphoqelelwe kuye kwasetshenziselwa ukukhuphula ukunakekela kwempilo. Umkhankaso ofuna ukugwema impikiswano ngezimo ezikhona ngaphambili ungasebenzisa ukuphenya ukuze ugxile ensumansumaneni eqanjiwe "ukufa", njengoba kwenzeka phakathi nokulwa kwenguquko yezempilo yo-2009-2010. Igama elithi "ukufa" laqanjwa futhi lasakazwa ngokusunduza amasu okuhlola, okuphoqelela abasekeli benguquko ukuba bavikele amanga, kuyilapho impikiswano yangempela – ukwandisa intembezo – yayikhona.

Ukukhathazeka Ngendawo Ezungezile Kuyantengantenga

Izindaba zendawo ezungezile zithambekele kakhulu ekusunduzeni ukuphenya izinqumo ngoba ngokuvamile zihilela ukudayisa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezesayensi kanye nezomnotho. Umkhankaso omelene nokushintshwa kwekhabhoni ungaxhasa ukuvota okuphoqelelwayo okubuza: " Ungakujabulela ukusekela intela yecarbon engaphakamisa izikweleti zakho zamandla ngonyaka?[ Imali ngokuvamile ikhuliswa noma isekelwe ezicathulweni ezimbi kakhulu. Umbuzo uhlela inkambiso njengezindleko eziqondile, ungazinaki izinzuzo zesikhathi eside zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi. Okwamanje, impikiswano encishisiwe ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwecarbon empation, iziketho, namaketimende ezimakethena. Umhleli akashiyiwe nge-frective, u-slective.

Lokhu kuyindlela elungile: ukuguqula ukunakekela kusuka ekuhlobiseni okukhona koshintsho lwesimo sezulu kube ukukhathazeka kwezomnotho okuthatha isikhashana. Ukuphoqelela kuthuthukisa ukukhathazeka, futhi imithombo yezindaba ihlanganisa "imali engaphezulu" ngezindleko, hhayi izidingo zendawo ezungezile.

Ukubona Nokumelana Nezinhlansi Zokusunduza

Kuvoti, othisha, nezintatheli, ukuqaphela ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekufakeni ithonya laso hlangothi. Isihluthulelo samafulegi abomvu sihlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo ayithathi hlangothi. Iqukethe iziphawuli ezinjengesithi “ukungaqiniseki,”“ okungaphuthi,”“ okungaqondakali,” noma“ okungaqondakali.”
  • imibuzo inikeza ukwaziswa ongakucelanga. Ukuhlola okusemthethweni akukutsheli ukuthi ocela ukubhapathizwa wenzeni; ibuza umbono wakho kuqala.
  • Ukuhlola kufushane kakhulu (futhi kungu 2-4 imibuzo). Ukuhlola kwangempela kombono ngokuvamile kunemibuzo okungenani 10-15 yokuqoqa ukwaziswa okunengqondo.
  • Oshayela ucingo akafuni ukuthi bamelela bani. Abafuni bama-gictite bazobona ifemu yabo noma ikhasimende (umz., “ngenxa yeYunivesithi kaX”). Abacuphi bavame ukuthi bavela “enkampanini yokucwaninga” noma balenga uma becindezelwe.
  • Izingcingo azikwaziwa noma zi-spoft. Akukho nani lokubuyela emuva elinikeziwe, noma inani livaliwe.

Uma uthola ucingo olunjalo, ungaluthathi. Ungaphenduli imibuzo, ngoba ngisho nokuthula kwakho kungasetshenziswa njengokwaziswa abanye abasebenzisi abangathembekile. Bikela ucingo oluya kwi-Federal Communication Commission (FCC) e-U.S., noma umqondisi wesizwe sakho olinganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phawula isikhathi nanoma yimiphi imininingwane esobala.

Ngokwezinga elikhulu, imikhankaso yokufunda nokubhala yemithombo yezindaba ingafundisa umphakathi ngomehluko phakathi kokuhlola okungokomthetho nokuphoqelela ukuvota. Izikole, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nezikhangiso zezindaba kufanele zihlanganise lendaba ezintweni ezifundisa abavoti. Lapho abavoti abaningi beqonda lo mdlalo, yilapho ukuxhaphaza kuba ngcono.

Indima Yezinhlangano Ezihlola Iqiniso

Abavikeli beqiniso abazimele, njengo-PolitiFact.Ccock, ne-Snopes, bavame ukudalula okuqukethwe yi-plot. Uma ukuhlola okuphoqelelwe kuveza ukusho okungamanga, abaxilonga iqiniso bangakulahla, futhi imikhankaso ingasebenzisa lezozinto ezilula ukuvota. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukuphenya okuphoqelelwayo kuveza ukuthi “X cotifite ukuze unqume izinzuzo zabanye abantu abangoma,” umkhankaso ungakhipha ngokuphazimazima kweso noma unciphise ukuhlasela okuphikisayo, wenze ukuvota kube lula ukuphoxa ekukhipheni isigijimi sokuhlola. Lokhu kubizwa [[FLT:] inkolelo - protoccoctic protetion : ukunikeza inzuzo nokuncintisa impumelelo.

Ikhomu: Ngezibonelo zezibalo zokuhlola okucitshwayo okuqondiswe iqiniso, bheka FactCC.org's ye 2020 ku Biden ukuhlola okusunduzayo[.

Umphumela Wenkulumo Yentando Yeningi

Ukusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokuhlola eziphoqelelwayo kuqeda ukwethemba kokubili ezinhlanganweni zokuhlola nezombangazwe. Uma umphakathi uthola izingcingo ezizenza ukucwaninga kodwa empeleni ziyinkulumo ekhohlisayo, bayagxeka ngazo zonke izinhlolo. Lokhu kuholela ekuphenduleni okuphansi kwenani lezinqumo ezingokomthetho, okuthi nakho kunciphise ukunemba kokwaziswa kombono womphakathi. Idemokhrasi ihlupheka uma abenzi bemithetho bengakwazi ukuqonda lokho okufunwa ngempela.

Izibalo zokuhlola zibuye zonakalise futhi izimakethe zemibono. Kunokuba zincintisane ngezinzuzo zenkambiso, imikhankaso incintisana ngekhono lokutshala amanga. Lokhu kwakha umjaho ngezansi: omunye umkhankaso usebenzisa iziphetho, umphikisi uzizwa ephoqelelwe ukuba aphindisele, futhi wonke umjikelezo wokhetho uba umkhosi wokungaqondi kahle. U Voter uba umcimbi wokuzi, abheke ezombangazwe njengexhaphozi lamanga. UTurtout, futhi izinga lokuwohloka kwemibuso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuvota okusunduza kuthinta ngokungalinganini abavoti abanokwaziswa okuphansi abangase bawasheke kahle amaqiniso noma bamelane nokunxusa okungokomzwelo. Lokhu kunikeza inzuzo engalungile emikhankasweni ewasebenzisayo, ikakhulukazi emijahweni eqinile lapho amaphuzu ambalwa anganquma umphumela. Ngaleyondlela lelisu lilulaza isimiso somuntu oyedwa, uma uvota oyedwa, ngokusebenzisa abavoti ngokwezinga lomuntu ngamunye.

Imizamo Yokuqondisa Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo

Amazwe amaningana aye athatha izinyathelo zokunqanda ukuphenya ukuphehlwa kwemikhankaso. Imithetho yokukhetha yaseCanada idinga ukudalulwa kwenhlangano ebangela izingcingo zezombangazwe, futhi i-CRTC (i-Canadia Radia Radio-tec ne Tetram Commission) iye yahlawulisa izinkampani ezishaya izingcingo zokukhohlisa. I-Australia inemithetho efanayo ngaphansi kwe-Spam Act ne-Tecter Act. E-U. E-U.S., uhulumeni wezwe akakwenqabelanga umthetho owenqabile ukuphonsa ukuhlolwa kwemishwa kweze, kodwa iNkanto ephakeme yeNkantolo ye-CMkhosi engu-2021 ikhipha umthetho we-LC. FTC.

Ubuchwepheshe bunikeza kokubili amakhambi nezinselele. Ukushayela ucingo amathuluzi olwembulayo kungalandela izinombolo eziphucukile, futhi ama-apples anjenge-Robo Killer noNomorobo izingcingo ezisolwayo. Nokho, abafuni bazama ukusebenzisa i-PP (VoIP) kanye nezingcingo ezimfushane ezibalekela ukubanjwa. Umdlalo wekati-ne-mouse uyaqhubeka.

Ekugcineni, ukuzivikela okuphumelela kakhulu inhlanganisela yokuvinjelwa okungokomthetho, imfundo yomphakathi, nokuqapha kwemithombo yezindaba. Izintatheli kufanele zihlole futhi zibike ngemisebenzi yokuphoqelela ukuvoca, zisho ukuthi imikhankaso inecala uma kungenzeka. Ochwepheshe bezombangazwe kufanele bacindezeleke ukuba banamathele ezindinganisweni zokuziphatha, njengalezo ezimiswe yi-American Association of Political Concalutions (AAAPC). AmaVoter kufanele afundiswe ukuhlala engabazani futhi abika izingcingo ezisolayo.

Ukubukeza

Ukuhlola okucindezelayo kuyithuluzi lokuxhumana elizishaya itshe lokuhlanganisa imibono kodwa elisakaza ukwaziswa okungaqondile noma okungamanga. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko, ngokuvamile, ukuphambukisa ukunakekela komphakathi ezimpikiswaneni eziwubalayo ezilwiwayo. Ngokusebenzisa ukucwasana okufana neqiniso elingekho ngokomthetho kanye nokungaqondi kahle, bangaguqula imibono evoti ngokunganaki futhi ngokungaziwa. Izibonelo ezingokomlando ezivela ku-U.S., ezombangazwe zaseCanada, kanye nezinye izikhulu ze-democracratic zibonisa ukuthi leliqhinga liyaphikelela futhi liyalimaza. Nakuba imithetho yemithetho ihlala iqinile, umthwalo wemfanelo uyaqhubeka kuvota, othisha, nezokuxhumana ukuze kuqaphele ukucukuthwa futhi kukhutha ithonya labo abacuphi. Kungavikelwa kuphela ngokufuna kakhulu nokukhuthaza ukubonakala nokucabanga ngokugxeka kobuningi.