Indlela Indlu Yabameleli Ewuhlola Futhi Ilinganisela Ngayo Uhulumeni

Indlu yabameleli imi njengenye yezinhlangano ezinamandla kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, isebenza njengengxenye ebucayi yesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha likahulumeni ekuqoqeni amandla eqisayo. ISivumelwano seSivumelwano sika-Claus, kanye neSikhutha sobuProfethi noMyaleli womthetho, i-Framerss enikwa uHulumeni we-National Legislative, u-Guvidule, u-Device, no-Reaciatec. Ukuqonda indlela i House esebenzisa ngayo igunya layo lomthetho-mgaviston eliphethe womabili amagatsha ombuso ne-okwahlulela kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela i-Celacscleas enziwase-democracy ne-yomthetho-yom.

AmaFathers aFunda, athola ukuphefumlelwa kwezazi zefilosofi zokukhanyiselwa, aklama ngamabomu uhulumeni lapho amandla ayezobekwa khona phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wawuzithinta kakhulu lezizimiso, ukuhlukanisa kwamandla kukaFramers kwakungeqinile, kodwa kwakuhlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho igatsha elilodwa lingahlola khona amandla anikwe elinye. Lesi simiso esiyinkimbinkimbi siqinisekisa ukuthi alikho igatsha elilodwa elingabusa amanye, lakha ukulingana okunamandla okuye kwasekela ukubusa kwedemokrasi yaseMelika amakhulu amabili eminyaka.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Samandla Endlu

Indlu yabameleli ithola igunya layo ngokuqondile eSiphakamisweni I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States, esimisa igatsha lomthetho njengelokuqala phakathi kwabalinganayo ehlelweni sikahulumeni kahulumeni. I-checks nezimiso zokulinganisela kunikeza igatsha ngalinye likahulumeni ngalinye elinamagunya ukuba lihlole amanye amagatsha futhi livimbele noma iliphi igatsha ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Lesimiso sesisekelo siqinisekisa ukuthi iNdlu ingamelana ngokuphumelelayo nezenzo zomongameli nesambutho wezwe.

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza imibuso emikhulu yokushaya imithetho, kodwa futhi unikeza izinqubo ezithile iNdlu engavimbela ngazo amanye amagatsha. Ngokwesibonelo, uMkhandlu unamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuyilawula, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme ingamemezela imithetho engekho ngokwemithetho. Lesimiso esihlangene sisho ukuthi nakuba iNdlu iqala umthetho wezwe, kumelwe isebenze ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo lapho amanye amagatsha engasabela futhi ahlole khona izenzo zayo, njengoba nje iNdlu ingahlola ezawo.

Isakhiwo SaseBimeral Njengokuhlolwa Kwangaphakathi

Ngaphambi kokuhlola indlela iNdlu ehlola ngayo amanye amagatsha, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uMkhandlu ngokwawo unesimiso sangaphakathi sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Amagumbi awo amabili, iNdlu yabameleli neSigele, zihlolane, ngoba umthetho awunakudlula uMkhandlu ngaphandle kokuba womabili avume ngezindawo ezilula. Lesi sakhiwo se-bimeral siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uthola ukuhlolwa okucophelela kubameleli abakhethwe ngezimiso ezihlukene.

Ukudlulisa i-Congress, isigwebo kumelwe sinikezwe amavoti amaningi kuwo womabili amakamu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi okungenani angu - 218 kwabameleli abangu-435 eNdlu kumelwe avotele imvume yesivumelwano sokuba sidlule. ESigeqeni, kungaba ama-senator angu-95 noma ezinye izinyunyana ezingu-50 kanye nomongameli wase-United States kumelwe zivote ngokuvuna umthetho ukuze udlulise. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uveza ukuvumelana okukhulu ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zezwe nezifunda zendawo.

Igunya Elingokomthetho: Isisekelo Samandla Ebandla

Amandla ayisisekelo kakhulu eNdlu yabameleli yigunya layo lokwakha umthetho. Ngokuvamile, igatsha lomthetho, uMkhandlu, wenza imithetho yesizwe. Lobububukhosi busebenza njengendlela yokuqala iNdlu yomthetho elawula ngayo isimiso sesizwe futhi ihlole izenzo zegatsha eliphethe. Uma i House ikholelwa ukuthi uMongameli uweqa imingcele engokomthetho noma usebenzise izimiso eziphambene nesithakazelo somphakathi, ingadlulisela umthetho wokunqanda ukuphatha noma ukuqondisa.

Inqubo yomthetho ngokwayo inikeza amathuba amaningi okuba iNdlu yengamele futhi ilawule imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Ngokuhlela nokudluliswa kwemithetho, iNdlu imisa uhlelo olungokomthetho igatsha eliphethe okumelwe lisebenze phakathi kwalo. Lemithetho ichaza izinga legunya eliphethe, imisa izimfuneko zokuqondisa, futhi ibeke izindinganiso zokuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni kumelwe ziqhube kanjani imisebenzi yazo.

IVeto Isebenzisa Igunya

Nakuba uMongameli enamandla okukhipha umthetho weveto odluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, iNdlu yendlu (__isebenza kanye neSigele) elawula umongameli . Indlu inezindlu ezimbili: iSigeqe nendlu yabameleli, futhi ingayidlula i-presidential chuto ngokuvota oku-2/3 kuzo zombili izindlu. Lokhu kulawula kumelela ukuhlola okukhulu kwegunya lomphathi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMongameli akanakuvimbela umthetho osekela kakhulu eKhonsela.

Inqubo yeveto enqanyulwayo idinga ukuvumelana okukhulu, ikwenza kube yinkulumo enamandla lapho isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Uma amagumbi amabili-mithathu ovota ukuba alawule umongameli, kubonisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ukholelwa kakhulu ekwakheni umthetho ukuze unqobe ukuphikiswa kwezikhulu. Lomnyango ophakeme uqinisekisa ukuthi imizamo yokunqoba igcinelwe izimo lapho kunesisekelo esikhulu khona, kuyilapho usanikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu negunya eliphelele lokumisa imithetho ngisho nangokwezifiso zomongameli.

Amandla Entengo: Ulawulo Lwezimali Njengekhambi

Mhlawumbe akukho gunya elisetshenziswa yiNdlu yabameleli elinemiphumela emikhulu kunaleyo elilawulayo ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iNdlu yabameleli amandla okubhala, futhi womabili amagumbi eSishaya-mthetho amandla okudlula, amafaktire okukhuphula intela nezinye izindlela. Lelilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo, elaziwa ngokuthi i-Origionation Claus, liqinisekisa ukuthi leligumbi linesibopho esiqondile kubantu − kanye namalungu akhethwa njalo eminyakeni emibili, linendlela yokuqala yokuveza intela.

Ngokwesiko, i House ibhala futhi izikweleti zezikweleti. Indlu isebenzisa leligunya ekuvuzeni izikhungo ezihambisana nenhloso yokuhlanganisa noma ukujezisa labo abangahambisani nenhlangano.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Ngemali Esetshenziswa Ngohulumeni

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso I, iSiqendu 9, soMthetho-sisekelo, "Ayikho imali eyothathwa kuTsheya, kodwa ngenxa yokugunyaza okwenziwa umthetho." Lemfuneko yomthetho-sisekelo isho ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo alinakusebenzisa imali ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa, linikeza i House impawnerism enkulu kunemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Uma i House ingavumelani nendlela uMongameli aqhuba ngayo isimiso sangaphandle, usebenzise izinhlelo zasekhaya, noma umqondisi wezinhlangano zikahulumeni, lingasebenzisa amandla ayo okulawula ukuze imingcele noma iqondise leyomisebenzi.

Amandla esikhwama adlulela ngalé kokugcina nje imali noma izinhlelo eziqeda izindleko. Ngokuhlela izindleko, i House ingahlanganisa izimo zokusebenzisa imali kahulumeni, idinga ukubika okuqondile okuvela ezinhlanganweni, ukugunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ezithile, noma ukunqabela imisebenzi ethile. Lamalungiselelo, ngokuvamile ahlanganisiwe emibikoni yamakomiti noma yolimi lwezimemezelo, anikeza i House ukulawula okuningi ngendlela igatsha eliphethe elisebenza ngayo futhi anikeze ithuluzi eliqhubekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuvunyelwa kweziphathimandla ngenhloso yokuhlela.

Ukulawula Uhlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Nesiqondiso

Inqubo yokuhlelwa kwemali yaminyaka yonke inikeza iNdlu ithuba lokubukeza imisebenzi yegatsha eliphetheyo nokulungisa amazinga okuxhasa imali asekelwe ekusebenzeni nasekuhleleni izinto eziza kuqala. Ngokuhlola ukuhlelwa kwemali, ngokuhlola izinhlelo zemishini, ngokuhlola izikhulu zegatsha, nangokukhipha izinqumo zezimali ezibonisa ukumiswa kwenhlangano. Le nqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala linesibopho sokulandisa futhi alinakuphishekela izimiso ezingasekelwa yimithetho.

Igatsha lemithetho linamandla okuvumela ukumiswa komongameli, ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, futhi lingase likhiphe uMongameli futhi limkhiphe ehhovisi. Amandla okulawula imali, kanye nezinye iziphathimandla zenhlangano, akha isimiso esibanzi i House engathonya futhi icindezele ngaso cishe zonke izici zemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukuqondisa Kwenhlangano: Ukuhlola Igatsha Eliphethe

Ukwengamela kwe-Congress bumelela omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yeNdlu yabameleli, nakuba ingashiwonga ngokuqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo. UMthetho-sisekelo awusho lutho ngokuhlola nokuqondisa kobukhonya, kodwa igunya lokuhlola liboniswa njengoba i-Congress iphethe "yonke imithetho" iqaphela ukuthi ukwenza umthetho okuphumelelayo kudinga ukuba uMkhandlu uqoqe ulwazi ngendlela imithetho emiswa ngayo nokuthi ingabe umthetho omusha uyadingeka yini.

Lo msebenzi wokwengamela uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha zikhipha imithetho ngokwethembeka njengenjongo yeBhunga, zisebenzisa izimali ezifanelekayo, futhi zisebenza kahle ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokwengamela, iNdlu ingabona izinkinga emikhankasweni yegatsha ephethe, idalule udoti nokuxhashazwa, futhi ibeke izikhulu icala ngezenzo zazo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yamandla Okulawula

ISishaya - mthetho sokuqala samisa lezi zinqubo zokwengamela ngokuhlola okukhethekile, ukubika izimfuneko, nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuhlola igunya eliphethe. Kusukela ezinsukwini zakudala zeRepublic, uKhomishane waqaphela ukuthi imithwalo yayo yemithetho yayidinga ikhono lokuhlola indlela igatsha eliphethe elalisebenzisa ngayo imithetho kahulumeni futhi lisebenzisa izimali ezifanele.

UKhomishane wabonisa umbono oqinile ngemibuso yayo yamandla aphenya kusukela ekuqaleni, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nesibopho somphathi weSishaya-mthetho sokwengamela iGatya Eliphetheyo. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla okuqondisa kwakuqala kwamisa izenzakalo eziqhubeka ziqondisa uphenyo lwenhlangano namuhla. Indlu iye yalondoloza ngokungaguquki ukuthi umthetho ophumelelayo udinga ulwazi oluningiliziwe lwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe igatsha kanye nekhono lokuphoqelela ubufakazi nezincwadi uma kudingekile.

Izindlela Namathuluzi Okuqondisa

Namuhla, ukuqondisa kweqembu kungavela cishe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi womthetho nangamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu ezinhlangano, izinhlangano, kanye nezakhiwo. Lemisebenzi isukela ekuqulweni kwekomiti ngokwethukela kuya ekuthintaneni nezikhulu zezikhulu; kusukela ekuhloleni izisebenzi kuya ekusekeleni ukubukeza okusheshayo; futhi kusukela ekuqulweni kwezecala okuqhutshwa amahhovisi elungu ukuhlola okulungiselelwa yizinhlangano ezingalwi ezilungiselelwe abathunywa nabahloli abavamile. Lezindlela zokwengamela zivumela iNdlu ukuba i-partry ikwazi ukuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha ngokubanzi futhi iphendule ngokulandela izimo ezihlukahlukene.

Amakomiti athatha icala elibonakalayo kakhulu lobucuphi bomthetho. Phakathi nalokhu kuqulwa kwecala, amakomiti endlu abiza izikhulu zegatsha ukuba zifakaze ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano zazo, izinqubo, nokusebenzisa izimali zazo ezifanelekile. Amalungu amakomiti abuzayo, ahlola imibhalo, futhi aqoqa ukwaziswa okuzisa izinqumo zemithetho. Lezi zimemezelo zifeza izinjongo eziningi: zinikeza iSishaya-Mkhandlu ukwaziswa okudingwayo ekwenzeni umthetho, zinika izikhulu izikhulu isibopho emphakathini, futhi zifaka izimemezelo ezingqondweni zegatsha eliphethe.

Amandla Kabhontshisi Nenqubo Ephoqelelwe

Igunya lobuphathi bendlu lihlanganisa amandla okuphoqelela ubufakazi namaphepha abhalwe kusuka kuma-popoena. Indlu iye yaphoqelela ukuba abe khona kusukela ngo-1795, lapho ihlola umzamo wokufumbathisa Amalungu. Ngempela, izenzakalo zakuqala zenhlangano yamanxusa aphethe amagunya agxile ekuxhashazweni noma ekuhlanjalazweni kwendlu ngokwayo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo mbuso ophansi wesifunda uye wanda ukuze uhlanganise imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe isigaba somthetho wesigelenqe.

Kule House, cishe wonke amakomiti manje anika izihlalo zawo amandla okukhipha izihlalo ezingaphansi kwezigebengu, kuyilapho amakomiti amaningi efuna ukuba isihlalo siqale sithole imvume yelungu eliphethe. Lesi sikhundla esingaphansi sinikeza amathuluzi anamandla okunqoba ukumelana nezicelo zegatsha eziphethe. Lapho izinhlangano zenqaba ukunikeza ukwaziswa ngokuzithandela, amakomiti angaphoqa amabhodi ukuba agunyaze ukuvuma, futhi iSishaya - mthetho singadelela izikhulu uma zingavumelani.

Izinjongo Zokuqondisa

Izinjongo zezinhlangano zihlanganisa ukuhlola amandla egatsha eliphethe, ukuhlola indlela umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo, nokuzisa iSishaya-mthetho nomphakathi. Lezi zinjongo zingafuneka zishiwo ngokukhethekile ngoba zikhonza ukuvikela amalungelo enhlangano futhi ziqinisa ikhono lomphakathi waseMelika lokuhlola imisebenzi yezikhulu nezenzo. Ngaleyondlela ukuqondisa kufeza imisebenzi yakho kokubili ukubusa kwenhlangano nentando yeningi, kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lihlala linesibopho sokulandisa kokubili eKhonsele nasebangeni laseMelika.

Uphenyo lwe-Congress alusizi nje kuphela abashaya imithetho ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono, kodwa lusemqoka esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Ukucubungula amacala kungaveza ukusetshenziswa kabi kobumongameli kwamandla nokonakala, njenge-Teapot Dome ehlazo kuma-1920 noma eWatergate kuma 1970. Lokhu kuhlola okukhulu kubonisa indlela ukuqondisa ukubusa kwegatsha eliphethe futhi kubekezelele ngisho nezikhulu eziphakeme ukuba ziphendule ngezenzo zazo.

Ukulinganiselwa Nemingcele Yokuqondisa

Nakuba amandla okuhlola ebanzi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho kumelwe sizigcine siyizinjongo "ezingalawuleki" futhi sigweme izindaba zangasese eziqinile zezakhamuzi. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphenya kwemithetho engokomthetho kufeza imisebenzi engokomthetho kunokuthatha uhambo lokudoba ezindabeni zangasese. Imfuneko yokuhlola okufeza izinjongo zomthetho inikeza isivikelo esibalulekile ekusebenziseni kabi amandla okuhlanganisa kuyilapho kusavunyelwa ukuphatha ngokunenzuzo kwemisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukuvelela kwenzeka emongweni wezombangazwe okhona njalo lapho ubuhlobo boMkhandlu nezinhlangano eziphethe bungahlukahluka kusukela ekubambisanani kuya ezimpini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunombango womthetho sisekelo wezwe nowobuPhoyisa ngisho nangezikhathi zikahulumeni onobunye. Lokhu kucindezela kubonisa umklamo oyisisekelo wesimiso somthetho-sisekelo saseMelika, odala ukungezwani phakathi kwamagatsha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubekwa kwamandla.

Amandla Okuzifunela: Isehlakalo Esiyinhloko

Indlu yabameleli inakho lokho okungase kube yikho ukuhlola kwayo okunamandla kakhulu emagatsheni aphethe nahlulele: amandla okungagunyazi. Indlu yabameleli izakukhetha izikhulu zayo nezinye izikhulu; futhi iyoba namandla okungagunyazwa. Leligunya elikhethekile lisho ukuthi iNdlu kuphela engaqala inqubo yokususa izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli, uMongameli, uMphathi, nabahluleli, ezikhundleni.

Indlu yabameleli inamandla okuletha izimangalo zokujezisa uMongameli; iSigele sinamandla okubopha futhi sikhiphe uMongameli ehhovisi. Lokhu kuhlukanisa umthwalo wemfanelo phakathi kwamagumbi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukunikeza imvume kudinga ukuvumelana okubanzi. Indlu isebenza njengomshushisi, iphenya futhi ivote ifaka iziphetho ezimangalelweyo, kuyilapho iSigele sisebenza njengejaji, siqhuba icala futhi sivota ukuthi isikhulu siboshelwe yini futhi sisuswe ehhovisi.

Indinganiso Yomthetho - sisekelo Yokuzivumelanisa Nemithetho

ISishaya-mthetho singammangalela futhi simenze icala umongameli ngobugebengu obukhulu, njengobukhaphela noma ukufumbathisa. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa "Umqondo owenziwe ngengqondo, ukufumbathisa, noma ezinye izigebengu eziphakeme kanye nama-Misdeader" njengendinganiso yokungagunyazi, nakuba incazelo eqondile ye "Ubugebengu Obukhulu neMisdeator" iye yaphikiswana kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika. Lendinganiso iqinisekisa ukuthi ukujeziswa kugcinelwe ukuziphatha okubi okungathi sína okusongela uhlelo lwemithetho-mthetho noma kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, kunokuba nje ukungezwani kwemithetho noma ukungezwani kwezombangazwe.

Inqubo yokungagunyazi iqala eNdlu, ngokuvamile ngokuphenya kweKomiti yoMdindo noma elinye ikomiti elihlobene. Ikomiti ihlola ubufakazi, izwa ubufakazi, futhi inqume ukuthi zikhona yini izizathu zokungagunyazi. Uma ikomiti itusa ukukhishwa, ihlela izihloko zokungagunyazi, ukumangalelwa kwesikhulu, okubekwa inkantolo kuleyo House egcwele. Indlu kudingeka ukuba ivume izihloko zokuvota.

Icala LeSigele Nokususa

ISigele siyoba namandla okuzama konke ukuphikisa. Uma behlezi beboshelwe leyo njongo, bayoba nezifungo noma bavumelwane. Uma kuqulwa uMongameli wase-United States, uMahluleli oMkhulu uzakubusa: futhi akekho umuntu oyokwahlulelwa ngaphandle kokuvumelana kwamalungu amabili kwamathathu akhona. Lomnyango ophakeme wokukholisa ukususwa ehhovisi uqinisekisa ukuthi kudingeka ukuvumelana okukhulu, ukuvikela izikhulu emizamweni yokungagunyazi yomphakathi kuyilapho zisanikeza indlela yokususa labo abaziphatha kabi kakhulu.

Isahlulelo ezicabeni zokungalahli umthetho akumelwe sidlule ngaphezu kokususwa esikhundleni, nokungakhonzi okumelwe kuthathwe futhi kujabulele noma yisiphi isikhundla sodumo, ukwethenjwa noma inzuzo ngaphansi kwe-United States: kodwa iqembu elilahlwe icala liyobekwa icala futhi libekwe icala, isahlulelo nesijeziso, ngokomthetho. Leli lungiselelo licacisa ukuthi ukungagunyazi kuyikhambi lezombangazwe eligxile ekususeni izikhulu esikhundleni, hhayi isigebengu esiqhubekayo, nakuba izikhulu ezingaqeqeshiwe zingase zibhekane nokumangalelwa kwecala ezinkantolo ezivamile.

Izisebenziso ezingokomlando zokugunyaza

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, iNdlu iye yasebenzisa amandla ayo okungagunyazi ngokuncipha kodwa ngokuphawulekayo. Indlu iye yasungula amajaji amaningana kahulumeni, amaMongameli amabili (Andrew Johnson noBill Clinton), nesikhulu esisodwa sekhathemende. Muva nje, uMongameli uDonald Trump wakhishwa kabili yiNdlu, nakuba iSigele singabekwanga isigwebo noma kuphi. Lokhu kugatshalwa kubonisa kokubili amandla nokulinganiselwa kwale shekelelwa kwegunya lesikhulu, kanti iNdlundlo ingaba ingenandaba nesikhulu esivamile, imfuneko yeSigeletwe sezikhulu ezimbili ezingamashumi amathathu yokukhonzwa yenza kube nzima ukufezeka.

Leligunya lihlanganisa zonke izikhulu zomphakathi zase-United States, kuhlanganise namajaji kahulumeni amisa ukuphila konke. Leligunya linikeza inqubo yokususa abahluleli abahlanganyela ekuziphatheni okubi, besebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola igatsha lokwahlulela. Nakuba amajaji kahulumeni ejabulela inkululeko kukho konke ukuphila, ahlala enesibopho eMkhandlwini ngenqubo yokungagunyazi.

Ukuqinisekiswa Namandla Okumisa

Nakuba iSigele sinomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wokumisa ukumiswa komongameli, i House inendima ebalulekile enqubweni yokumiswa okubanzi ngemisebenzi yayo yobungameli nangemisebenzi yokuhlola. Indlu ingaphenya izizinda nezimfanelo zabameleli, ilalele izinto ezithonya umbono womphakathi, futhi isebenzise amandla ayo okumisa ukumiswa kwezinhlangano nezikhundla ezidinga ukuqinisekiswa kweSishayamthetho.

UKhomishane uqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba umongameli. Nakuba lombuso uhlala ngokuyinhloko kuSigele, ikhono lendlu lokuhlola nokuzwa komphakathi kungayithonya ngokuphawulekayo inqubo yokuqinisekisa. Amakomiti asendlu angaveza ukwaziswa okuthinta amathemba awo okuqinisekiswa, noma alalele leyo mpikiswano yomphakathi ephathelene nokumiswa okuphikiswayo.

Ithonya Elingaqondile Ekukhetheni

Indlu iprakthiza ngokungaqondile ekumisweni komongameli ngokulawula izimali zezinhlangano nezakhiwo. Ngokunquma ukuthi zingaki izikhundla inkampani engase ibe nazo, ukuthi zikhokhelwa malini lezo zikhundla, nokuthi zihlelwe kanjani, i House ibumba isakhiwo sezisebenzi eziphethe igatsha. I House ingasebenzisa futhi abagibeli be-appropriation ukuze ilinganisele indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo izisebenzi zazo, ilinganisela ukushiseka koMongameli ekuqondiseni igatsha eliphethe ihhovisi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebenzi yokwengamela i House ingathinta ukuphatha nokuphumelela kwezikhulu ezimisiwe. Ngokuzwa, ukuphenya, nokugxeka umphakathi, amakomiti endlu angenza ukuphila kube nzima kubaphathi abakhulu bamagatsha abahlulekayo ukuvumelana namathemba omphakathi. Nakuba i House ingenakuzisusa ngokuqondile izikhulu ezimisiwe (ngaphandle kokungagunyazi), amandla ayo anikeza amandla aqinile okulawula ukuthonya indlela lezozikhulu eziphatha ngayo imisebenzi yazo.

Amandla Empi Nokugunyazwa Kwempi

UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa imibuso yempi phakathi kweSishaya-Mkhandlu noMongameli, iphethe amandla okumemezela impi noMongameli okhonza njengoMkhuzi wamabutho ahlomile. Lengxenye iveza isheke elibalulekile ngesenzo sezempi esiphethe, idinga imvume yokumisa izibopho ezinkulu zempi. Indlu, njengengxenye yeSishaya-Mnyango, ifeza indima ebalulekile ekugunyazeni amabutho empi nasekumiseni izimali zemisebenzi yezempi.

I-War Powers Act yamiswa yisishaya-mthetho sokuhlola imibuso yempi eyandayo eyasetshenziswa yiWhite House. Kakade, uMongameli uHarry S.Truman wayebeke amabutho ase-U.S. eMpini yase-Korea njengengxenye yempi yeZizwe Ezihlangene "yobupolitiki". Umongameli uKennedy, uJohnson noNixon bandisa impi engamenyezelwanga phakathi neMpi yaseVietnam. Lomthetho, wadlula ngo-197373, wazama ukuphinde ubeke igunya lempi eqenjini yezempi futhi walinganisela ikhono likaMongameli lokufaka amabutho ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwe-costail.

Ukugunyazwa Kokusetshenziswa Kwamabutho Empi

Kulokhu, iSishaya-mthetho sigunyaza ukulwa ngeSivumelwano sokusebenzisa iMikhosi Yasempini (AMFs) kunokuba sivume izimemezelo ezingokomthetho zempi. Lemvume idinga ukuvunyelwa yiyo yomibili indlu neSigele, inikeza iNdlu igunya elilinganayo neSigeqe ekunqumeni ukuthi ingenza amabutho aseMelika ukuba alwe. Indlu ingayenqaba ukugunyaza ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi ikholelwa ukuthi akuhlakaniphile noma ayisona isigaba sobuProfethi, inikeza ipesenti elibalulekile ekwakheni kwemibuso yempi.

Amandla okuhlola i House anikeza okunye ukuhlola ngemisebenzi yezempi. Ngisho noma uMongameli enza amabutho ngaphandle kwemvume yokumisa, iNdlu ingayenqaba ukukhokha imali efanelekayo yaleyomisebenzi, iphoqelele ukuchithwa kwayo ngokuphumelelayo. Lamandla esikhwama semali anika i House amandla anele phezu kwesimiso sezempi, nakuba ukucabangela kwezombangazwe ngokuvamile kwenza kube nzima ukunqanda ukuxhasa imali yamabutho asewalwe kakade.

Izimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo Ngamandla Empi

Impikiswano nge-War Powers Act yaqhubeka ngemva kokudlula kwayo. UMongameli uRonald Reagan wathumela izisebenzi zezempi e-El Salvador ngo-1981 ngaphandle kokuthintana noma ukunikeza umbiko kuKhomishane. UMongameli uBill Clinton waqhubeka nomkhankaso wokuqhumisa amabhomu eKosovo cishe esikhathini esingama-60 ngo-1999. Ngo-2011, uMongameli uBarack Obama waqalisa ukulwa eLibya ngaphandle kokugunyazwa kwesivumelwano. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenhlangano yezobukhompunga negunya lobumongameli emikhankambisweni yezempi, futhi omongameli bavame ukumisa igunya elikhulu kunaleyo i-Congressmestries evumayo.

Amasheke Egatsheni Lokwahlulela

Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwendlu egatsheni eliphethe kuningi futhi kuchazwe kahle, futhi kunamandla abalulekile okuhlola igatsha lokwahlulela. Lemibuso iqinisekisa ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihlala zinesibopho sokuzimela ngenqubo yentando yeningi kuyilapho zilondoloza ukuzimela kwazo ukuze zichaze umthetho ngaphandle kokungenela kwezombangazwe.

Ukuzimisela KwabaHluleli Abase - Federal

Igunya lokungagunyazi lendlu lidluliselwa kumajaji kahulumeni, linikeza indlela yokususa abahluleli abahlanganyela ekuziphatheni kobugebengu noma ekuziphatheni okubi kakhulu. ISishaya-mthetho (esibhekwa njengegatsha likahulumeni eliseduze kakhulu nabantu) singawakhipha womabili amalungu amagatsha aphethe nahluleli. Lomandla aqinisekisa ukuthi amajaji, naphezu kokumiswa kwawo kukho konke ukuphila, ahlala enecala ngokuziphatha kwawo. Indlu ikhiphe amajaji ambalwa asemthethweni kuwo wonke umlando, kanye neSigelethi esibopha iziboshwa futhi asuse amanye amahhovisi.

Ukujeziswa kwamajaji kusebenza njengekhambi elibalulekile ekwahluleleni, nakuba kusetshenziswa kancane futhi ngokuvamile ngenxa yamacala ahilela ukuziphatha kobugebengu noma ukwephulwa kwezimiso okungathi sína.

Iziphendu Zomthetho - sisekelo

Umongameli uhlola ikomiti yenkantolo ngamandla okumisa, angasetshenziselwa ukushintsha isiqondiso sezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Ngokudlulisa izinguquko kuMthetho-sisekelo, uMkhandlu ungahlola izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokuphumelelayo. Kodwa ukulungiswa kufanele kuhlongozwe uMkhandlu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu eMkhandlwini wabameli, noma ngomhlangano wemithetho ebizwa izintambo ezimbili ezizimele zombuso. Lo mbuso uvumela iziKhongolo ukuba zigumbule izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme ngokwayo ngokuguqula uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo, nakuba umnyango ophakeme wenza lento esetshenziswa kakhulu.

Kunoma yikuphi, ushintsho oluhlongozwayo lumane lube yingxenye yoMthetho-sisekelo lapho lugunyazwa izishaya-mthetho noma imihlangano emihlanganweni ezindaweni ezintathu kwezine zezifundazwe (izifundazwe ezingu-38 kwezingu-50). Le nqubo enzima iqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo zibonisa ukuvumelana kwesizwe, kodwa inikeza uMkhandlu onegunya lokugcina lokuhlola izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezikholelwa ukuthi inephutha noma iyingozi.

Ukumangalelwa Nezakhiwo Zezinkantolo Zesizwe

Indlu, esebenza neSigele, inamandla okunquma isimo namandla ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ngaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme. IziKhomishane zingakha izinkantolo ezintsha, ziqede izinkantolo ezikhona, futhi zichaze ukuthi yimaphi amacala kahulumeni angase ezwe.

Ngomthetho, iNdlu ingalawula futhi izici ezihlukahlukene zemisebenzi yenkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithetho engokomthetho, ukuphatha kwenkantolo, nenani lamajaji ezinkantolo ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba iSishaya - mthetho singenakutshela abahluleli ukuthi bangawanquma kanjani amacala ahlukahlukene, ingahlela isimiso abahluleli abasebenza kuso, inikeze ikheli elibalulekile ekwahluleleni.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Ukuhlela Ukunakekela Nomthetho

Indlu iqhuba umsebenzi wayo omkhulu ngesimiso sekomiti eyinkimbinkimbi ehlukanisa imithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kwamakomiti akhethekile. Lesimiso sivumela amalungu ukuba athuthukise ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso futhi sinikeze indlela ephumelelayo yokuqondisa, yokumisa umthetho, nokuphatha amacala. Ukuqonda isimiso sekomiti kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iNdlu esebenza ngayo kwezinye iziphetho zayo kwamanye amagatsha.

Izinhlobo Zamakomiti Endlu

Indlu isebenza izinhlobo eziningana zamakomiti, ngalinye likhonza imisebenzi ehlukene. Amakomiti azimele angamakomiti ahlala njalo aphethe izindawo ezithile, njengeKomiti yamaNkonzo eHlanganyelwayo, iKomiti yeSihloko soMbutho, neKomiti yokuHlaziya. Lamakomiti aphatha umsebenzi weSishayamthetho wendlu futhi aqhube umsebenzi oqhubekayo wezinhlangano zegatsha eziphethe ezisezindaweni zawo.

Amakomiti akhethiwe noma akhethekile amakomiti esikhashana asungulwe ukuba ahlole izindaba ezithile noma aqhube izifundo ezikhethekile. La makomiti ngokuvamile agxila ezindabeni ezilawula amakomiti azimele noma ezihilela izindaba ezikhathaza umphakathi othile. Amakomiti akhetha aye afeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlolweni okukhulu kobuthakathi, kuhlanganise nokuphenyiswa kokuxhashazwa kwezinhlangano zokuhlakanipha kanye nokungalawuleki komongameli.

Isinqumo Negunya Lekomiti

Igumbi ngalinye liye laphathisa lo "mandla omthetho-mthetho wokubuza," kuhlanganise namathuluzi adingekile okuqoqa ukwaziswa, kumakomiti amile ngemithetho yendlu noma yeSigele. Ngaphansi kwalemithetho, amakomiti angahlola, aphathe izimemezelo, ameme ofakazi, athathe iziphakamiso, afake izimpompo, futhi agunyaze amakomiti ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, ukuba asebenzise amandla awo namathuluzi awo ukuze "abone futhi atadishe," ngokuqhubekayo ukumiswa komthetho ngezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Izihlalo zamakomiti zinamandla amakhulu emisebenzini yamakomiti azo, kuhlanganise negunya lokuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, futhi ezimweni eziningi, zikhipha izimpondo ezingaphansi. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla ezihlalweni zekomiti kwenza lezi zikhundla zibe nethonya elikhulu, njengoba izihlalo zinganquma ukuthi yiziphi izindaba ezinakwayo nokuthi ikomiti iphishekela kangakanani ukuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha.

Indima ekhethekile yeKomiti yokunikeza iziphakamiso

IKomiti yokuphanga i House iphethe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela ngenxa yokulawula kwayo ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Le komiti ilungisa izikweleti zokukhokha izimali ezixhasa izinhlangano zikahulumeni, inika ithonya elikhulu kakhulu emikhankasweni yegatsha eliphethe. Ngenqubo yokuhloba, ikomiti ingavuza izinhlangano ezivumelana nenhloso yokuhlela, ijezise labo abangakulawuli, futhi ifake izimo ekusebenziseni lesosimo sezekeli sombuso.

IKomiti yokuhlolwa isebenza ngesimiso sezisebenzi ezingaphansi, ngayinye enomthwalo wemfanelo wokuxhasa izindawo ezithile zikahulumeni. Lezi zibopho ezincane zihlela ukubukezwa okuningiliziwe kwemali yezinhlangano, ziphathe amacala nezikhulu zezinhlangano, futhi zituse ngamazinga okuxhasa imali. Lesi sakhiwo sivumela ukuqondisa okukhethekile izingxenye ezihlukahlukene zegatsha eliphethe kuyilapho zinakekela ukubambisana ngekomiti egcwele.

Ama - archet Ethukela Nethonya Lezombangazwe

Ngaphandle kwemibuso yalo engokomthetho engokomthetho, inqubo yokuvivinya indlu ihlola kwamanye amagatsha ngezinqubo ezingahleliwe nangethonya lezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhlola okungalindelekile, nakuba kungashiwonga ngokuqondile eMthethweni, kufeza indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sosuku nosuku.

Ukulalela Izindaba Nokunakwa Kwemithombo Yezindaba

Amakomiti endlu angasebenzisa ukuqulwa kwamacala omphakathi ukuze adonsele ukunakekela emisebenzini yegatsha eliphethe, ngisho noma lezo zindaba zingaholeli ngokuqondile ekwakhiweni kwemithetho noma esinyathelo esingokomthetho. Ngokubuza izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe emphakathini, ngokuqokomisa izinkinga ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano, noma ngokudalula udoti nokuxhaphaza, amakomiti endlu angaveza ukudluliswa kwezindaba nokucindezela komphakathi okuthonya ukuziphatha kwegatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuhlola ngokwethukela kusebenza ngombono womphakathi kunokucindezelwa ngokomthetho, kodwa kungaphumelela kakhulu ekushintsheni izimiso noma imikhuba yegatsha.

Izindlebe eziphezulu zingafeza umsebenzi wokufundisa, ukwazisa umphakathi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni kanye nezimpikiswano zezimiso. Uma i House ilalela izindaba ezindabeni eziphikisanayo, inikeza imibono ehlukene futhi isiza ekulolongeni ukuqonda umphakathi ngemibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yesimiso. Lendima yemfundo isekela ukulandisa kwentando yeningi ngokuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinolwazi oludingeka ukuze zihlole ukusebenza kukahulumeni.

Izenzo Zelungu Ngalinye

Amalungu awo womabili amagumbi nawomabili amalungu aye ahlanganyela emizamweni yawo siqu ukuzazisa ngemisebenzi yezinhlangano futhi aqinisekisa ukuthi inkampani ephetheyo isebenzisa umthetho ngendlela ehambisana nombono walelolungu ngemithetho yegunya elibekwe uMkhandlu. Izinkantolo futhi ziye zaqaphela, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuthi ukuphenya nokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe kuyingxenye yemithwalo yemfanelo engokomthetho yelungu leSishaya-Hulumeni. Ilungu ngalinye lingaqhuba imisebenzi yalo, ngisho noma lingenagunyazo ikomiti, nakuba ikhono lazo lokuphoqelela ukwaziswa lilinganiselwe kakhulu.

Amalungu angabhalela izikhulu zezinhlangano ezicela ukwaziswa, abe nemihlangano ekhululekile nezisebenzi zezinhlangano, ahambele izakhiwo zezindawo, futhi asebenzise iziteshi zawo zomphakathi ukugxeka noma ukudumisa imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Izimpawu Zomthetho Nokukhulumisana Ngokwethukela

Indlu idlulisela okulindelwe kwayo egatsheni eliphethe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezingekho emthethweni. Imibiko yamakomiti ehambisana nezikweleti ngokuvamile ihlanganisa izincazelo eziningiliziwe zenhloso yokuhlela, izinhlangano okulindeleke ukuba zilandele ngisho nakuba lemibiko ingenawo amandla omthetho. Amalungu angase futhi axhumane namathemba ngezinkulumo zaphansi, izincwadi, nezingxoxo zethukela nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe.

Lezokuxhumana okungahleliwe kusiza ekuhleleni indlela izinhlangano ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho futhi zenze izinqumo ezingokomthetho. Izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ziqaphelisisa izimpawu zokuhlelwa kwezindawo ngoba ziyazi ukuthi uKhongolo-mfuno lulawula izimali zabo futhi lungenza ukuphila kwabo kube nzima ngemisebenzi yobubonisi. Lelithonya elivamile lisebenza ngokuhambisana neziphetho ezingokomthetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe liyaqhubeka lisabela ezinkathazweni zomhlangano.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Okumelwe Zivivinywe Futhi Zilinganiswe

Njengoba ukubusa kwe-America kushintsha, kanjalo nezinselele ezibhekene nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela. Izindaba ezihlanganisayo ezinjengokungalondeki kwe-inthanethi, ukuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, kanye nokungafihli ukwaziswa ziveza izinkinga ezintsha ezithi abaFundi BeZitholwe bangazicabangi. Ekuphenduleni, iziKhongolo, izinkantolo, negatsha eliphethe umsebenzi uqhubeke uzivumelanisa nalezi zimo lapho ziqhubeka zivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Indlu kumelwe iqhubeke isebenzisa izindlela zayo zokwengamela nomthetho ukuze ixazulule izinselele ezintsha kuyilapho ilondoloza izimiso eziyisisekelo zezokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Ukuhlanyiswa Kwelanga Ne - gridlock

Ukubekwa kwezombangazwe kuye kwavivinya isimiso, ngezinye izikhathi kuholela ekufuneni ukuhlelwa kwemithetho. Nokho, ukubambisana kwemithetho kanye nemizamo enqamulenayo kubonisa ukuthi izimiso zokuhlola nokulinganisela zingasebenza ngokuphumelelayo, ngisho nasemoyeni ohlukene wezombangazwe. Ukuhlukana kwendlu kungabangela ukuba ikhono legatsha eliphethe, ikakhulukazi lapho iqembu lomongameli lilawula iNdlu, njengoba ukuthembeka kweqembu kungavimbela ukuqondisa okunonya kukaMongameli oyedwa.

Ngokuphambene, uhulumeni ohlukene − uma amaqembu ahlukene elawula indlu nobumongameli − angaholela ekuqondiseni okunonya kakhulu kodwa futhi nasekuxabaniseni kanye nokulawula. Ukuthola ukulinganisela okulungile phakathi kokuqondisa kwentshiseko nokubambisana okwakha kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo yendlu njengoba ifuna ukufeza imithwalo yayo yemfanelo yomthetho-sisekelo kuyilapho isingatha izidingo zesizwe.

Ukutholakala kwelungelo eliqondisiwe nokwaziswa

Enye inselele ephindaphindwayo ekuqondiseni kwenhlangano ihlanganisa ukusho kwegatsha eliphethe ilungelo lokubusa eliphezulu − igunya likaMongameli lokugodlela iziKhomishane ukwaziswa okuthile. Nakuba ilungelo eliphetheyo linesisekelo esithile somthetho-sisekelo, izinga lalo lisaphikiswa, futhi izimpikiswano ngokufinyelela ukwaziswa zivame ukuphakama lapho ukuziphatha kwegatsha eliphethe indlu kuphakama.

Ngezinye izikhathi lezingxabano ziphelela enkantolo, lapho amajaji kumelwe alinganisele khona isidingo esingokomthetho sokwaziswa ngokumelene nesidingo sommeli seseluleko esiyimfihlo nokucabangisisa. Isinqumo salezi zingxabano sithonya ukuphumelela kobuphathi futhi sinqume ukuthi kungathola ulwazi olungakanani lapho indlu ihlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Ukukhula Kwamandla Alawulayo

Njengoba uhulumeni wezwe uye wakhula futhi wayinkimbinkimbi, njengoba izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa igunya elikhulu lokuqondisa, i House ibhekene nobunzima obengeziwe ekuhloleni ngokuphumelelayo yonke imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Ubukhulu nobunkimbinkimbi bamandla okuqondisa anamuhla okulawula.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaMongameli baye bancika kakhulu eziqondisweni zezikhulu, izimemezelo zokusayina, nezinye izenzo zomuntu ongahlangani nomthetho zokuhlela isimiso ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwenhlangano. Nakuba lezizenzo zinemingcele engokomthetho, bavumela omongameli ukuba bafeze imigomo yezimiso ngaphandle kokuthatha inqubo yomthetho, okungalulaza igunya lobukhomanisi. Indlu kumelwe ihlale iqaphile ekuhloleni lokhu kusetshenziswa kwamandla okulawula ukuze ilondoloze ukulinganisela komthetho-mthetho phakathi kwamagatsha.

Sekela Izinhlangano Nemithombo Yengcebo

Lendlu incike ezinhlanganweni eziningana ezisekelayo ukuze zisize ngemisebenzi yayo yokwengamela neyomthetho.

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

I-Romastiactivity Office (GAO) - umqondisi wenhlangano ngokuhlola igatsha eliphethe i-authorion nangokubika kuKhomishane. I-GAO, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi i-congress wardog, iphethe ukuhlola nokuhlola izinhlelo ze-operal nezinhlangano ngesicelo sobukhomanisi. Imibiko yeGAO inikeza i House iziqondiso eziningiliziwe, ezizimele zemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe, isiza amalungu ukuba aqaphele izinkinga futhi athuthukise izixazululo zemithetho.

Umsebenzi weGAO uhlanganisa cishe zonke izingxenye zomsebenzi kahulumeni, kusukela ekusebenziseni imali yokuvikela kuya ekunakekeleni impilo kuya ekuqondiseni indawo ezungezile. Ngokunikeza ukuhlaziya okunenjongo nokutusa, i-GAOs Congress ithuthukisa ikhono lokuqondisa nokukhipha izinqumo eziphumelelayo zomthetho. Imibiko yenhlangano ngokuvamile iyisisekelo sokuqulwa kwemikhankaso nemithetho ehloselwe ukuthuthukisa imisebenzi kahulumeni.

Inkonzo Yokucwaninga Yomphakathi

I-Congressional Research Service (CRS) inikeza le House ukucwaninga okungekho ngxenye eqenjini nokuhlaziya ezindabeni ezingokomthetho. Izazi zeCRS zisiza amalungu ukuba aqonde imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi yezimiso, ahlaziye izihlongozo zomthetho, nokucwaninga izindaba zomthetho-mthetho nomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusekela kwenza amalungu endlu akwazi ukuhileleka ngokuphumelela ngokwengeziwe nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe futhi enze umthetho owenze amakheli ezinkingeni ezichaziwe.

ICRS neProject On Government Oversessing, inja ezimele engazuzi nzuzo, izisebenzi zesitimela ezisebenza ngokuqondisa eziphumelelayo. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izisebenzi zobulungu zinamakhono nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze ziqhube uphenyo oluphelele nemisebenzi yokwengamela, zithuthukise ikhono lendlu lokuhlola amandla egatsha aphethe.

Ihhovisi Lohlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Lenhlangano

ICongregational Baccul Baccursal Office (CBO) inikeza lendlu ngokuhlaziya okuzimele kwezindleko zemali nezindaba zezomnotho. i-CBO izibalo zezindleko zomthetho zisiza amalungu ukuba aqonde imiphumela emishayelo engokomnotho yezihlongozo zezimiso, kuyilapho izibikezelo zezomnotho zeCBO kanye nezinqumo zemali kunikeza izinqumo zenhlangano. Lokhu kuhlola okuzimele kuqinisekisa ukuthi iSishaya-Mkhandlu sinemininingwane ethembekile ngemiphumela yokuhlelwa kwemithetho, ukunciphisa ukuncikeka kwayo ezilinganisweni zemali yegatsha eziphethe.

Umsebenzi weCBO ubaluleke kakhulu emandleni endlu esikhwama, ngoba unikeza ukwaziswa okuqotho ngezindleko nangemiphumela yezinqumo zokusebenzisa imali. Ngokukwazi ukuzihlaziya, i House ingazenzela izinqumo ezinolwazi kakhulu mayelana nokuhlelwa kwemali futhi ingabekela inselele izicelo zemali zegatsha eziphethe ezibonakala zingakholeki noma zidukisa.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zezindlu Ziyaboniswa

Ukuhlola lezi zibonelo ezingokomlando kubonisa indlela isimiso somthetho - sisekelo sokuhlola nokulinganisela esisebenza ngayo.

Ukulandisa Ngomongameli Wawatergate

Ihlazo lamaWatergate onyaka ka-1970 mhlawumbe linikeza isibonelo esiphawuleka kakhulu sokuhlola amandla kamongameli wendlu. Amakomiti endlu ahlola ukuhileleka kwe-Nixon kubaphathi beWatergate futhi ngokulandelana, ephethe izimemezelo ezicutshungulwe ngethelevishini ezadalula ukuziphatha okubi komongameli. IKomiti ye House Judicary yavuma ukumelana noMongameli Nixon, nakuba aphuma phambi kweNdlu egcwele yakwazi ukuvotela.

Lesi senzakalo sabonisa amandla obuphathi bobukhonya bobukhomanisi ukuba aphendule ngisho noMongameli ngokwenza okubi. Uphenyo lwavubukula ukusetshenziswa kabi okukhulu kwamandla nobulungisa, okwaholela ekumangalelweni kobugebengu kwezikhulu eziningi zezezomthetho wezezimali nezimiso zikahulumeni eziyisisekelo. Uphenyo lweWatergate lwabonisa ukuthi amandla obuphathi bendlu, uma esetshenziswa ngamandla, angahlola ngisho nezikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ezinamandla kakhulu.

Uphenyo Lwe - Iran - Contra

Ngo-1980, le House yenza uphenyo olukhulu endabeni ye-Iran-Contra, lapho izikhulu zezokuphatha uReagan zathengisa khona izikhali ngasese eIran futhi zasebenzisa khona imali ukuze zixhase abavukeli baseNicaragua ekuphuleni imithetho yokuhlela. Uphenyo lwadalula indlela izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe ezaye zavimbela ngayo imingcele yemithetho yakwamanye amazwe, okwaholela ekumangalelweni kwezephula umthetho nezinguquko endleleni iCongress aqondisa ngayo imisebenzi eyimfihlo.

Nakuba le ndlu yaphumelela ukudalula ububi nokulandisa ezinye izikhulu, yembula nokuthi kungaba nzima kanjani ngoMkhandlu ukuba uqondise imisebenzi yegatsha ephethe ezindaweni ezinjengokulondeka kwesizwe nesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, lapho igatsha eliphethe lifuna igunya elibanzi futhi ngokuvamile lisebenza ekusithekeni.

Ukugula Ngokwezimali

Ngemva kwenkinga yezimali ka-2008, amakomiti endlu aqondisa kakhulu ukusabela kwegatsha eliphethe kule nkinga, kuhlanganise nokukhishwa kwezinhlangano zezimali kanye nokumiswa kwemithetho emisha yezezimali. Le misebenzi yobubonisi yasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izimali zemali zisetshenziswa ngokufanele futhi iziqondiso ezintsha zisetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo. Izindlebe zasekhaya zanikeza umphakathi i-projekthi yokuhlola okungalungile esimisweni sezimali futhi kufanele zilandise.

Lokhu kuqondisa kwabonisa indlela leNdlu engasebenzisa ngayo amandla ayo okuhlola ukuze iqondise ukusabela kwegatsha ezinkingeni zesizwe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zisiza umphakathi ukuba ube nesithakazelo.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yokuphumelela Ebuthweni

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kwenhlangano kudinga okungaphezu nje kwegunya lomthetho-sisekelo, − idinga ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo, imithombo eyanele, kanye nokuzibophezela okuqhubekayo. Indlu iye yasungula imikhuba nezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze ithuthukise ukuphumelela kwemisebenzi yayo yokuqondisa.

Ukuhlela Ngokunakekela

Amakomiti endlu kufanele asungule amalungiselelo okubona izindawo eziza kuqala zokuhlola, ukuhlela izimali ngokuhleleka, futhi axhumane namanye amakomiti ukuze agweme amakhophi. Lamacebo kufanele asekelwe ekuhloleni okuyingozi okuphawula izindawo lapho imisebenzi yegatsha elikhulu ibangela izingozi ezinkulu zokulahlwa kwendle, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhaphaza, noma ukwehluleka kwezimiso.

Ukuhlela ukuphatha kufanele futhi kucabangele uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho zekomiti, njengemisebenzi yokwengamela ngokuvamile yazisa izinguquko zemithetho. Ngokuhlela imisebenzi yokwengamela nokwenza imithetho, amakomiti angaqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlola kwawo kuholela ekuthuthukisweni okuqinile kwemisebenzi kahulumeni nemiphumelo yezimiso.

Ukubambisana Ne - bipartisan

Nakuba ukuqondisa kungaba okuhlukanisayo, ikakhulukazi kuhulumeni ohlukene, ukuqondisa okuphumelela kakhulu ngokuvamile kuhilela ukubambisana kwe-bipartina. Uma bobabili besebenza ndawonye ekuhloleni ukuqondisa, imiphumela iletha ukwethenjelwa futhi cishe iholela ekushintsheni okunenjongo. Ukwengamela kweBharthestan kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ngegatsha elikhulu ukulahla izinkathazo zokuhlanganisa ngokuthi ukuhlasela nje kweqembu.

Imithetho yekomiti evikela amalungelo eqembu elincane, njengokuvumela amalungu amancane ukuba abize ofakazi futhi abuze imibuzo lapho kuqulwa icala, iyasiza ekusizeni ukuqondisa i - bipartisan. Uma bobabili benamathuba okuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo emisebenzini yobubonisi, lenqubo isengozini kakhulu yokuthola ukwaziswa okubalulekile futhi iholele ezinguqukoni ezakhayo.

Landela-nge-ngokwakho nokulandisa

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulandelwa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinkinga ezicacisiwe zilungisiwe ngempela. AmaKomiti kufanele alandelele ukusabela kwenhlangano lapho kubhekiswa ekuqondiseni, ukuziphatha okulandelwa ukuzwa intuthuko, futhi asebenzise amandla awo okumisa inqubo nokuqondisa ukuze aphoqelele ukuthatha isinyathelo lapho amanxusa ehluleka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezitholakele. Ngaphandle kokuqhubeka, ukuhlola kungaveza izinkinga ngaphandle kokuholela ekuthuthukisweni okunengqondo.

AmaKomiti kufanele futhi abonise obala lokho akutholayo lapho eqondisa ngemibiko nangamazwi, eqinisekisa ukuthi abantu baseMelika bayaqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga eziye zatholakala nokuthi yiziphi izenzo ezithathwayo ukuze azixazulule.

Ikusasa Lezinhlolo - vo Zobumba Nokulinganisela

Njengoba iUnited States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama - 21, iNdlu yabameleli kumelwe iqhubeke ivumelanisa izindlela zayo zokwengamela kanye nezindlela zokulawula ukuze ilondoloze amasheke aphumelelayo emandleni abaphathi nabezokwahlulela.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nezokwengamela

Ukushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe ngokushesha kudala izinselele ezintsha zobucukubhede obuhlangene. Izindaba ezifana nokungalondeki kwezesayensi, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, ukuthungatha imininingwane yezindaba nemithetho yezezokuxhumana zidinga ubuchwepheshe obungekho amalungu amaningi eSishaya - mthetho. Indlu kumelwe ithuthukise amakhono amasha okuqondisa imisebenzi yegatsha ephethe kule zindawo zobuchwepheshe, okungahlanganisa nokuqasha izisebenzi ezengeziwe ngezizinda zobuchwepheshe futhi ziklame izindlela ezintsha zokuqondisa ezivumelana nezindaba zobuchwepheshe.

Ubuchwepheshe buthinta nendlela iNdlu ephatha ngayo, imishini yokuxhumana nemininingwane enikeza amathuluzi amasha okuhlola imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Indlu kufanele yamukele lamathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe kuyilapho iqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokuqondisa ihlonipha amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nezinye isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo.

Izinselele Zokuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezamazwe Ngamazwe

Njengoba imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ikhula kakhulu, i House kumelwe ithuthukise izindlela ezingcono zokwengamela imisebenzi eyenzeka phesheya noma ihlanganise ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke. Lokhu kungadinga izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa kanye nezici ezintsha zokulinganisela izidingo zokuqondisa izidingo zezobungane nokulondeka.

Izinselele zamazwe ahlukahlukene ezinjengokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukusabela kobhadane, nokusongelwa nge - Internet kudinga ukusabela okuvumelanayo okuhilela kokubili ukuthatha isinyathelo sokuqondisa nokugunyaza ukumiswa kwenhlangano.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Ezinhlangano

Ukuze ilondoloze amashekethisi aphumelelayo kwamanye amagatsha, iNdlu kumelwe ifake imali ekwakheni isikhundla sayo, lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusekela ngokwanele izisebenzi zamakomiti, izinhlangano ezisekelayo nemisebenzi yokwengamela. Kusho futhi ukuvikela amalungelo enhlangano ngokumelene nokungenela kwegatsha eliphethe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu asemahhovisi adinga amathuluzi nokwaziswa ukuze aqondise ngokuphumelelayo.

Indlu kufanele icabangele izinguquko ezingathuthukisa imisebenzi yayo yokuhlola, njengokuqinisa izimiso zokuphoqelela, ukuthuthukisa ukufinyelela ukwaziswa kwegatsha eliphethe, nokwakha izakhiwo ezintsha zokwengamela izindawo ezikhona zezimiso. Lezinguquko kufanele zizimisele ukulondoloza ukulinganisela komthetho - sisekelo wamandla kuyilapho zivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokuhlola Kwezigaba Zobumba

Indlu yabameleli ifeza indima ebalulekile esimisweni saseMelika sokuhlola nokulinganisela, isebenzisa amandla ayo omthetho - sisekelo ukuze ivimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla kunoma yiliphi igatsha likahulumeni. Ngegunya layo lomthetho, amandla esikhwama semali, imisebenzi yokwengamela, namandla okuqondisa, iNdlu inikeza izinhlolo ezibalulekile ezithakazelweni zobuqondisi nasezahlulelweni zegatsha.

Lemisebenzi yokuhlola ifeza izinjongo eziningi: iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe liyifeza ngokwethembeka imithetho njengoba kwakuhlongozwa uMkhandlu, libheka izikhulu zikahulumeni ukuba zilandise ngezenzo zazo, zivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ekuphathweni uhulumeni, futhi zilondoloza ukulinganisela kwamandla okungokomthetho - sisekelo abaQaphi ababekholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ekulondolozeni idemokrasi. Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa ngentshiseko kwalemisebenzi yokuhlola, isimiso somthetho-sisekelo singashintshwa ngokuyisisekelo, amandla agxile egatsheni eliphethe ngokuncishiswa kwegunya lobukhosana nesibopho sentando yeningi.

Ukuphumelela kokuhlola kwendlu akuxhomeke nje egunyeni lomthetho-sisekelo kodwa ekuzimiseleni kwamalungu ukusebenzisa lelogunya ngamandla nangobuqotho. Lokhu kudinga ukubeka izithakazelo ezingokwenhlangano ngaphambi kokucabangela okuhlukanisayo lapho kudingekile, ukuphenya ngokucophelela nangokulunga, nokulandela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinkinga ezicacisiwe ziyalungiswa. Kudinga futhi imithombo eyanele, ubuchwepheshe, nokuzimisela okuqinile ukuphatha njengendima eyisisekelo yenhlangano.

Njengoba i-United States ibhekene nezinselele ezintsha ekhulwini lama-21, indlu kumelwe iqhubeke ivumelanisa izindlela zayo zokwengamela nokusondela kwemithetho kuyilapho iqhubeka ivumelana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zokuhlola nokulinganisela. Isimiso somthetho-sisekelo esiklanywe abasunguli siye sabonakala siqinile ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa idinga ukuqapha njalo nokunakekela okuqhubekayo ukuze isebenze ngokuphumelelayo. Indlu yabameleli, njengegumbi elinomthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisa siyaqhubeka sivikela imibuso yaseMelika yezizukulwane ezizayo.

Ukuqonda indlela iNdlu ehlola futhi ilinganise ngayo uhulumeni kubalulekile kusona sonke isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela idemokrasi yaseMelika esebenza ngayo. Lezizimiso zomthetho-sisekelo zingabonakala ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi zikhungathekisa, kodwa zifeza injongo ebalulekile yokuvimbela ubushiqela nokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu. Ngokusakaza amandla emagatsheni ahlukene nokufuna ukubambisana nokuvumelana ukuze kufezwe imigomo emikhulu yesimiso, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala unecala kubantu nokuthi akukho sisekelo noma umuntu oyedwa ongabusa isimiso sezombangazwe.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngendlu yabameleli nendima yayo kuhulumeni, vakashela i-website yeNdlu yendlu engaphandle . Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesimiso somthetho-mfakela se-checks nama-ality, ukucwaninga imithombo yemisebenzi ye-'[FLT:] i-Chontitutitution [[[FLT:]] inikeza ulwazi ngomthetho we-Library Congressbook. I-Government Accounting Office [ inikeza imibiko ngemisebenzi yokuqondisa, kanti .[FLT].[FLT]

Amakhiye Okuthatha Izindawo

• [ Igunya lobuProfethi: Indlu iyakha futhi idlulise umthetho ohlela isimiso sezwe futhi ucindezela isenzo sobuphathi, negunya lokususa amavoti angaphezulu kamongameli ngamavoti ayizingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu kuwo womabili amagumbi.
• Amandla entengo: Indlu ilawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni ngegunya layo lomthetho-sisekelo ukuba isungule izikweleti zemali futhi ibhale umthetho wemiyalo, iyinika amandla amakhulu kakhulu phezu kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.
• Ukuqapha nophenyo: Ngokuqulwa kwekomiti, uphengululo, namandla angaphansi, i House ibhekisa phambili imisebenzi yegatsha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imithetho ikhishwa ngokwethembeka futhi idalule udoti, ukukhwabanisa, nokuxhaphaza.
• Amandla okuhlela:[ Indlu iphethe amandla akhethekile okunikeza izikhulu zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise noMongameli nohulumeni, inikeza i-exakelo lokugcina ekuziphatheni okubi kwesikhulu nokwahlulela.
• [ Amagunya eMpi:[ Indlu inegunya phezu kwempi neSigele, igunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwebutho lezempi futhi igunyaza izimali zemisebenzi yezempi.
• Isimiso se-Committee:[ Indlu iqhuba umsebenzi wayo wokwengamela nomthetho ngamakomiti akhethekile athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso futhi iqhube uphenyo oluningi.
• ICheckers kuyi-Judiciary:[ Indlu ingamisa abahluleli bakahulumeni, ihlongoza izinguquko zomthetho-sisekelo ukuze kushintshwe izinqumo zenkantolo, futhi ilolonge isimo nombuso wezinkantolo zikahulumeni.
• Ithonya eliyinguquko: Ngaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho, ukuvivinya indlu kuhlola ukunakwa komphakathi, ukunakwa kwemithombo yezindaba, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe okuthonya ukuziphatha kwegatsha eliphethe.
• [[INDAWO:0] Indlu incike ezinhlanganweni ezinjenge-GAO, CRS, ne CBO ukunikeza ubuchwepheshe obuzimele nokuhlaziya okuthuthukisa amakhono ayo okuqondisa.
• Indlu kumele iqhubeke ilungisa imisebenzi yayo yokuhlola ukuze ixazulule izinselele ezintsha njengoshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, nokukhula kwamandla aphethe kuyilapho igcina izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo.