Table of Contents

Emiphakathini yentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela singenye yezindlela ezibucayi kakhulu zokuvikela ekubuseni nasekusebenziseni kabi amandla kahulumeni. Lomqondo oyisisekelo uqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elizokwazi ukulawula amandla amakhulu kakhulu, ukwakha ukwahlukana kwemibuso evikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi futhi ithuthukise ukubusa okulungile. Ukuqonda indlela umsebenzi ohlolayo nolinganiselayo okubalulekile ngayo kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuhlelwa kwesimiso sokubusa ngentando yeningi kwanamuhla nomzamo oqhubekayo wokulondoloza ubulungisa, ukulandisa, kanye nokubusa komthetho.

Ukuqonda Umbono Wamagobolondo Nokulinganisela

Izinhlokwana nezilinganiso yizindlela ezisakaza amandla kuyo yonke isimiso sezombangazwe – ezivimbela noma iliphi ihlelo noma umuntu ukuba alilawule ngokuphelele. Lesi simiso asiyona nje inqubo ecatshangelwayo; sihlanganisa indlela ewusizo yokubusa eye yavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka yokucabanga nokuhlola kwezombangazwe.

Amagama 'achecks' no-'balances' avame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye, kodwa angacatshangwa njengokubhekisela ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ngokunyenya. Amahlola yizindlela ezivumela izinhlangano zezombangazwe ukuba zilinganisele amandla - ngokwesibonelo ngokuvimbela, ukulibala noma ngokumane ugxeke izinqumo. Izilinganiso, ngenkathi, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zemibono nezithakazelo zimelelwe enqubeni yentando yeningi. Zizonke, lezi zici zidala isimiso lapho amandla engahlukaniswanga kuphela kodwa futhi eqondiswa njalo.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nezisekelo Ezingokwesayensi KaPhilosophiya

Igama elithi "Ukuhlukanisa Amagunya" laqanjwa isazi sefilosofi sekhulu le-18 uMontesquieu, eyabhala ithonya elikhulu kwabaklami bezimiso zentando yeningi zanamuhla. Umfundisi wezombangazwe uBaron Charles de Montesquieu wayebhale ngokuhlukanisa kwemiqondo yemibuso cishe eminyakeni eyikhulu ngaphambili kunokumiswa komthetho-Constitution wase-United States, enikeza isisekelo esicatshangelwayo esiyohlela izakhiwo zikahulumeni emhlabeni wonke.

Nokho, lomqondo unezimpande ezijulile ezingokomlando. Isazi - mlando esingumGreki uPolybius sahlaziya umthetho-sisekelo wasendulo oxubene wamaRoma ngaphansi kokwehlukana okuyinhloko: ukubusa kombuso (ofanekiselwa yisigebengu); ukubusa kwezikhulu (iSigele); nentando yeningi (abantu). Wathonya kakhulu kamuva ngemibono ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso. Lokhu kuqonda kwasendulo kukahulumeni olinganiselayo kwabonisa ukuthi isidingo sokuvimbela amandla aphakeme siye saqashelwa iminyaka eyinkulungwane.

Abakhi boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ababethonywe uMontesquieu noWilliam Blackstone phakathi kwabanye, babheka izinhlolo nokulinganisela njengokubalulekile ekulondekeni kwenkululeko ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo. Umbono wabo wawuwukwakha isimiso lapho ukuvelela kwakuzomelana khona nokuvelela, futhi lapho isimo sikahulumeni ngokwaso sasingavimbela noma yiliphi iphuzu ekubuseni abanye.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene kodwa alinganayo kahulumeni: igatsha lemithetho (lenza umthetho), igatsha eliphethe (ligunyaza umthetho), negatsha lokwahlulela (lichaza umthetho). Lesisakhiwo esihambayo sakha umgogodla wesimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaseMelika futhi siye samukelwa, ngokwehlukahluka, ngemibuso eminingi ebusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke.

Igatsha Elingokomthetho

Kuhulumeni kahulumeni, iSiphakamiso 1 soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States simisa i-Legislative Branch, ehlanganisa i-Congress. UKhongolo, ngaphezu kweminye imithwalo yemfanelo ebaliwe, lunomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha imithetho. Igatsha lemithetho limelela intando yabantu futhi likhonza njengendikimba eyinhloko yokwakha imithetho kuhulumeni.

ISishaya-mthetho sinezindlu ezimbili: iSigele nendlu yabameleli, futhi singadlula i-veto ye-Mongameli ngevoti engu-2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimadral ngokwaso simelela ukuhlola nokulinganisela kwangaphakathi, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe udlule ngamazinga amaningi okuhlola ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Igatsha lemithetho linamagunya amaningana agxekayo ayenza ikwazi ukuhlola amanye amagatsha. Igatsha lomthetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa komongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingamkhipha uMongameli futhi limkhiphe ehhovisi. Lamandla aqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe ngeke lithathe isinyathelo ngaphandle komgomo futhi kumelwe lilondoloze ukuqiniseka nokubambisana kwabameleli abakhethiwe babantu.

Igatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe, eliholwa nguMongameli e-United States, linomthwalo wemfanelo wokumisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yigatsha lomthetho. Nokho, amandla esikhulu adlulela ngalé kokuphoqelelwa. Igatsha eliphethe lingamemezela i-Edictives, okufana nezimemezelo eziphethe umthetho, kodwa igatsha elihlulelayo lingamemezela lezozenzo ezingekho ngokwezigebengu.

UMongameli futhi wenza indima ebalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngamandla okumisa nange-veto. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli umisa amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme, inkantolo yabahluleli abadlulisa izikhalo, nabahluleli benkantolo yesifunda abahlolayo. Lamandla okubumba ijaji amelela ukuhlola okuphawulekayo ekuzimela kokwahlulela, nakuba wona ngokwawo encikelelwa imfuneko yokuqinisekiswa kweSigebengu.

Umongameli we-veto umelela enye yezindlela zokuhlola eziqondile eziphethe iziphathimandla. UMkhandlu unamandla okwakha imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuzilawula, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lokhu kudala isimiso lapho umthetho kumelwe usebenzise izithiyo eziningi ngaphambi kokuba ufeze inqubo.

Igatsha Lokwahlulela

Igatsha lokwahlulela lisebenza njengomhumushi womthetho futhi ligcina izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Nakuba lingahlanganisiwe ngokucacile embhalweni woMthetho-sisekelo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kwe-(-) amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola izenzo zomthetho nezikhali zikahulumeni eziphethe nokuqondisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ziwumthetho-sisekelo //_______ba yingxenye ebalulekile kahulumeni eUnited States.

La mandla okuhlola kokwahlulela amelela enye yezindlela eziphawuleka kakhulu esimisweni sonke. Igatsha lokwahlulela linamandla okubusa ukuthi umthetho uphula amalungelo ezakhamuzi noma ezinye izingxenye zomthetho-mthetho. Uma igatsha lokwahlulela linquma umthetho ngokuthi "awugunyaziwe," ngeke liphinde liphoqelelwe igatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isishaya-mthetho noma umphathi wezomthetho-mthetho akakwazi ukwephula izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo, ngisho nangokusekela okuthandwayo.

Nokho, ikomiti yamajaji ineziphetho zayo. Igatsha lokwahlulela lichaza imithetho, kodwa iSigele egatsheni lemithetho siqinisekisa ukumiswa kukaMongameli ngezikhundla zokwahlulela, futhi uMkhandlu ungakhipha noma yimuphi walabo bahluleli futhi ubakhiphe esikhundleni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ijaji lihlala linecala naphezu kokuzibusa kwalo.

Indlela Ukulinganisela Okuthuthukisa Ngayo Ukulunga Nokulandisa

Amasesha nezilinganiso zifeza indima ebalulekile embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla. Zivimbela amandla ukuba agxile kakhulu engxenyeni eyodwa yesimiso sokubusa, futhi zisiza ekuvimbeleni izinkinga ezingavela lapho izinqumo zithathwa ngaphandle kokuqashelwa okufanelekile noma lapho izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha zingaphoqelelwa. Lokhu kwabiwa kwamandla kufeza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile ekulondolozeni umphakathi onobulungisa nobulungisa.

Ukuvimbela Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwamandla

Abahleli bamisa uhulumeni ngalendlela ukuze bavimbele igatsha elilodwa likahulumeni ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, futhi babangele isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Inkinga eyinhloko yayiyilowomandla agxile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani owasebenzisayo, ngokungenakugwenywa iholela ekuxhashazweni. Ngokuhlukanisa igunya likahulumeni emagatsheni amaningi, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amanye, isimiso sidala imingcele yokwakha ebushiqelani.

Amasesha nezilinganiso zivimbela ukufakwa kwamandla kunoma imuphi umuntu noma iqembu, futhi zivikela izakhamuzi ekuxhashazweni, ekucindezelweni, noma kwezinye izindlela. Lesivikelo asisebenzi nje emazingeni aphakeme kakhulu kahulumeni kodwa kuso sonke isimiso, sidala izici eziningi lapho ukuxhashazwa okungase kubonwe khona futhi kunqandwe.

Imizamo yegatsha elilodwa yokuvimbela elinye igatsha ukuba lingaba likhulu kucatshangwa ukuthi ivimbela njalo noma iliphi igatsha ekubekeni imingcele enzima ngokungafanele kwababuswayo. Lokhu kucindezeleka okungapheli phakathi kwamagatsha, kuyilapho ngezinye izikhathi kudala ukungezwani nokuthatha isinyathelo sikahulumeni, kufeza injongo ebalulekile yokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukwenziwa Kwesinqumo Esisemgangathweni

Ngaphandle kokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa, ukuhlolwa nokulinganisela nakho kuthuthukisa izinga lezinqumo zikahulumeni. Baqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sihlolwa futhi siqondiswa ukuziphatha. Lokhu kusiza ekuthuthukiseni izinga lokwenza izinqumo, futhi kuvimbele ukuziphatha okungase kusongele ubuqotho noma idumela lesimiso sezombangazwe.

Amasesha nokulinganisa akukona nje ukuvimbela ukonakala, kodwa futhi kwenza kube nokungenza izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni angase aqale ngokusobala inkambo ebhubhisa kakhulu newubuwula. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sinikeza ezinye izinqubo, kanye nomphakathi, ukuze kuphakanyiswe ukukhathazeka nokungavinjelwa noma kulungiswe izinqumo ezinjalo ngaphambi kokuba zibangele umonakalo ongalungiseki.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Amancane

Baqinisekisa ukuthi imibono yalabo abambalwa kulendaba enikezwayo imelelwa – ngokwesibonelo, ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi amazwi okuphikiswa azwakala enqubweni yokwenza umthetho. Lokhu kuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane kumelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhlola nokulinganisela esimisweni sobudemokhrasi.

Ngaphandle kwesivikelo esinjalo, idemokrasi ingahlukahluka yaba yilokho okuye kwabizwa ngokuthi "ukuncitshiswa kweningi," lapho amalungelo nezithakazelo zamaqembu amancane zinyathelwa khona ngentando yeningi. Imibuso yentando yeningi yasendulo, ngaphandle kokuhlola nokulinganisela, incishiswe yaba "ukungavumelani kweningi," kangangokuba izazi zefilosofi ezivelele njengo-Aristotle noThomas Aquinas zabheka umbuso wentando yeningi njengeziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zikahulumeni. Idemocracy yanamuhla inganikeza inkululeko nelungelo lezakhamuzi futhi ivikele amalungelo ezakhamuzi ezincane ngenxa yemishini nezilinganiso zamandla.

Izibonelo Eziqondile Zokuhlola Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Ukuqonda isisekelo esicatshangelwayo sokuhlola nokulinganisela kubalulekile, kodwa ukuhlola izibonelo ezithile kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela isimiso esisebenza ngayo.

Ukuhlolwa Kwemithetho Egunyani Eliphethe

Igatsha lemithetho linamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola igunya lokubusa. Umbusi noma uMongameli wase-U.S. unamandla okukhipha noma imiphi imithetho emisha edluliswa yigatsha lomthetho. Nokho, uma igatsha lomthetho liwusekela ngokuqinile umthetho omusha, lingawukhipha lowo mnyango omkhulu (umnyango ongaphezulu kwengu-50%). Lokhu kulawula kuqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi akanakuvele avimbele umthetho osekela umthetho omkhulu.

ISishaya-mthetho kuphela esingaba yimali efanele, futhi indlu ngayinye isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla noma isenzo esingahlakaniphile. Leli "gunya lesikhwama" limelela enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu zemithetho egunyeni eliphethe, njengoba kungekho senzo sokuphatha esingaqhubekela ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izimali, futhi yonke imali kumelwe ivunyelwe yiSishaya-Mkhandlu.

ISishaya-mthetho singammangalela futhi simenze isigwebo umongameli ngenxa yobugebengu obukhulu, njengobukhankasi noma ukufumbathisa. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuletha izikhalo zokumangalela uMongameli; iSigele sinamandla okubopha futhi sikhiphe uMongameli esikhundleni. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nesikhulu esiphakeme kakhulu sihlala sinecala emthethweni nakubameleli babantu.

Isikhulu Esiphethe Sihlola Amandla Okulawula

Nakuba isishaya-mthetho sinegunya elikhulu, igatsha eliphethe linezindlela zalo zokuhlola ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuphambana kwemithetho. Umongameli u-veto umi njengeseshwa esiqondiswe ngqo kakhulu ekwakheni umthetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha isiphakamiso, sibuyela eSivumelwaneni, okumelwe khona - ke sinqume ukuthi kufanele sizame yini ukukhomba noma ukuguqula umthetho ukuze sixoxe ngezinkinga zikaMongameli.

Umqondisi futhi uthonya inqubo yomthetho ngamandla ukumisa umthetho nokuhlela izinqumo zezimiso. Ukuhlola nokulinganisela okwavela esikweni nasemihlanganweni yoMthetho-sisekelo kuhlanganisa isimiso samakomiti omphakathi nemibuso yokuhlola, indima yamaqembu ezombangazwe, nethonya lomongameli ekusunguleni umthetho.

Ukwahlulela Kuhlola Zombili Izigatsha

Amandla okwahlulela avumela izinkantolo ukuba ziqede izenzo zomthetho nomphathi ophula izimiso zomthetho. Lombuso, nakuba ungashiwonga ngokucacile eMthethweni, uye waba enye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni saseMelika.

Izinkantolo zingabukeza izenzo zezikhulu, kuhlanganise neziyalezo zezikhulu, imithetho, nezinqumo zokugcinwa kwamaphoyisa, ukuze ziqiniseke ukuthi zivumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho nomthetho - sisekelo.

Amaphekula Amandla Okwahlulela

Naphezu kwamandla abalulekile ejaji, ibhekene nezinhlolo ezibalulekile kakhulu. Umongameli umisa amalungu eNkantolo Ephakeme kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeSigele, esivumela nezinye iziphathi ezithile. ISigele kumelwe futhi sivumele izivumelwano. Lokhu kugunyaza izivumelwano zokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha aphethe nawabemthetho anezimo ezifakiwe ekwakheni ijaji.

Ngokuqalisa ukulungisa umthetho - sisekelo, kungasebenza izinqumo eziphambene neNkantolo Ephakeme. Nakuba lokhu kunzima futhi kungavamile ukusetshenziswa, kumelela isixwayiso sokugcina segunya lokwahlulela, siqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo azikwazi ukubeka izincazelo ngokungenamkhawulo eziphikisana ngokuyisisekelo nentando yabantu njengoba ibonakaliswa ngabameleli bazo abakhethiwe.

Ukuhlangana Kwamandla Phakathi Kwamagatsha

Ngaphansi kwalesi simiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kukhona ukusetshenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu. Igatsha ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa futhi kumelwe lincike emagunyeni amanye amagatsha ukuze asebenze. Lokhu kubambisana akuwona ubuthakathaka kodwa kunalokho amandla esimiso, okuphoqelela ukubambisana nokuhlehla.

Umqondo uwukuthi akwanele ukuhlukanisa imibuso nokuqinisekisa ukuzibusa kwayo kodwa amagatsha kudingeka abe nezindlela zomthetho - sisekelo zokuvikela amandla awo siqu angokomthetho ekungeneni kwamanye amagatsha.

Isidingo Sokuzimela Kwezeziqu

Ukuze imishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela kusebenze ngokuphumelelayo, igatsha ngalinye kumelwe lilondoloze izinga elithile lokuzimela kwezinye. Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kudinga futhi ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kwezinhlangano, ukuze imigomo nezenzo zomunye zinganqunywa ngokuphelele enye (ukuncika); uma zombili izinhlangano bezivumelana njalo ngokuncintisana, azisoze zabekelana inselele.

Lokhu kuzimela kulondolozwa ngezici ezihlukahlukene zokwakha, kuhlanganise nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokukhetha, izikhundla ezihlukene, kanye nezikhundla ezihlukene. Lokhu kungafani kuyasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lizithuthukisele ngokwalo izakhiwo kanye nezithakazelo zalo, elizozivikela ekungeneni kwezinye.

Amasende Nokulinganisela Ngalé Kwamagatsha Amathathu

Nakuba umklamo onezinhlangothi ezintathu umelela umsuka wesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela, idemokrasi yanamuhla iye yasungula ezinye izinqubo zokusakaza nokulinganisela amandla. Isimiso sisemqoka kuyo yonke idemokrasi yanamuhla, nakuba impumelelo ethile ihluka kuye ngokwezwe ngalinye.

Indima Yomphakathi Wasebuthweni Nabezindaba

Imithombo yezindaba nomphakathi inikeza i-etherfery eyisihluthulelo sesine. Abezindaba bahlola abezombangazwe nezikhulu zomphakathi, besebenza njengesehlo hhayi nje kuphela kumphathi kodwa nakuso sonke isimiso sezombangazwe.

Umphakathi usebenza futhi njengesehlo nokulinganisela, uvumela izenzo zezazi zezombangazwe nezihlongozo ukuba ziphathwe amaqembu angochwepheshe ngaphandle kukahulumeni nepalamende, futhi unikeze amathuba okuba amaqembu abanzi emphakathini abe nokufakwa enqubweni yokubusa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa, ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano ezifuna ukumelela abasebenzisi bazo benkonzo ngokunikeza ukuvunywa kwezimiso, noma izindikimba ezizimele eziqondisa futhi zibike ngokukhanya nokonakala.

Izindikimba Ezizimele Ezilawulayo

Enye i-cheke inikezwa abaqondisi abazimele, abakhuthaza umkhuba omuhle, futhi bahlole futhi baphawule ububi kulabo abasebenza kuzo zonke izingxenye zesimiso. Lemikhakha, esebenza ngamazinga ahlukahlukene okuzimela emagatsheni ayinhloko kahulumeni, isebenza imisebenzi ekhethekile ekuqondiseni nasekuqondiseni izindawo ezithile zohulumeni nakumuntu siqu.

Ubumbano Njengekhambi

Lokhu kuhlanganisa izakhiwo ezinjengobuzwe, noma izici ezibanzi zokusebenza kwentando yeningi njengenhlanganisela yezinhlangano eziningi zezombangazwe.Federalis.() ukuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kwesizwe nombuso noma ohulumeni besifunda-8) kuveza olunye ungqimba lwe-checks kanye nezilinganiso, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi amandla awabeki nje ngokuqonde phakathi kwamagatsha kodwa futhi ahanjiswa ngokuqonde phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kwamanxeba Nokulinganisela

Nakuba ukuhlola nokulinganisela kunikeza isivikelo esibalulekile sokubusa kwentando yeningi, lesi simiso sinezingqinamba zezinselele nezingozi ezingase zibe khona.

Ingozi Yokuvaleka Kwemoto

Noma kunjalo kungaba khona izithiyo ezihlobene nokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho zinamandla kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi benza isenzo sobunye ubunye sibe nzima futhi bavumele isigaba esikhulu sabadlali ukuba sihlanganyele ekubuseni, ukuhlola okuqinile nokulinganisela kungandisa ingozi yokuvaleka kwe-grid. Uma amagatsha ahlukene elawulwa amaqembu ezombangazwe aphikisanayo noma enemibono ehlukile ngokwezimiso, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kungenza kube nzima ukufeza noma yini, ngisho nalapho kudingekile ngokushesha.

Bangenza kube lula futhi ukuzivikela ngezindleko zabanye, ngokudala amathuba amaningi okusebenzisa icebo lokushintsha okuhlongozwayo. Lokhu kungaphumela ekuthatheni isimo esiguquguqukayo, lapho izinguquko ezidingekayo zivaleka khona hhayi ngoba zingenalo inzuzo kodwa ngenxa yokuthi zisongela izithakazelo ezisunguliwe ezingasebenzisa amachashaza amaningi asesimisweni.

Izinkinga Zomthetho - sisekelo Nokuwohloka Kwezinhlangano

Nokho, uma elinye igatsha lingawenzi umsebenzi walo, noma elinye lingawunaki elinye, singase singene enkathazweni yomthetho - sisekelo.

Ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela ekugcineni kuxhomeke ekuzimiseleni kwalabo abanegunya ukuhlonipha imingcele yezimiso nomthetho - sisekelo. Amahlola nokulinganisela kusengozini lapho abantu abasebenza esimisweni esibusayo bedelela ukubaluleka kwabo, noma befuna ukubenza bangabi namandla, noma ngisho nokubenza buthaka futhi bahlakaze.

Ukubaluleka Kwesiko Elibusa Ngentando Yeningi

Amasesha nokulinganisela, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kwezinye izici kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. kwasebenza ngoba abantu babezikhuthaza futhi bezilawula. Imizamo yokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezifanayo zezombangazwe eHaiti, e-Iraq, nakwezinye izindawo iye yahluleka ngoba izimo eziyisisekelo zempucuko nezomnotho zazingekho. Lokhu kuqokomisa iqiniso elibalulekile: izakhiwo zomthetho-sisekelo kuphela azinakuqinisekisa ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Kumelwe zisekelwe yimpucuko yezombangazwe ezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezizisekelayo izimiso zentando yeningi futhi ezizimisele ukuzivikela.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ebhekene Namasheya Nokulinganisela

Nakuba isimiso sezokuhlola nokulinganisela sase United States mhlawumbe siyaziwa kakhulu, ezinye idemokrasi ziye zasungula izindlela zazo siqu zokwaba nokulinganisela amandla kahulumeni. Igama elithi 'amasheke namasilinganiso' linikezwa ukuvelela okukhulu kwamanye amazwe kunamanye, futhi ngokuvamile lihlobene kakhulu ne-United States.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Amasesha nezilinganiso, eziguqula ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, zingasebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso zephalamende ngokusebenzisa igunya lephalamende ukuba ithathe ukhetho olungakholeki kuhulumeni; uhulumeni, noma ikhabethe, ngokuvamile lingancibilikisa ipalamente. Lokhu kumelela indlela ehlukile yokuhlola nokulinganisela kunesimiso saseMelika, ngokuhlukanisa okungaqinile phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nomthetho kodwa kanye nezinqubo zalo siqu zokulandisa.

Ukutadisha Ngezimo: EPhilippines

Wahola ekukhishweni nasekuhlohlweni koMthetho-sisekelo wasePhilippines ka 1987, owamisa kabusha ukuhlola nokulinganisela kukahulumeni. Umthetho - sisekelo wahlanganisa ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwesikhulu esiphethe, somthetho, nokwahlulela futhi wasungula amalungiselelo amasha ahloselwe ukulinganisela amandla kamongameli, kuhlanganise nokuhlelwa kwemingcele yezilinganiso zokwahlulela.

Umthetho-sisekelo omusha waqinisa futhi izinhlangano ezinjenge-Commission on Ecostations (COMELEC), iKhomishane yophicotho-zincwadi (COMELEC), ne-Ombudsman, eyaklanyelwa ukuba isebenze njengemishini elawulayo nakumandla omthetho ngokuqondisa ubuqotho obukhethiwe, imali kahulumeni, kanye nokungaphathi kahle okungokomthetho, ngokulandelana. Lezinguquko zomthetho zasiza ekubuyiseleni iPhilippines njengedemokrati esebenza ngokuqeda ukugcwala kwamandla egatsheni eliphethe, njengoba kwakunjalo phakathi nenkathi kaFerdinand Marcos.

Ikusasa Lamasheya Nokulinganisela

Njengoba imiphakathi iqala futhi kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zamandla, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kumelwe sizivumelanise nokusebenza. E-United States, neminye imiphakathi ethuthuke kakhulu, ukunqwabelana okusha kwamandla, ikakhulukazi ezomnotho kusongela ubukhona bentando yeningi, futhi ekugcineni intuthuko yezomnotho ngokwayo. Lokhu kunqwabelana kwamandla okungakho, noma okungalindelwe abasunguli, kumelwe kuhlolwe futhi kulinganiswe nokubaluleka okukhona lapho uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S.

Izinselele Ezihambisana Nezimo

Imibuso yentando yeningi yanamuhla ibhekene nezinselele abaklami bokuqala bemishini yokuhlola nokulinganisela ababengenakuzilindela.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuyinkimbinkimbi okwandayo kokubusa kwanamuhla, ngokuthembela kwazo ezinhlanganweni zokuqondisa nasemikhakheni yobuchwepheshe, kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuthi amasheke nezilinganiso ezingokwesiko zisebenza kanjani kulezi zinhlangano. Ukuvikela ukulandisa nokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa kulezimo kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo nezinguquko ezintsha ezingokwenhlangano.

Ukulondoloza Ukuqapha

Ngakho - ke, lapho kuqashwa amasheke nezilinganiso, kudingeka ukuba izakhamuzi, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nabaholi bezombangazwe baqaphele izimiso zentando yeningi.

Imfundo ngokubaluleka kokuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuthembisana uhulumeni, kanye nokuzibophezela ezimisweni zentando yeningi konke kufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni lezi zimiso. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi imishini nokulinganisela kuvikela kanjani amalungelo azo futhi kuthuthukisa ukubusa okuhle, zihlonyiselwe kangcono ukuvikela lezi zinhlangano kulabo abangazisizanga ukuze zizuze inzuzo yesikhashana yezombangazwe.

Izinhlelo ezisebenzayo kanye nomphumela womhlaba wangempela

Izimiso ezingabonakali zokuhlola nokulinganisela zinemiphumela ecacile ekuphileni kwabantu kwansuku zonke, ngisho noma lezo miphumela zingabonakali ngokushesha. Wonke umthetho odluliselwayo, yonke imithetho ephoqwayo, nanoma isiphi isinqumo sokwahlulela esinikezwayo sisebenza phakathi kwesimiso se-checks nezilinganiselo.

Ukuvikela Amalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

Lapho izinkantolo zishaya imithetho engekho emthethweni, lapho izishaya - mthetho zihlola ukuziphatha okubi kwezikhulu, noma lapho iziphathi zihlola umthetho owephula amalungelo abantu ngabanye, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sisebenza ukuze sivikele izakhamuzi ekuphathweni uhulumeni.

Ukusekela Uhulumeni Osekela Uhulumeni

Amasethi nama-ace asiza futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyaqhubeka esabela ezidingweni nasezinkathazweni zabantu. Ngokudala amathuba amaningi okuthola nethonya, isimiso sivumela izakhamuzi nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuba zihlanganyele nohulumeni emazingeni ahlukahlukene nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Uma igatsha elilodwa lingasabeli, izakhamuzi zingaphendukela kwelinye igatsha ukuze zifune iziphetho.

Ukuthuthukisa Ukubona Izindawo Ngokubona Okusobala Nokulandisa

Lapho isishaya - mthetho sihlola izenzo zezikhulu, lapho izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zikahulumeni, nalapho umphathi kumelwe athethelele izenzo zakhe kuhulumeni, ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemisebenzi kahulumeni kuba obala, kuvumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi abaholi bazo banecala.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukhona Kokuhlola Nokulinganisela

Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithonya kakhulu lezizimiso, ukuhlukanisa kwabalawuli kwamandla kwakungaqinile, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho elinye igatsha lingahlola khona amandla abelwe elinye. Lesimiso esithambile kodwa esiqinile siye sabonakala siqinile ngokuphawulekayo, sivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho silondoloza umsebenzi waso oyisisekelo wokuvimbela ukugxiliswa kwamandla.

Indima yokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuqinisekiseni imithetho elungile nezimiso ayinakumiswa ngokushintshwa. Ngokusakaza amandla phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni amaningi, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amanye, izimiso zentando yeningi zidala imingcele yokwakha ebushiqelani nokuxhashazwa. Ngokufuna ukubambisana nokuyekethisa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlola nokulinganisela kuthuthukisa izinga lezinqumo zikahulumeni. Ngokuvikela amalungelo amancane nokuqinisekisa ukuthi kuzwakala imibono eminingi, zisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imithetho nezimiso zifeza izithakazelo ezinhle kunezithakazelo ezilinganiselwe.

Nokho, ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela akuqinisekisiwe ngombhalo womthetho-sisekelo wodwa. Kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo okuvela kubaholi bezombangazwe, ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi ngokushisekayo, kanye nesiko lezombangazwe elibheka izimiso zentando yeningi njengezibaluleke ngaphezu kwenzuzo yabashokobezi. Njengoba kuvela izinselele ezintsha nezinhlobo ezintsha zamandla, imiphakathi yentando yeningi kumelwe ihlale iqaphile ekulondolozeni nasekulungiseni izimiso zayo zokuhlola nokulinganisela ukuze iqiniseke ukuthi iyaqhubeka ifeza umsebenzi wayo obalulekile.

Ukuqonda amasheke nokulinganisela akuyona nje indlela yokufunda kodwa isidingo esiwusizo kunoma ubani ofisa ukuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi njengabavoti, abashisekeli, izikhulu zomphakathi, noma izakhamuzi ezinolwazi nje, sonke sinendima yokudlala ekulondolozeni ukulinganisela okubucayi kwamandla okuvikela inkululeko yethu nokuthuthukisa ukubusa ngokulunga. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi lezizinqubo zisebenza kanjani nokuthi kungani zibalulekile, singazivikela kangcono kulabo abangazithoba futhi bazisebenzise kangcono ekuqhubekiseleni phambili inhloso kahulumeni olungile nowesibopho sokulandisa.

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokubusa kwentando yeningi, imithombo enjenge- inikeza izincazelo ezifinyeleyo zendlela igatsha elisebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso se-eches nesilinganiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano ezinjenge-[FLT:] Controlitution U U.S.. Courts Educational Resources[[FLT:] inikeza imibono elinganayo yendlela igatsha elisebenza ngayo phakathi kwesimiso se-cheke nezilinganiso.

Isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela simelela enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zomphakathi ekufuneni ukubusa okulungile. Ngokuqonda, ukwazisa, nokuvikela lesi simiso, sinengxenye emsebenzini oqhubekayo wombuso wentando yeningi wobuhulumeni nosizo oluqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala elandisa kubantu ahloselwe ukuba akhonze.