Ukuqonda Indlu Yabameleli Negunya Layo Lokwenza Imithetho

Indlu yabameleli ingenye yeziteshi ezimbili ze-United States Congress futhi isebenza njengensika eyisisekelo yentando yeningi yaseMelika. Njengoba indikimba yemithetho eseduze kakhulu nabantu, amalungu ekhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, indlu ifeza indima ebalulekile ekwakheni, ukuphikisana, nokushaya imithetho elawula isizwe sethu. Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu yabameleli eyenza imithetho ibaluleke ngayo kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda ukuthi uhulumeni waso usebenza kanjani nokuthi izwi laso lingayithonya kanjani inqubo yomthetho.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo baklama iNdlu yabameleli ukuba ibe yindawo ethanda kakhulu abantu. Namalungu angu-435 amele izigodi kuwo wonke amazwe angu-50, indlu iletha imibono ehlukene nezindawo ezikhathazayo ezimisweni zesizwe ze-operation. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano zendawo kanye nezindawo zidinga indlela eqondile yokwenza umthetho, okwenza i House ibe isici esibucayi sedemokrati emelelayo.

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho eMzini Wabameleli iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihlelwe ngokucophelela, ihilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, impikiswano, nokuvota. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwesivumelwano esiya engxenyeni yayo yokugcina, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho ohlongozwayo ukhona, ukunikeza ubufakazi obunikezwa umphakathi nochwepheshe, ukunikeza amathuba okulungisa nokuthuthukisa, futhi ekugcineni ukunquma ukuthi isiphakamiso sisekelwa ngokwanele yini ukuba sibe umthetho.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokwenza Amandla Endlu

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States unikeza iNdlu yabameleli amandla aqondile nabalulekile enqubweni yomthetho. Ingxenye 1 iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amagunya omthetho abekwe eSishayamthetho, akhiwa iSigele neNdlu yabameleli. Lesi sakhiwo se-bidamaral sidala isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela phakathi kwegatsha lemithetho ngokwayo, idinga ukuba zombili izindlwana zivumelane ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqhubele phambili kuMongameli.

UMthetho-sisekelo unika iNdlu igunya elikhethekile ukuba isungule izinhlobo ezithile zomthetho. Ngokuphawulekayo, zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo kumelwe zivele eNdlu yabameleli, zibonise inkolelo yabafeyi bentela eqala egumbini ukuba necala eliqondene kakhulu kubantu. Lombuso unika ithonya elikhulu eNdlu phezu kwemithetho kahulumeni yezezimali, ukuhlelwa kwemali, nomthetho wentela.

Ngaphandle kwezindleko zemali, indlu inegunya elilinganayo neSigele lokumisa umthetho cishe kunoma yisiphi isici esingaphakathi kwemibuso kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa imithetho ehlobene nezentengiselwano, isivikelo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, nezinye izindawo ezingenakubalwa zesimiso somphakathi. Indlu futhi inemithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile yokuqondisa, iyivumela ukuba ihlole indlela imithetho esetshenziswa ngayo nendlela izinhlangano zikahulumeni esebenza ngayo.

Indlela Amabhuloho Engeniswa Ngayo Endlini Yabameleli

Inqubo yokwenza umthetho iqala lapho ilungu le House of Messages limisa isikweleti. Noma yiliphi lamalungu endlu angu-435 angamisa umthetho, nakuba kusetshenziswa, izikweleti ngokuvamile zibangelwa ukubambisana phakathi kwamalungu amaningi, ukufakwa kokwaziswa okuvela emaqenjini anezinzuzo, noma ukutuswa kwegatsha eliphethe. Ezinye izikweleti zikhuluma ngezindaba ezimncane, ezobuchwepheshe, kuyilapho ezinye ziveza izinguquko ezinkulu ezithinta umthetho wezwe.

Ukuze kwakhiwe isikweleti, ilungu lendlu libeka umthetho ohlongozwayo epopper engokoqobo noma ye-electronic, isitsha esisesitezini sendlu. Umthetho ube usunikwa inombolo eqala nge "H.R." (Indlu yabameleli) elandelwa yinombolo elandelanayo esekelwe esingenisweni sesethulweni. Ngokwesibonelo, iH.R. 1 iyisimemezelo sokuqala esisungulwe eSishayasini esisha. Lesimiso sokulinganisa sisiza ekulandeleni umthetho phakathi nohambo lwaso ngenqubo yomthetho.

Lapho lifaka isikweleti, ilungu liba umxhasi oyinhloko wemali. Amanye amalungu angasayina njengekhophi, abonise ukusekela kwawo umthetho. Ukuba nabaxhasi abaningi, ikakhulukazi abavela kuzo zombili izigaba zezombangazwe, kungaphawula ukusekela okukhulu futhi kwandise amathuba emali yokuqhubekela phambili ngenqubo yomthetho. Ezinye izikweleti zikhanga amakhulu abaxhasi be-copons, kuyilapho amanye engaba nomxhasi oyinhloko kuphela.

Iphepha lemali kumelwe libhalwe ngokucophelela lisebenzisa ulimi olungokomthetho oluqondile. Amalungu amaningi asebenza ne-Office of Legislative Counsers, ihhovisi elingaphakamisi elisiza ekuguquleni izinqubo zomthetho olimini olufanele lomthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko zizwakala kahle ngokwemithetho yemithetho yezindlu, zibhalwe ngokucacile, futhi zihlelwe kahle ngokwemithetho yesigodi nemihlangano.

Indima Ebucayi YamaKomiti Ezindlu

Lapho selenziwe, amafaktire abhekiselwe kumakomiti ahlukene asekelwe endabeni yawo endaba. Ikomiti iyinjini yenqubo yokushaya umthetho eMzini, lapho kwenziwa khona umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokuhlola, ukuphikisana, nokulungisa. Indlu inomthetho omile ocishe ube ngamakomiti angu-20, ngalinye linegunya ezindawo ezithile zezimiso ezinjengokulima, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, umsebenzi, amandla nezentengiselwano, izinkonzo zezimali, izindaba zakwamanye amazwe, izinkonzo zezokuthutha, nezindlela kanye nezindlela.

Uma kuxoxwa nomphathi wePhalamende, unquma ukuthi yiliphi ikomiti noma amakomiti azothola isikweleti. Ezinye izikweleti ziwela ngokomthetho wekomiti eyodwa, kuyilapho ezinye zingabhekiswa kumakomiti amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwa noma ngokwesibopho. Uma amakomiti amaningi enegunya, elinye libizwa njengekomiti eyinhloko ethatha indima eholayo ekucabangeleni umthetho.

Ukubukeza Nezindlebe Zekomiti

Phakathi kwekomiti, leli shende livame ukwabelwa ikomiti yezimali ephethe indaba ethile ebhekiswe kumthetho. Isihlalo esingaphansi kwekomiti sinquma ukuthi kufanele siqunge namacala emali, anikeza amathuba ukuba amalungu aqoqe ukwaziswa, alalele ubufakazi obungochwepheshe, futhi athole ukufakwa komphakathi. Izimemezelo zinganikeza ubufakazi obuvela kuziphathimandla zikahulumeni, ochwepheshe bezemfundo, abameleli bezimboni, amaqembu ezokuphatha izigebengu, nezakhamuzi ezivamile ezithintelwe umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Izindaba zamakomiti zifeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile enqubweni yokubekwa komthetho. Ziveza umlando womphakathi wemibono ehlukene engokomthetho, zisiza amalungu ukuba aqonde izindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, zivumele abaphethe izikhalo ukuba bakhulume ngezinkinga zabo noma ukusekela, futhi zibangela ukunaka komphakathi okungakha ukuqashelwa nokusekelwa. Izindlebe zingaqala esiqenjini esisodwa esithatha amahora ambalwa kuya ezinhlanganweni eziningi ezisakazekile emasontweni noma izinyanga eziningi ezihlukene umthetho obalulekile noma ophikisanayo.

Ngemva kokuphetha, ikomiti encane ingabamba isimiso sokubhalisa, lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ngamalungiselelo emali futhi anikeze izinguquko. Izigwebo zingasuka kukulungiswa kobuchwepheshe obuncane kuya kushintsho oluqinile ekusondeleni noma endaweni. Amalungu avota ekulungisweni kwemali ngayinye, futhi ikomiti encane ivotela ukuthi ingawudlulisa yini umthetho, njengoba ulungiswa, ewekomitini egcwele.

Ukucabangela Okugcwele KweKomiti

Uma ikomiti encane ivumela izivumelwano zemali, iya ekomitini egcwele ukuze ihlonishwe. Ikomiti egcwele ingaba nokuqulwa kwamacala okwengeziwe, iqhube isimiso sayo sokubhalisa, noma ivote kuleyomali njengoba ithathwe ekomitini engaphansi. Phakathi nokubhalisa okugcwele, amalungu aphinde abe namathuba okunikeza ukubuyiselwa, ukuphikisana ngenzuzo yomthetho, futhi alungise uhlelo lokugcina oluzobikwa eNdlu egcwele.

Ukucabangela ikomiti kulapho izikweleti eziningi ziphelela khona. Ngezinkulungwane zezikweleti eziye zafakwa eMkhandlwini ngamunye, ingxenyana encane kuphela ethola imvume yekomiti futhi iqhubekele phambili endaweni ephansi. Amakomiti asebenza njengabagcini besango, ahluza umthetho ongasekelwa ngokwanele, awenziwa kahle, anezihluzo ezinganele, noma aphikisana nezinye izinto eziza kuqala. Lo msebenzi wokuhlunga usiza ukuba iNdlu egcwele iqinise isikhathi sayo esilinganiselwe somthetho kanye namathemba angempela okudlula.

Uma ikomiti ivumela isikweleti, ikhipha umbiko wekomiti ochaza injongo yomthetho, ifushanisa amalungiselelo awo, ichaza izinqumo zekomiti, futhi inikeza imibono yamalungu amakomiti asekela noma aphikisa le mithetho. Lemibiko iba yingxenye yomlando wemithetho ongase uhlolwe izinkantolo nezinhlangano lapho zichaza umthetho uma ekugcineni umiswa.

Izincwadi Eziqoshiwe Zokuhlolwa Kwezindlu

Inqubo yokuhlela ixhomeke ohlotsheni lomthetho kanye nezinga lempikiswano elenzayo. Indlu isebenzisa izinqubo eziningana ezihlukene ukuze ilethe izikweleti phansi, ngayinye inemithetho nezimfuneko zayo.

I House Proving Committee ifeza indima ebalulekile kule nqubo yomthetho omkhulu kakhulu. Ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ikhop" yendlu, iKomiti yeMiyalo inquma izimo nezimo lapho kuzoba nengxoxo khona ngezikweleti ezizoxoxwa phansi kwendlu. Ikomiti inikeza umthetho okhethekile wesikweletu ngasinye, isho ukuthi singakanani isikhathi esizobekwa ukuba kube khona ukuphikisana, ukuthi ukulungisa kunganikezwa yini, futhi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinguquko ezivunyelwe.

Imithetho ekhethekile ingavuleka, ivumele noma yisiphi isici esiqinile ukuba silungiswe; ivalwe, inqandwe zonke izinguquko; noma ihlelwe, ivumele kuphela izinguquko ezicacile eziye zavunyelwa kusengaphambili. Ukukhethwa komthetho kuthinta ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yomthetho, ukunquma ukuthi amalungu adinga ithuba elingakanani lokulungisa isikweleti nokuthi ukuqashelwa okuthatha isikhathi eside kangakanani. Izikweletu ezisesitezini ezisemqoka zivame ukwamukela imithetho ehleliwe noma evaliwe ukuze kunqandwe ukunqanda ukuhlukana okungase kubangele ukuhlukana.

Ngaphambi kokuba i House ithathe isikweleti ngaphansi komthetho okhethekile, kumelwe kuqala ithathe umthetho ngokwawo. iKomiti yeMithetho ibika umthetho phansi kwendlu, lapho amalungu ephikisana khona ukuthi angawuthatha yini. Lengxoxo ithatha ihora elilodwa, ngesikhathi esihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kweningi namaqembu amancane. Indlu iphinde ikhethe ukuthatha umthetho, okudinga ukuba abantu abambalwa. Uma umthetho uthathwa, iNdlu icabangela umthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho echazwe.

Omunye umthetho udlula iKomiti Yemithetho ngezinqubo ezingezinye izindlela. Izindleko ezingadibanisi ingethathwa njengezeqisi zemithetho, inqubo egobelelwe elinganisela impikiswano ngemizuzu engu-40, inqabela ukubuyiselwa, futhi idinga ukuvota okuphindwe kabili kwesithathu ukuze idluliswe. Lenqubo ivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhumbuleni izinqumo zesinqumo, ukulungisa okuncane kwenqubo, kanye nezikweleti ngokusekela i-bipartisan.

Impikiswano Engokobudele Nesichibiyelo

Uma isikweleti sifika esitezi sendlu ukuze sihlolwe, singena engxenyeni yomphakathi yenqubo yokwenza umthetho. Inkulumo-mphikiswano inikeza wonke amalungu endlu ithuba lokuxoxa ngezimfanelo zomthetho, ukuchaza ukuma kwawo kusebenza nabo, futhi uzama ukunxenxa abanye ukuba basekele noma baphikise lo mthetho.

Indlu icabangela umthetho eKomitini ye-Whole, ithuluzi lephalamende elivumela iNdlu ukuba isebenze ngaphansi kwemithetho evumelana nezimo kakhulu kunaleyo elawula izikhawu zendlu ezivamile. Ku-Committee of the Whole, i-traqum yamalungu ayikhulu kuphela kunamalungu avamile angu-218, futhi impikiswano iyaqhubeka ngaphansi kwemingcele echazwe enqunyweni ekhethekile yokubusa kwesivumelwano.

Isikhathi sokuphikisana silawulwa yibaphathi bemali, ngokuvamile isihlalo nelungu elisezikhundleni eziphezulu lekomiti elabika izindleko. Lamamenenja anika amalungu afisa ukukhuluma isikhathi, ngokuvamile ashintshana phakathi kwabasekeli nabaphikisi bomthetho. Amalungu angakhuluma ngezinkathi kusukela ngomzuzu owodwa kuya emizuzwini eminingana, kuye ngokwengqikithi yesikhathi esikhona nenani lamalungu afuna ukuqashelwa.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Elungeni Lomuzi

Uma umthetho okhethekile uvumela ukulungisa, amalungu angahlongoza izinguquko zemali phakathi nokucatshangelwa kwesitezi. Izigwebo kumelwe zifanelane nemali, okusho ukuthi kumelwe zihlobane nendaba eseyishiwo kakade emthetho. Isidingo sokuzingela sivimbela amalungu ukuba afake izivumelwano ezingahlobene nezikweletu, nakuba ukunquma ukuthi igciwane lingaba yini ngezinye izikhathi okuyinkimbinkimbi futhi okuphikisanayo.

Uma kunikezwa isilungiso, ilungu elisifakayo ngokuvamile linemizuzu emihlanu yokusichaza, futhi umphikisi unemizuzu emihlanu yokukhuluma ngokumelene naso. Amanye amalungu angafuna isikhathi sokukhuluma ngokunikeza ipro forma indivations "ukushaya igama lokugcina," elingalishintshi ngempela inguquko kodwa elivumela ilungu ukuba likhulume imizuzu emihlanu. Ngemva kwenkulumo - mpikiswano, amavoti endlu ekuhlinzeni.

Izinqumiso zingaba lula noma zibe yinkimbinkimbi, zobuchwepheshe noma ezinzima. Ezinye izinguquko zenza izincazelo ezincane noma izijeziso, kuyilapho ezinye ziguqula ngokuyisisekelo indlela yokuthatha iziphakamiso. Ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemali kungafeza izinjongo ezihlukahlukene: ukuthuthukisa isikweleti, ukuveza ukuphikisana kwezimiso, ukuphoqelela amalungu ukuba avote kanzima, noma athathe umthetho ngokushesha.

Inqubo yokulungisa ingaba yishwa, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi komthetho ovulekile ovumela ukuvuleka kwemivukelo eqinile. Amalungu anganikeza izinguquko eziningi noma ngisho namakhulu, ahlobise iphansi izinsuku noma amasonto. Lokhu kungenxa yesizathu esenza ukuba iningi likhethe imithetho ehleliwe noma evaliwe yomthetho ophikiswayo, ligcine ukulawula okukhulu inqubo futhi liqinisekise ukuqedwa kwamanje kokucatshangelwa phansi.

Imisebenzi Yokuklama Endlu Yabameleli

Ukuqonda lezi zinqubo zokuvota kusiza ekucaciseni indlela iNdlu eyenza ngayo izinqumo nendlela amalungu abhaliwe ngayo.

Amavoti ezwi ayindlela elula neshesha kakhulu. Isikhulu esiphethe sicela labo abavumayo ukuthi "yebo" kanye nalabo abamelene nokuthi "ayikho," bese sinquma ukuthi yiluphi uhlangothi olukhona ngokusekelwe ekuphenduleni. Amavoti ezwi ngokuvamile asetshenziselwa izindaba ezingathathi hlangothi lapho umphumela ucacile khona futhi amalungu angadingi ukuvota okubhaliwe okubonisa izikhundla ngazinye.

Uma umphumela wevoti yezwi ungacacile noma uma amalungu efuna ukubala okuqondile, noma yiliphi ilungu lingacela ukuvota kweqembu. Amalungu akhona azimele futhi abalwa, amalungu aphikisa ukuma futhi abalwa. Amavoti ezibalo anikeza umphumela kodwa awabhali izikhundla zelungu ngalinye.

Ngezindaba ezibalulekile, amalungu avame ukucela ivoti eqoshiwe, ebhala imvume yesikhundla selungu ngalinye. Indlu iphethe amavoti ngomshini, amalungu afaka amakhadi okuvota eziteshini ezisegumbini lendlu namanzi acindezelayo ukuze avote yebo, cha, noma ukuba khona. Ukuvota kuhlala kuvuliwe imizuzu engu-15, nakuba isikhulu esiphethe sinegunya lokuvumela amalungu ukuba afike phansi afake amavoti awo.

Amavoti aqoshiwe afeza izinjongo eziningi ngaphandle kokumane anqume umbuzo okhona. Akha umlando womphakathi wesikhundla selungu ngalinye, okungabukezwa amalungu, amaqembu ezithakazelo, nabaphikisi bezombangazwe. Lendlela yokulandisa ikhuthaza amalungu ukuba acabangele ngokucophelela ukuthi amavoti awo azakuqondwa kanjani ekhaya. Amavoti aqoshiwe anikeza futhi imininingwane yezimpawu zokuthi amaqembu ezisebenzi aqoqa amalungu afuna ukuthatha impumelelo ezindabeni ezibalulekile ezinhlanganweni zawo.

Imisindo Yokugcina Yokudlula

Ngemva kokuba sekucaciswe futhi kwavotelwa, iKomiti ye-Whole iphakamisa futhi ibika izindleko zibuyela endlini. Indlu iphinde ivote ekudluleni kokugcina kwemali njengenguquko. Le ndima yokugcina cishe inguvoti ebhaliwe njalo, yenza umbhalo ocacile wamalungu asekela noma aphikisa umthetho.

Izindleko eziningi zidinga inani elivamile kuphela lemali edlulayo − okungenani amavoti angu-218 uma wonke amalungu ekhona futhi evota. Nokho, izindaba ezithile zidinga ukuvota okukhulu, njengokulawula umongameli i-veto (ama-3 abili-3), ukudlulisa i-amenment yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo (amavoti amabili-3), noma ukumisa imithetho yase House (amavoti amabili-3).

Ivoti yokugcina imelela isiphetho somsebenzi wendlu esikwesikweletu, kodwa akusona ukuphela kwenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Amabhuloho adluliswa yindlu kumelwe avunyelwe futhi yiSigele ngaphambi kokuba athunyelwe kuMongameli. ISigele singadlulisa isikhokhelo seNdlu ngaphandle koshintsho, sidlulise ngokulungisa, noma sithathele ukuguqula kwayo umthetho, ngamunye obangela izinyathelo ezilandelayo enqubweni.

Indlela Izigxobo Zendlu Ezidlula Ngayo ESigeleni

Lapho lendlu idlulisa incwadi yemvume, idluliselwa kuSigele ukuze ihlonishwe. ISigele silandela izinqubo zaso zokubukeza nokuthatha umthetho, okuhluka ngezindlela eziphawulekayo ezithathwa ezimisweni zendlu. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingaba mide nokuthi kungani izikweletu eziningi ezidlula egumbini elilodwa zingawubeki umthetho.

ISigele singumzimba omncane onamalungu ayikhulu kuphela, futhi sisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho enika amalungu ahlangene anamandla angaphezu kwalawo amalungu endlu ngalinye. Imithetho yeSigele ivame ukuvumela ukuphikisana okungenamkhawulo ngaphandle kokuba ama-testary angu-60 avotela ukucela i-arameser futhi aqede ingxoxo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idlanzana elizimisele lingavimbela umthetho ngenkulumo ebanzi, eyaziwa kakhulu njenge-nhlamgamgane. Igelethi futhi ivumela izimemezeli ukuba zinikeze izimvume zokuthenwa kwemali emalini eminingi, inikeze abasizi bezikhokhi ababalulekile ukuba bahlele umthetho noma izivumelwano ezihlobene.

Lapho iSigele sithola isimemezelo esidluliselwe iNdlu yendlu, kungase kuthathe izenzo eziningana ezihlukene. ISigele singadlulisa isikweleti ngaphandle kwezinguquko, lapho kuqhubeka khona ngokuqondile kuMongameli ukuze sisayine. ISigele singasilungisa isikhwama futhi sisidlulise ngendlela elungisiwe, okudinga ukuba sibuyele eNdlulweni ukuze kuhlolwe izintambo zeSigele. ISigele singathatha indawo yenguqulo yaso siqu yomthetho, sithathele indawo isikhwama sendlu ngokuphelele kuyilapho sigcina isikhwama sendlu. Noma iSishayamthetho singamane sehlehlise sisebenze esibhakathi semali, sivumele ukuba sife ngaphandle kokuvota.

Izindleko eziningi ezidluliswa yindlu azinakwa iSigele. Isimiso somthetho seSigele silawulwa uMphathi weSigele iMajority, onquma ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezizokwehliselwa phansi. Ilinganisela isikhathi esisesitezi, izinto ezithatha izintambo ezikhungethene, nokucabangela kwezombangazwe kusho ukuthi izikweleti eziningi ezidluliswayo zendlu azisoze zathola ivoti, ngisho noma zingaba nokusekelwa okwanele kokudlula uma zilethwa phansi.

Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi KweziNkantolo Zendlu Nezigele

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ukungefani kumelwe kuxazululwe ngaphambi kokuba isigwebo sithunyelwe kuMongameli. UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba zombili izingosi zivumele umbhalo ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ube umthetho. UKhongolo lusebenzisa izindlela eziningana ukuxazulula ukungezwani okungalawuleki, kuye ngokuthi kunjani futhi kungakanani ukungezwani.

Kunokungafani okuncane, igumbi elidlulisa isikweleti lingamane livume ukulungiswa kwegumbi lesibili. Indlu ingavota ukwamukela ukubuyiselwa kwemithetho yendlu, noma iSigele singavumelana neMnyango wokulungisa iNdawo nencwadi yeSigele. Lendlela ehambayo isebenza kahle uma izinguquko zisebenza kahle, zingakhombi, noma zimelela intuthuko esekelwa yizo zombili izikhungo.

Kunomehluko omkhulu, amagumbi angashintshana ngokushintsha emuva nangaphandle, uma indawo ngayinye ikhetha ukuthi izokwamukela izinguquko zomunye noma iphikelele endaweni yayo. Lenqubo, ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi "i-ping-pong," ingaqhubeka izungeza izikhathi eziningi kuze kube yilapho amagumbi efinyelela isivumelwano noma iphethe ukuthi ukuhlehla akunakwenzeka.

AmaKomiti Engqungquthela

Ukuze kubekwe umthetho omkhulu ohluke kakhulu phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu nezigebengu, ngokuvamile uKhomishane umisa ikomiti yengqungquthela ukuze ivumelane nesivumelwano. amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu asemagumbini womabili, ikakhulukazi amalungu asemakomitini asemadala ayecabangela umthetho. Indlu neSigele ngalinye elimisa abanikeli, ngokuvamile kuhlanganise namalungu amaningi namalungu amancane eqembu.

Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlangana ukuze azwane ngokungafani phakathi kwezinguqulo zendlu neSigele, esebenzela ukuvumelana ngolimi olungathola ukusekela okukhulu kuwo womabili amagumbi. Lezingxoxo zingaba eziyinkimbinkimbi neziphikisanayo, ezihilela ukuhwebelana ngamalungiselelo amaningi futhi zilinganise izinto eziza kuqala zamalungu ahlukahlukene, amaqembu, namakamelo. Amakomiti engqungquthela anesu elikhulu ekuhleleni ulimi oluhlehliweyo, nakuba ngokuvamile kulindeleke ukuba ahlale phakathi komehluko phakathi kwendlu nenkokhelo yeSigebe.

Lapho abaya engqungquthela befinyelela isivumelwano, balungiselela umbiko wengqungquthela oqukethe ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano namazwi achazayo achaza isivumelwano. Umbiko wengqungquthela uthunyelwa kuwo womabili amagumbi ukuze uvunyelwe. Imibiko yengqungquthela ayinakuguqulwa. /Amalungu adinga ukuvota yebo noma cha kuso sonke lesi sakhiwo. Lokhu kuthatha isithiyo esihambisana nesethulelo kubangela ukucindezela kokwamukela ukuhlehliswa ngisho noma amalungu ngamanye engazithandi amalungiselelo athile.

Kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe kuvumele umbiko wengqungquthela ukuze kuqhutshekiswe umongameli. Uma noma yiliphi icala lilahla umbiko wengqungquthela, isigwebo siyahluleka ngaphandle kokuba amagumbi angaxoxa ngokuhlehla okusha. Uma kunjalo, imibiko yengqungquthela ihamba ngoba ngokuvamile okungasetshenziswa kuyo ngokuvamile kuwukufa komthetho ngemva kwezinyanga noma iminyaka eminingi yomsebenzi.

Isenzo Sobumongameli Ekwahluleleni

Uma iziteshi zombili zoMkhandlu sezigunyaze izimvume ezifanayo zesivumelwano, zinikezwa uMongameli ukuba athathe isinyathelo. uMongameli unezindlela eziningana lapho ethola umthetho ovela eMkhandlwini, ngamunye onezici ezingafani ngokuthi isikweleti siwumthetho yini nokuthi siwumthetho yini.

UMongameli angasayina isikhokhelo, esisenza sibe umthetho ngokushesha. Izigqebhezana zikaMongameli zivame ukuhambisana nemikhosi yokusayina, ikakhulukazi yemithetho ebalulekile, lapho uMongameli angase asho khona amazwi ngokubaluleka kwemali futhi ameme amalungu oMkhandlu, abagcini-mathiriyeli, nabanye abanikela engxenyeni yomthetho. Lemikhosi ifeza kokubili izinjongo ezingokomfanekiso nezezombangazwe, iqokomisa impumelelo yokuphathwa kwezwe futhi yakhe ukusekela komphakathi umthetho omusha.

UMongameli angasikhipha lesi sivumelwano, asibuyisele eSishaya-Mkhandlwini nesigijimi esichaza ukuphikisa. Umongameli uvimbele umthetho ukuba ungabi umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu uthathe i-veto. Ukudlulisa i-veto, kokubili iNdlu neSigele kumelwe bavume futhi, manje ngezikhathi ezimbili ngobukhulu obuyisithathu kunokuba ingabi yizinkulu. UVito unqabela ngoba ufuna ukusekelwa okukhulu kwe-birtistan, kodwa kwenzeka lapho i-Hulumeni izizwa iqinile ngomthetho ukuba iphikise ukuphikiswa kukamongameli.

Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo esikweletini izinsuku eziyishumi (ngezinsuku ezidlule ngamaSonto) lapho uMkhandlu useqenjini, umthetho uba umthetho ngaphandle kosayinwa ngumongameli. Lokhu kuvumela uMongameli ukuba avumele umthetho ube umthetho uma enikeza izikhala ezibonisa ukungezwani noma ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokuwufaka umthetho. Ngezinye izikhathi abaholi basebenzisa lendlela ngezikweletu abazithandi kodwa abaphikisi kakhulu ukuba bavimbele, noma lapho befuna ukugwema izindleko zezombangazwe zokusayina noma ukukhipha umthetho ophikisanayo.

Uma izingqungquthela zibambene phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zinikeza uMongameli incwadi yesivumelwano futhi uMongameli engathathi nyathelo, lo mthetho awuwona umthetho. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi iveto ephaketheni. Ngokungafani neveto evamile, iveto ephaketheni ayinakungagconwa ngoba uMkhandlu awusekho esimisweni sokuvota i-gudrou. I-pocketvetoes ayivamile kodwa ingabalulekanga kakhulu ekupheleni kwesimiso se-conation.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ekhethekile Yokwenza Imithetho Yasendlini

Ngaphandle kwegunya layo elivamile lokwenza umthetho, iNdlu Yabameleli inemithwalo yemfanelo ekhethekile eminingana eyihlukanisayo neSigele futhi iyinikeza ithonya eliyingqayizivele ezicini ezithile zokubusa nesimiso.

Igunya Lemali Nezitho Zokusikisela

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba zonke izikweleti zokuphakamisa inzuzo zivele eMzini wabameleli. Lokhu kunikeza i Home igunya eliyinhloko ngenkambiso yentela futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo eziphathelene nendlela uhulumeni kahulumeni ophakamisa ngayo imali ziqala egumbini ngokuqondiswe kakhulu ukuba ziyovotelwa. I House Ways kanye ne-Fractrime jicts jikel jikel memode ments metations metations, iyenze ibe yikomiti enamandla kakhulu eKhomishane.

Nakuba imfuneko yokusungulwa kwenkokhelo yoMthetho-sisekelo isebenza kuphela ezikweletini zentela, i House iye yathi futhi inelungelo lokusungula izikweleti zokukhipha izivumelwano ezinqumayo ukuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni uyisebenzisa kanjani imali. Lomkhuba, nakuba ungekho ngokomthetho, uye waba isiko elimisiwe elinikeza ithonya elikhulu kuleyo ekhona ekusebenziseni imali ephambili kahulumeni. IKomiti ye House Appropriation ithuthukisa ukuchitha izikweletu zazo zonke izinhlangano nezinhlelo zikahulumeni, imisa izimvume zokuqala zokuxoxa neSishaya igele.

Ukulawula kwendlu inzuzo nokusebenzisa umthetho kwenza ibe ngumdlali oyinhloko ezimpikiswaneni zezezimali. Izinguquko ezinkulu zentela, izinqumo zemali, nokuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zemali kuqale zonke eNdlu, ivumela amalungu endlu ukuba ahlele iziphakamiso zokuqala ezihambisana nezingxoxo. Leligunya libaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezikhathi zokucindezeleka kwezemali noma lapho izinguquko ezinkulu zenqubo zidinga imithombo entsha yenzuzo noma ushintsho oluthengwa ngemali.

Amandla Okuzikhandla

Indlu yabameleli iphethe okuwukuphela kwegunya lokubeka izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli ongumsizi, nezikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States. Ukuqashelwa kuyinqubo yomthetho-sisekelo yokumangalela izikhulu nge "Isizathu, Ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu ezinkulu" Indlu isebenza njengelungu elikhulu labahluleli, iphenya izikhalo futhi inqume ukuthi ubufakazi obanele bukhona yini ukuletha amacala.

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala ngokuphenya kweKomiti ye House Judicary, ehlola ubufakazi futhi izwe ubufakazi ngokuziphatha okubi okushiwo. Uma ikomiti ithola izizathu zokungagunyazi, idweba izihloko zokungagunyazi ezichaza amacala abekwa isikhulu. Lezizihloko zibikwe eMzini ogcwele ukuze zicatshangelwe.

Indlu iphikisana ngezihloko zokungagunyazi nezivoti esihlokweni ngasinye ngokwahlukana. Uma amalungu amaningi endlu evota ukuvuma noma isiphi isihloko sokungagunyazwa, isikhulu siyaphoqelelwa. Ukugunyazwa yindlu akusisusi isikhulu esikhundleni; kufana nokumangalelwa ecaleni lobugebengu. ISigele sithatha icala ukuze sinqume ukuthi kufanele yini sibophe futhi sikhiphe isikhulu esisehhovisi, okudinga ukuvota okungama - 3 amabili.

Ukukhethwa KukaMongameli

Esimweni esingavamile sokuthi akukho mlandeli womongameli othola amavoti amaningi, iNdlu yabameleli ikhetha uMongameli. Lokhu kuye kwenzeka kabili kuphela emlandweni waseMelika, ngo-1800 nango-1824, kodwa ilungiselelo lomthetho - sisekelo lihlala likhona njengenqubo evumelanayo.

Uma iNdlu ikhetha uMongameli, kulandela izinqubo ezikhethekile ezihlukile ekuvoteni kwendlu evamile. Abameleli bombuso ngamunye bavota kanye, okunqunywa amalungu amaningi abathunjiweyo. Umfundi kumelwe athole amavoti kuningi labathunywa bakahulumeni (manje abangu-26 kwabangu-50) ukuze akhethwe njengoMongameli. Lesimiso sinikeza izinga elilinganayo kumazwe amakhulu nanamancane, ngokungafani nekholishi elikhethayo lapho ithonya lamazwe lilingana khona nenani labantu bawo.

Umtapo wokuhlola nokuhlola kwendlu

Nakuba ukwenza umthetho kuyiyona misebenzi eyinhloko yendlu, ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe nokuhlola izindaba zomphakathi nakho kuyimithwalo yemfanelo ebucayi. Ngokwengamela, iNdlu iqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho ihlelwe njengenjongo yomthetho, ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni zisebenza kahle nangempumelelo, futhi izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe zinecala ngezenzo zazo.

Amakomiti endlu aqondisa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Anezimemezelo lapho izikhulu zezinhlangano zifaka khona ubufakazi ngezinhlelo nemisebenzi yazo, zichaza indlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho futhi zisebenzise nezimali ezifanelekile. La zindlebe zivumela amalungu ukuba abuze imibuzo, aphakamise izinkathazo, futhi aqoqe ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukuzwa okungacubungula izinhlelo eziqhubekayo noma ukuhlola okugxiliziwe kwezinkinga ezithile noma izimpikiswano.

AmaKomiti asebenzisa futhi amandla awo angaphansi ukuze aphoqelele ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi nobufakazi. Uma izinhlangano noma abantu benqaba ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngokuzithandela, amakomiti angakhipha izimpondo ezifuna ukuthotshelwa. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana neqembu leqembu lezikhulu kungaphumela ekuthunyelelweni indelelo, okungase kuholele ekumangalelweni kwezephula umthetho noma ekuvinjelweni komphakathi.

I-Governmentability Office (GAO) isekela ukuqondisa kwenhlangano ngokuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo zikahulumeni ngesicelo samakomiti noma amalungu ahlukahlukene. Imibiko yeGAO inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuzimele, okungaphakamisi kwezinhlelo ezisebenza kahle, ukuthi izinhlangano ziyavumelana yini nemithetho nezimiso, nokuthi imithombo kahulumeni isetshenziswa kanjani. Lemibiko ivame ukwakha isisekelo sokuqulwa kwezindlebe futhi ingaholela ezinguqulweni zemithetho.

Ukubusa kufeza izinjongo eziningi ezibalulekile esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika. Kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukulandisa ngokufuna ukuba izikhulu eziphethe amagatsha zichaze futhi zithethelele izenzo zazo zokukhetha abameleli. Kuthuthukisa impumelelo ngokuhlukanisa indle, ukukhwabanisa, nokusebenzisa kabi izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Kunikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi esizayo ngokuveza indlela imithetho ekhona esebenza ngayo ekwenziweni kwayo nokuthi iziphi izinguquko ezingase zidingeke.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingakuthonya Ngayo Ukwenza Imithetho Yasendlini

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu eyenza ngayo imithetho akubalulekile nje kuphela ekwazini umphakathi kodwa nasekuhlanganyeleni ngokuphumelelayo enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Ukuxhumana nommeleli wakho kungenye yezindlela eziqondile zokuthonya ukumiswa komthetho wendlu. Amalungu eSishaya-mthetho anaka ukuxhumana okuhlanganyelwayo ngoba afuna ukuqonda imibono nezidingo zabantu abamelelwayo. Izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nemihlangano nabameleli noma izisebenzi zabo kungaba izindlela eziphumelelayo zokuveza ukuma kwakho ngokulandela umthetho omisiwe noma ukuletha izindaba ekunakekeleni kwabameleli bakho.

Lapho uthintana nommeleli wakho, ukuveza indlela eqondile neyomuntu siqu kwenza ukukhulumisana kwakho kuphumelele kakhulu. Yazi intengo eqondile oyibhalayo ngokusebenzisa inombolo yayo, chaza ukuthi lendaba ikuthinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakini, futhi usho ngokucacile ukuthi isiphi isenzo ofuna ummeleli wakho asithathe. Izindaba zomuntu siqu nezibonelo zendawo ngokuvamile zithonya kakhulu kunokubhala izinhlamvu noma amaphuzu ajwayelekile okuxoxa.

AmaKomiti avame ukumema ofakazi abangochwepheshe nabameleli ukuba bafakazele, kodwa futhi bangamukela ubufakazi bezakhamuzi ezivamile ezithintelwe umthetho ohlongozwayo. Thintana nekomiti icabangela incwadi yemvume yokubuza ngamathuba okunikeza noma ukunikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe bobufakazi bezindaba.

Ukusebenza nezinhlangano zezempango kungakhulisa izwi lakho ngokuhlanganyela nabanye abahlanganyela nawe ukukhathazeka kwakho. Amaqembu esithakazelo, izinkampani zezentengiselwano, izinhlangano zobuchwepheshe, namaqembu okuphatha abaphathi abashayelela umthetho, ukuhlela imikhankaso yotshani, kanye namalungu angenisa izikhungo zomthetho ngenxa yamalungu abo noma izimbangela. Ukuhlanganyela kulezinhlangano nokuhlanganyela emizamweni yazo yokuziqhayisa kungenza izwi lakho libe ingxenye yeqembu elikhulu lamaculo abameleli abangase balalele.

Ukuqasha okhethweni kuseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezithonya ngayo ukubekwa kwemithetho. Ngokukhetha abameleli abanezici ezihambisana nawe nezinto eziza kuqala, usiza ekunqumeni ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano ezinakwayo nokuthi iziphi izintambo eziza engxabeni ezithathwa yi-Congress ukuze zikhulume nazo. Okhetho oluyinhloko lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba banquma ukuthi yiziphi izimfunda ezivela kukhetho oluvamile, benikeza ithonya labavoti ezinwini zokukhetha ezikhona.

Ukuhlala waziswe ngentuthuko yomthetho kukusiza ukuba uthathe iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo kule nqubo. Indlu yabameleli ilondoloza imithombo eminingi ye-inthanethi ekwi-'FLT:0] www.house.gov, lapho ungathola khona ukwaziswa ngommeleli wakho, ukubheka ikomiti yakho, ukuzwa nemisebenzi yasesitezinsi, kanye nokungena kwemisebenzi yemfundo mayelana nendlela i-Congressress. I-Library of Congressssword iyasebenza [ www..confordev.[[FLD:6][FLT:], okunikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana nezindleko, amarekhodi, imisebenzi yokuvota, nenqubo ye-progconst.

Izinselele Ezivamile Enqubweni Yokwenza Imithetho Yasendlini

Nakuba izinqubo zokwenza umthetho wendlu ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukucatshangelwa kokuhlelwa kwemithetho nokuhlanganyela kakhulu ekwenzeni izinqumo, le nqubo ibhekene nezinselele eziphindaphindwayo ezingaphazamisa ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokukhungathekisa kokubili amalungu nezakhamuzi.

Ukuhlaliswa kwezindawo ezibandayo kuye kwakhula emashumini eminyaka amuva, kwenza ukubambisana kwe-bipartina kube nzima kakhulu futhi kunciphisa inani lezincwadi ezingadonsa ukusekela kobubili ubunye. Uma amaqembu ehlukene kakhulu ngemibuzo yezimiso eziyisisekelo, ukuthola isisekelo esifanayo kungaba yinselele. Lokhu kuhlahlelana kungaholela ekubeni i-rock , lapho izindaba ezibalulekile zingabekwanga phambili ngoba akukho mkhandlu ongathola ukusekela okwanele kokuzicabangela kwawo okuthandwayo.

Umthetho omkhulu osungulwe iKhongolo ngalinye wenza kube nzima ngeNdlu ukuba ithathe zonke izikweletu. Izinkulungwane zemali yezindleko ziqala eMkhandlwini ngamunye oneminyaka emibili, kodwa ingxenyana encane kuphela ethola ukuthethwa kwekomiti, futhi imbalwa kakhulu efika esitezini sendlu ukuze ivote. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibono eminingi, ngisho neyobuhle, ayithathwa ngokungathi sína ngenxa nje yesikhathi nemingcele yempahla.

Izinkinga zesimiso sanamuhla zidinga amalungu ukuba enze izinqumo mayelana nezindaba zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme ezindaweni lapho kungase kube nzima khona ukuqapha. Umthetho okhuluma ngosizo lwempilo, ukulawulwa kwezezimali, ukukhubazeka kwezezezezimali, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile nezinye izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi udinga ukuqonda imininingwane eyinkimbinkimbi yobuchwepheshe nokubikezela indlela izimiso ezizosebenza ngayo. Amalungu kumelwe athembele ezinkonzweni, ebufakazini zobuchwepheshe, nakumalungu angaphandle kwezisebenzi ukuba asebenzise le nqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, okungakha amathuba okuthuthukisa inzuzo ekhethekile yokwakha umthetho ngezindlela ezifeza izinjongo ezilinganiselwe kunezokusiza umphakathi.

Ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe liphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukwenza umthetho kuyimelela kahle yini izithakazelo zezakhamuzi ezivamile noma ngokungenakuqhathaniswa kuvumela iziphiwo ezicebile namaqembu enzalo agcwele kahle. Iminikelo yezenkampano, izindleko, nomnyango owehlayo phakathi kwenkonzo kahulumeni nomsebenzi wezezimali ungadala ubuhlobo nezisusa ezingase zingahambisani nesithakazelo somphakathi.

Ukucindezela kwesikhathi ngokuvamile kuphoqelela iNdlu ukuba ithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha ngokomthetho ngaphandle kokucabangisisa ukuthi lenqubo iklanyelwe ukunikeza. Ukukhipha izintambo ezifidiwe, njengokudlula izikweleti zokuvimbela ukuvinjelwa uhulumeni noma ukuphakamisa uphahla oluyikweletu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuhluleka, kungaphumela ezinqumweni ezisheshayo, ukubukezwa okunganele, kanye namalungiselelo angeke aqhubeke ehlolwa ngokucophelela.

Ukuziphendukela Kwemithetho Yezindlu

Izinqubo zokwenza umthetho wendlu ziye zashintsha kakhulu kusukela iSishaya-mthetho sokuqala sahlangana ngo-1789. Nakuba umthetho-sisekelo oyisisekelo ungashintshi, indlu iye yasungula imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi nemikhuba yokulawula umsebenzi wayo ngokunempumelelo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zezombangazwe ezishintshayo.

Ekuqaleni kwe-Congress, iNdlu yayincane ngokwanele kangangokuba izinqubo ezivamile zazanele izinjongo eziningi. Njengoba indlu yayikhula futhi umthamo womthetho wanda, izinqubo ezingokomthetho eziningi zakhula. Isimiso samakomiti sakhula kancane kancane, amakomiti amile eba yizimoto eziyinhloko zokucabangela umthetho phakathi nekhulu le-19. IKomiti yeMithetho yavela njengegunya elinamandla ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 leminyaka, ithola igunya lokulawula ukuqhubekela komthetho eMzini.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama - 20 kwaba nezinguquko ezinkulu ezazihloselwe ukunciphisa amandla oSpeaker nezihlalo zamakomiti nokusakaza igunya elibanzi phakathi kwamalungu. Ukuvukela uSpeaker Joseph Canon ngo - 1910 kwasusa uMkhulumeli wamandla okumisa amalungu amakomiti nesihlalo seKomiti yeMibukiso, okwenza ukuba le House ibe nentando yeningi ngokwengeziwe kodwa futhi kube nzima kakhulu ukuyiphatha.

Iminyaka ka-1970 yaletha elinye igagasi lezinguquko elavula inqubo yokuhlola umphakathi, lanciphisa amandla ezihlalo zamakomiti, futhi lamandla agunyaza izibopho ezingaphansi kanye namalungu ngamanye. Lezinguquko zahlanganisa izimfuneko zemihlangano yamakomiti evulekile, amavoti aqoshiwe alungiswayo, nezimiso zokuvota ngogesi ezenza kube lula ukuvota ngokuqopha.

Izinguquko zamuva nje ziye zahlanganisa ukusetshenziswa okwandayo kwemithetho ehlelwayo nevaliwe elinganisela ukumiswa, ukusetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu kwemithetho ebekwe umthetho ongekho-mthethweni, kanye nokusungulwa kwemikhuba engekho ngokwethukela njenge "izinqumo" ezivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhubeke njengokungathi ithatha izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokuvota. Lemigomo engokwesiko ibonisa imizamo eqhubekayo yokulinganisela imigomo ephikisanayo: ukuqinisekisa ngokuqiniseka ngokucophelela ngenkathi iqhubekile imithetho, ukuvikela amalungelo amancane kuyilapho ivumela iningi ukuba lilawule, futhi lilondoloze ukuhleleka kuyilapho livumela ukuhlelwa ngokuneme.

Izindima Eziyinhloko Nomholi Ekwenzeni Imithetho Yasekhaya

Ukuqonda lezi zindima kusiza ekucaciseni indlela iNdlu ehlela ngayo umsebenzi wayo futhi yenze nezinqumo.

Umkhulumeli Wendlu

UmSpeaker weNdlu ungumqondisi wendlu nelungu elinamandla kakhulu leNdlu. Liqashelwe yindlu egcwele ekuqaleni koKhongolo ngalinye, iSpeaker ingumholi weqembu elikhulu. Amandla oSweimer ahlanganisa ukuqaphela amalungu ukuba akhulume, abusa emakhonweni okuhleleka, abhekisele ezikweletini kumakomiti, futhi amise amalungu emakomitini engqungqungquthela nasemakomitini akhethiwe. Ngaphandle kwalamandla angokomthetho, uSithethi ukhonza njengomphathi omkhulu weqembu, umkhulumeli, nomholi wenhlangano yezenkolo, usebenzela ukuthuthukisa izigwebo zeqembu nokugcina ubunye.

Abaholi Abakhulu Nabancane

Umholi weningi ukhonza njengesekela elikhulu lesikhulu sommeli, uqondisa isimiso somthetho wendlu futhi usebenzela ukwakha ukusekela izinto eziza kuqala zengxenye enkulu. Umholi omningi uxhumanisa nezihlalo zamakomiti, amanani amavoti, futhi asize ekuthuthukiseni icebo lomthetho. Umholi wedlanzana usebenza njengomkhulumeli omkhulu weqembu eliphikisayo nomphathi wophikisi, usebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zeqembu elincane, uphikisa izinyathelo eziningi eziphikisayo, futhi ubeka iqembu lokhetho lwesikhathi esizayo.

Izibopho Nobuholi Beqembu

Bobabili laba bahlukene baphethe izinhlangano eziphethe ukubala amavoti, ukunxusa amalungu ukuba asekele isikhundla seqembu, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu akhona kumavoti abalulekile. Iningi nedlanzana liphethe amaqembu eshabhisi namabhukweli asekela amalungu agcina ukuxhumana namaqembu, ukuqoqa ukuhlakanipha ngezikhundla zamalungu, futhi kusebenzela ukwakha imifelandawo esekela noma ephikisa umthetho.

Izihlalo Zamalungu EKomiti Namalungu Ahambayo

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu omthetho phakathi kwemithetho yamakomiti azo. Zihlela izinqumiso zamakomiti, zinqume ukuthi yiziphi izikweleti ezithola ukuthethwa kwamacala, izisebenzi zekomiti nempahla, futhi zikhonza njengabakhulumeli abakhulu bamakomiti azo. Ilungu eliphethe amakomiti amancane lisebenza njengomholi weqembu eliphikisayo ekomitini ngayinye, lisebenzela ukuthuthukisa izinto eziza kuqala futhi linikeze ezinye izinqumo ngokomthetho.

Ukuqonda Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zomthetho

Lendlu icabangela izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukahlukene zezinyathelo zokushaya umthetho, ngayinye ifeza izinjongo ezihlukene futhi ilandela izinqubo ezingafani.

izikhonkwane ziyizindlela ezivame kakhulu zomthetho futhi zisetshenziselwa ukwakha imithetho emisha noma ukuhlanganisa leyo ekhona. Izikweleti zendlu zimiswe nge "H.R." zilandelwa ngenombolo. Izincwadi zingakhuluma cishe nganoma isiphi isihloko esisebushiqelani bomthetho-mthetho womthetho womthetho weSizwe, kusukela ezindabeni zobuchwepheshe ezimngciphekweni kuya ezincucu. Uma umthetho umisiwe, uba umthetho obala futhi wabelwe inombolo yomthetho obala echaza iSishaya-RGwarace, nenombolo yayo eyidlula ngayo.

Izinqumo ezidingeke' ziyafana nentela futhi zinamandla omthetho uma zimiswa. Zibizwa ngokuthi "H.J.Res" futhi zisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezithile njengokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo, ukunikeza amandla aphuthumayo, noma ukusingatha izindaba ezilinganiselwe. Ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo kudinga amavoti amabili-3 emagumbini womabili nasemagumbini ahlotshiswe ngeziphakamisi ezintathu zikahulumeni, kunokuba kusetshenziswe isigqebhene somongameli.

Izinqumo ezikhona zikhethwe ngokuthi "H.Con.Res" futhi zisetshenziselwa izindaba ezithinta womabili amagumbi kodwa zingadingi amandla omthetho. Abayi kuMongameli ukuze basayine. Izinqumo zohlelo lokuhlela, ezibeka izinhloso zemali nemali esetshenziswayo yemali kahulumeni, ziyizinqumo ezivumelanayo. Bamisa uhlelo lwezinhlelo ezilandelayo ze-appropria kanye nemithetho yentela kodwa bona ngokwabo abawusebenzisi umthetho.

Izinqumo ezilula zibizwa ngokuthi "H.Res" futhi zidingida izindaba eziphathelene nendlu kuphela. Zisetshenziselwa ukwamukela noma ukubuyisela imithetho yendlu, ukudala amakomiti akhethayo, uveza umbono wendlu ezindabeni, futhi uphathe ibhizinisi lendlu yangaphakathi. Izinqumo ezilula azihambi esigeqeni noma kuMongameli.

Ithonya Lobuchwepheshe Ekwenzeni Imithetho Yasendlini

Ubuchwepheshe buye bashintsha indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo ukwenza imithetho, benza le nqubo icace ngokwengeziwe futhi ifinyeleleke kalula kuyilapho idala izinselele namathuba amasha.

Izimiso zokuvota ngogesi, ezaqala ngawo-1970, zivumela iNdlu ukuba iqhube amavoti aqoshiwe ngokushesha nangempumelelo. Amalungu afaka amakhadi okuvota eziteshini kulo lonke igumbi futhi izinkinobho zokuvota ukuze avote, futhi imiphumela ibekwe emabhodini abonakalayo kuwo wonke amalungu futhi aqoqwe ngomshini. Lesimiso senza kusebenze ukuphatha amavoti amaningi abhaliwe, ukwandisa ukulandisa nokubonana.

I-Internet ivule amathuba omphakathi okwaziswa mayelana nemisebenzi yase House. Izakhamuzi zingabuka ukuchotshelwa kwezindaba zekomiti nezokuhlelwa kwesitezi nge-vidiyo egcwele, zifunde imibhalo yemali nemibiko yekomiti, intuthuko yomthetho womthetho, nokubukeza amarekhodi okuvota kwamalungu. Lokhu kuvumela ukucubungula umphakathi ngokwengeziwe nokuhlanganyela kolwazi oluthe xaxa enqubeni yemithetho.

Amathuluzi okuxhumana amanani ashintshe indlela amalungu asebenzelana ngayo ne-octal kunye ne-. I-imeyili, i-media yezokuxhumana, ne-video zisiza ukuba kukhululeke kaningi futhi ngokushesha kunaleyo eyayikhona ezikhathini zangaphambili. Amalungu angahlola umbono ngokushesha, aphendule ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi akhe ukusekela umthetho ngokufinyela kwemishini. Nokho, umthamo wezokuxhumana ngemishini nawo ungakhungathekisa, futhi isivinini sezokuxhumana kungadala ukucindezela kokusabela okusheshayo okungase kuvumele ukuthatha isinyathelo esicophelelayo.

Ukudweba imithetho nokucwaninga kuye kwathuthukiswa ngamathuluzi emishini avumela izisebenzi ukuba zihlole imithetho ekhona, zihlaziye ulimi lwemithetho, futhi zibonise imiphumela yezimiso ezihlongozwayo. Imininingwane yezimiso zikahulumeni, iziqondiso, nezinqumo zenkantolo yenza kube lula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho omusha uvumelana nomthetho okhona futhi uhlukanise amalungiselelo angase adinge ukulungiswa.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokuqonda Ukwenziwa Kwemithetho Yasendlini

Indlu yokwenza umthetho wabameleli iyinkimbinkimbi, ihilela izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, ukuphikisana, nokwenza izinqumo. Kusukela ekungenisweni kwemali ngokucabangela ikomiti, impikiswano yaphansi, ukuvota, nokubambisana neSigele noMongameli, isinyathelo ngasinye sifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokuphelele futhi sibonisa intando yabameleli babantu abakhethiwe.

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu eyenza imithetho kubalulekile ukuze ibe isakhamuzi esinolwazi nokuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Uma izakhamuzi ziyiqonda inqubo yokushaya umthetho, zingahlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nabameleli bazo, zisekele izinqubo ezizisekelayo, futhi zibheke izikhulu ezikhethiwe njengesibopho sezinqumo zazo. Lolu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kokuqaphela uhulumeni ukuze bahlanganyele ngenkuthalo ekulolongeni imithetho ebusa ukuphila kwabo.

Izinqubo zokwenza umthetho wendlu zibonisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo zentando yeningi: ukumelelwa, ukuhlobana, ukubonana, nokulandisa. Nakuba le nqubo ibhekene nezinselele ezisuka ekuhlukaniseni kwesigaba, ithonya elikhethekile, kanye nokuyinkimbinkimbi kwezindaba zesimiso sanamuhla, kuseyinqubo ebalulekile yokuhumushela imibono ehlukahlukene nezithakazelo zabantu baseMelika esimisweni sezwe.

Njengoba isimo sezombangazwe siqhubeka siguquka futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, inqubo yokwenza umthetho wendlu izoqhubeka ivumelana. Ubuchwepheshe buzodala amathuba amasha okubona nokuhlanganyela. Izinguquko ze-demographic zizoletha imibono emisha neza kuqala kuhlelo lomthetho. Izinselele zembulunga yonke zizodinga ukusabela okusha kwezimiso. Kuzo zonke lezinguquko, uhlelo oluyisisekelo olumiswe nguMthetho-sisekelo luzoqhubeka luqondisa indlela iNdlu yabameleli eyenza ngayo imithetho eyakha umphakathi waseMelika.

Kubantu abazinikele ekuhlanganyeleni kwentando yeningi, ukufunda ngenqubo yokwenza umthetho wendlu akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa iyimfuneko esebenzayo. Kunikeza ulwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuqondiswe isimiso sezombangazwe, izinqumo zethonya, futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela kubantu abawukhonzayo. Embusweni wentando yeningi, ukuqashwa kwezakhamuzi okwaziyo nothembisiwe kuyi-oplogator engcono kakhulu yokuhlola amandla kahulumeni kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi imithetho iyofeza okuhle emphakathini.