Kulelizwe lanamuhla, umqondo werepublic uvame ukuxoxwa ngokuqondene nezimiso zokubusa nezombangazwe. Ukuqonda irepublic kubaluleke kakhulu kokubili kubafundi nakothisha, njengoba yakha isisekelo sezinhlangano eziningi zentando yeningi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici ezidingekayo zerepublic, intuthuko yayo engokomlando, ukuhlukahluka kwayo, kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekubuseni kwamanje. Ihlola futhi izinselele zamarepublic abhekene nazo kanye nendima yezakhamuzi ezinayo ekuwasekeleni. Ngokuqonda lezizici, abafundi bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi isebenza kanjani i-democritheryism futhi kungani ihlala iyisimiso esithandwayo sokuvikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokuthuthukisa ukubusa kweqembu.

Liyini iRepublic?

IRepublic uhlobo lukahulumeni lapho izwe libhekwa "njengendaba yomphakathi"" kusuka kwelesiLatini i-trasa, isho "indaba yomphakathi" noma "indaba kawonke-wonke". Eriphabliki, izindaba zikahulumeni zingabantu njengeqembu eliphelele kunakumbusi wenkosi noma umbusi obusayo. Umbuso usetshenziswa ngabameleli abakhethiwe abalandisa ngezakhamuzi. Lokhu kuphambene nemithetho yenkosi yesizwe, ukubusa kwemibuso, noma i-ocraces lapho igunya linikezwa khona kumuntu oyedwa noma iqembu elincane.

Izici eziyinhloko ze - republic zihlanganisa:

  • [ Incazelo:[ Izakhamuzi ezikhethwe abameleli ukuba benze izinqumo kuzo, zilinganise ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqondile nokubusa okuwusizo.
  • Imithetho ebusa isizwe, futhi wonke umuntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ingaphansi komthetho. Akekho ongaphezulu.
  • [ Amalungelo omphakathi: Irepublic ivikela amalungelo abantu ngokwentando yeningi, ngokuvamile ngomthetho-sisekelo noma incwadi yamalungelo.

Amarepublic anamuhla cishe asebenza njalo phakathi komthetho - sisekelo olinganisela amandla kahulumeni futhi ufaka inkululeko eyisisekelo. Umqondo werepublic uhlobene eduze nomqondo wobukhosi obuthandwayo — isimiso sokuthi igunya elingokomthetho lisuka emvumeni yababuswayo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando YamaRepublic

Ukuqonda lo mlando kusiza ekuchazeni ukuthi izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni namuhla zihluke kanjani.

Abavubukuli Basendulo

Amarepublic amabili asendulo ayenethonya kakhulu kwakuyiRome Republic kanye namazwe ahlukahlukene amaGreki. IRome Republic (509 BC\27 BC) ivame ukubhekwa njengohlobo oluyikhothamo. Yayisebenza ngesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuhlola nokulinganisela, kuhlanganise neSigeqe, imihlangano edumile, nezimantshi ezikhethiwe njenge-consul nama-tribunes. Isimiso esingokomthetho nesimiso semibuso seRome Republic ethotyelwe izihlakani ezisemuva njengoCicero, owabhala kakhulu ngomthetho wemvelo nangemisebenzi yezezenhlalakahle.

EGrisi yasendulo, amazwe anjenge-Athene ayesebenzisa izinhlobo ze- umbuso (ukuhlanganyela okuqondile kwezakhamuzi) kuyilapho ezinye ezifana ne-Sparta zazinezimiso ezixubile. Nakuba idemokrasi yase-Athens yayingeyiyo irepublic ngomqondo wanamuhla, [1] ukuyekelela izinhlangano zabameleli nemithetho-mthetho esemthethweni − ukugcizelela ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi kanye nokubusa umthetho kwasiza ekuthuthukiseni imiqondo yempucubeko. Isazi sezelifalbhius sahlola umthetho we-mfucul-siseko weRomanhlanganisela, ukuhlanganisa i-monarchy, i-Pucity, isigaba sombuso we-Propolustratic, nesigaba sentando yenkolo kwakhanyazisa ukuhleleka kwemibono yanamuhla.

AmaRepublic AngeNkathi Ephakathi NeyangeNkathi Yempucuko

Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso wamaRoma, ukubusa kwerepublic kwanyamalala kakhulu eYurophu, kodwa kwaqhubeka kwezinye izindawo. Phakathi neNkathi Ephakathi, amazwe azimele e-Italy(ngokuphawulekayo iFlorence, iVenice, neGenoa) nezinhlangano zeRepublic ezithuthukisiwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iRepublic of Venice, yathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, ibuswa isimiso sokhetho esiyinkimbinkimbi esasihlanganisa iDoge (umbusi omisiwe), iBhunga Elikhulu, kanye namakomiti ahlukahlukene aklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isigaba esithile ekulawuleni.

Amanye ama - republic aphawulekayo enkathi ephakathi ahlanganisa iSwiss Confederacy (eyaqala njengenhlangano yamacanton) neDutch Republic (iZifundazwe Ezihlangene zaseNetherlands), eyavela ekupheleni kwekhulu le - 16 njenge - republic kahulumeni eyayiholwa uJenene wase - United States. iDutch Republic yaba amandla ezwe lonke ezentengiselwano nesivikelo sokubekezelelana okungokwenkolo nokushintshanisana ngengqondo.

Inkathi Yezinguquko Nezinhlobo Zanamuhla

Ukukhanyiselwa kwekhulu le - 17 nele - 18 kwanikeza isisekelo sefilosofi sobuRepublic banamuhla. Abacabangi abanjengoJohn Locke, Montesquieu, noRousseau balwela ukuvunyelwa kokubuswa, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo emvelo. Lemiqondo yathonya ngokuqondile izinguquko zaseMelika naseFrance.

I-United States, eyasungulwa ngo-1776, yasungula irepublic enkulu yanamuhla enesilinganiso esikhulu esibhaliwe, ukwahlukana kwemibuso phakathi kwemithetho yezomthetho, isikhulu, namagatsha okwahlulela, kanye neSipho samalungelo abantu. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. waba isibonelo kumarepublic amaningi alandelayo. IRepublic yokuqala yaseFrance (1792-17884) nayo yamukela izinhloso zeRepublic, nakuba yabhekana nezinxushunxushunxushunxu zangaphakathi nezobuswa umbuso wobushiqela ngaphansi kukaNapolaon. Kuyo wonke amakhulu ekhulu ekhulu le-19 namashumi amabili, ama-Riphabliki asakazekela eLatin America, e-Yurophu, e-A, nase-Afrika, futhi yathatha indawo yemibuso noma imibuso yamakoloni.

Namuhla, ingxenye yamazwe omhlaba iyirepublic yohlobo oluthile, nakuba izakhiwo zayo zihluka kakhulu. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngesimiso esingokomlando serepublic, vakashela ungenelo Britanica kumarepublic[.

Izimpawu Eziyinhloko ZeRepublic

Ukuqonda irepublic kudinga ukuqaphela izici zayo ezichazayo, eziwuhlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo zikahulumeni ezinjengombuso ozimele, ubushiqela, noma ukubusa ngentando yeningi ngokuqondile.

Ukuhola Ngobuciko

ERepublic, abaholi bakhethwa ngokhetho oluqondile − noma ngokungaqondile (abameleli abakhethiwe abakhetha abaholi). Izinqumo kumelwe zibe ezikhululekile, ezingakhethi, futhi zibe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyolandisa. Lokhu kungafani nokulandelana kwefa ezinkolweni zombuso noma ukuthunyelwa kobudlova ezikhundleni ze-autocrac.

Ukuhlukana Kwamandla

Igunya lihlukaniswa phakathi kwamagatsha ahlukene kahulumeni − ngokujwayelekile isikhulu, umthetho, nesahlulelo − ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha elilodwa ukuba lithole igunya eliningi kakhulu. Lesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sivumela igatsha ngalinye ukuba linciphise imibuso yamanye, livikele ekucindezeleni. Amanye amarepublic ahlukanisayo phakathi kwamazinga esizwe nawomhlaba wonke (ubukhomanisi).

Umsebenzi Womthetho - sisekelo

Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe noma ongabhalwanga uhlela isakhiwo sikahulumeni, usakaza amagunya, futhi ubala amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Imithetho-sisekelo iphakeme kakhulu kunemithetho evamile futhi ingalungiswa kuphela ngezinqubo ezikhethekile. Lomthetho-womthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sikahulumeni siboshelwe ngokwemithetho engokomthetho. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uyisibonelo esivelele; ungafunda umbhalo wawo .S. Umthetho-sisekelo u-Antact .]

Isivikelo Samalungelo Abantu Ngabodwa

AmaRepublic awavikela ngokucacile amalungelo ngumuntu ngamunye − njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkolo, ingqungquthela, nenqubo efanele − ngokungenwa umbuso noma iningi. Lokhu kuvikelwa kuvame ukufakwa ekwakheni amalungelo noma eziqinisekisini ezifanayo zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi imibuso emikhulu ingaba ngunya kuyisisekelo senkolelo-mbono yeriphabliki, eyihlukanisa nomthetho omningi.

Ukuhlanganyela Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

IRepublic ayilona ilungiselelo elingenzi lutho; ixhomeke ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezikhuthele. Amavoter kumelwe azitshele, ahlanganyele okhethweni, futhi abeke abaholi icala. Imfanelo ye-COVIC.=ukuhle kwezakhamuzi ukubeka okuhle okuvamile ngaphezu kwezithakazelo zomuntu siqu," kuyadingeka ukuze ipropublic iphile. Ngaphandle kwayo, izinhlangano zingabola futhi zikhohliseke.

Izinhlobo ZamaRepublic

Izindawo eziningi ezikhona, futhi izinhlelo ezivame kakhulu zisekelwe ebuhlotsheni obuphakathi kwehhovisi lezikhulu negatsha lemithetho.

AmaRepublic Obumongameli

Kuyirepublic kamongameli, umongameli usebenza njengenhloko kahulumeni nomphathi kahulumeni, ukhethwa ngokwahlukana nendlu yomthetho, futhi uphethe amagunya abalulekile azimele. Umongameli umisa amalungu ekhathemende futhi angagunyaza umthetho. I-United States, i-Brazil, ne-Mexico iyizibonelo. Isici esiyinhloko ukwahlukana okusobala kwemibuso phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe ne-propatialtio, nakuba lokhu kungaholela ekuvuseleleni i-rockbock uma iqembu likamongameli lingawulawuli umthetho.

IziRepublic ZasePhalamende

Epalamende yesifundazwe, inhloko yezwe (ngokuvamile umongameli onemisebenzi yemikhosi) ihlukile kumphathi kahulumeni (undunankulu). Undunankulu nomphathi-sifunda bathathwa futhi bathathelwe icala ephalamendeni (i-glasturature). Igatsha eliphethe lixhomeke ekuthembeni kweningi labashaya umthetho. Uma uhulumeni elahlekelwa yivoti yokuqiniseka, ukhetho olusha lungabizwa. Izibonelo zihlanganisa iNdiya, iJalimane, i-Italy, ne-Israel. Izimiso zePhalamente ngokuvamile ziveza ukubusa okuhlangene kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi amagatsha emithetho e-Provistion ayahlanganiswa.

AmaRepublic aseSemi-Prediensance

Lezi zimiso zihlanganisa amalungu omongameli womahluleli nephalamende. Umongameli okhethwe kakhulu ukhonza njengenhloko yesifundazwe futhi uhlanganyela igunya nendunankulu enomthwalo wemfanelo kuhulumeni. IFrance, iRussia, ne-South Korea ziyizibonelo. Ukusakazwa kwamandla kungahlukahluka; kwezinye izimo umongameli uphethe, kwezinye undunankulu unegunya elikhulu kuxhomeke kuningi lephalamende.

Federal v. Unitary Republics

AmaRepublic angahlukaniswa futhi ngokuhlukaniswa kombuso phakathi kohulumeni abaphakathi nesifunda. ERepublic kahulumeni (umz., i-United States, iJalimane, iNdiya), amandla ahlukene ngokomthetho phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezifunda-zwe. Izinga ngalinye linezinhlangano zalo ezikhethiwe nezindawo zegunya. ERepublic ye-liphablic (umz., iFrance, i-Italy), ubukhosi bugxile kuhulumeni wezwe, nakuba ohulumeni bendawo bengase banikeze igunya lokuphatha. i-Frederalism ivumela izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo nezindawo zombuso kodwa ingadala izinselele zokubambisana.

IRepublic ngokuphikisana.

Iphuzu elivamile lokudideka ubuhlobo phakathi kwerepublic nentando yeningi.

  • Ukuthatha idemokrasi [ kuhilela izakhamuzi ukuvota ngokuqondile emithethweni nasezimisweni ngaphandle kokuxhumana. Lokhu kwakwenziwa e-Athene yasendulo kodwa akusebenzi emazweni amakhulu, anamuhla.
  • Imelela ukubusa ngentando yeningi (okuyilokho amarepublic amaningi akukho) ihlanganisa izakhamuzi ezikhetha izikhulu ukuba zenze izinqumo. Lokhu kuwumsuka wokubusa kweriphabliki.
  • Republic igcizelela ngokukhethekile umthetho, ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo amancane, kanye nomthetho-sisekelo olinganisela iningi nohulumeni. Abanye abaholi bezombangazwe baphikisa ngokuthi irepublic iwuhlobo oluphansi lwentando yeningi, kuyilapho abanye beyibheka njengesimiso esihlukile esibeka inkululeko nehlolwa entandoni ethandwayo.

Ngokwenqubo, amarepublic anamuhla cishe ayizikhombisi zentando yeningi njalo. Nokho, akuwona wonke amademokrasi angamarepublic: ngokwesibonelo, umbuso womthetho ngokomthetho (njenge-United Kingdom) uyintando yeningi kodwa awuyona irepublic ngenxa yokuthi inhloko kahulumeni iyinkosi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, irepublic ingakhona ngaphandle kokuba ibe nentando yeningi ngokugcwele . cishe eminye imibuso yentando yeningi izimisa njenge "izikhulu zikahulumeni" kuyilapho icindezela ukukhetha okukhululekile nokungavumelani. Ngakho, igama elithi "republic" lichaza uhlobo lukahulumeni osekelwe ebukhosini bomphakathi, kodwa izinga layo lentando yeningi lixhomeke ekubusweni kwenkululeko nokuhlanganyela kuyo ngempela.

Izinzuzo ZeRepublic

AmaRepublic anikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezinikela ekubuseni okuzinzile, okusabelayo, nokuhlonipha amalungelo.

  • Izenzo zokukhetha zivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikhethe abaholi bazo futhi zibakhiphe ehhovisi uma behluleka ukuzenza. Lokhu kulandisa kuveza ukusabela futhi kunciphisa ingozi yokuthatha i-monarchism.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo:[ Imithetho-sisekelo kanye nezikhulu zejaji ezizimele zivikela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ngokungemthetho kahulumeni noma ngezikhulu ezidumile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, yezindaba, neyamaqembu.
  • Ukulunga nokuhlangana: Isimiso esicacile somthetho sokudlulisela amandla (ama-via nokhetho) kunciphisa ubudlova nokungaqiniseki okuhambisana nokulandelana kwe-autocracy noma ama-monarch.
  • [ Ukuthatha nokuhlehla: izinhlangano zabameleli zikhuthaza ukuphikisana nokuxoxa phakathi kwezithakazelo ezihlukahlukene, okuholela ezimisweni ezicatshangelwa kakhulu kunasekuvezeni amavoti amaningi aqondile.
  • Ukuthathwa:[ Umthetho-sisekelo ungalungiswa, futhi imithetho ingashintshwa ngezinqubo zomthetho, ivumele isimiso ukuba siphendukele ngezidingo zesocieta ngaphandle kokuguquka.

Izinselele Ezibhekene NamaRepublic

Naphezu kwamandla awo, ama - republic awagonyiwe ezinkingeni ezingathi sína. Ezinye izinselele zizalwa nazo, kuyilapho ezinye zivela ezimweni ezithile zezombangazwe, zezomnotho, noma zezenhlalo.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Ukuhlukana okukhulu phakathi kwamaqembu ezombangazwe kungalulaza ukubambisana futhi kuholele ekubekeni umthetho. Uma izikhulu ezikhethiwe zimisa ukwethembeka kweqembu phezu kwezindawo ezilungile, ezibusayo, nokuthembana komphakathi kuyancipha. Ukwenaba ngokuvamile kuyakhula ezimisweni zomongameli lapho amagatsha aphethe nezishayamthetho elawulwa khona amaqembu aphikisanayo.

Ukonakala Nethonya

Izikhulu eziqashelwayo zingasebenzisa izikhundla zazo ukuze zizuze, zivume ukufumbathiswa, zikhokhele izivumelwano ezihlangene nabo, noma zisebenzise ihhovisi lomphakathi ukuze zithuthukise izithakazelo zomuntu siqu. Ngisho nasemazweni angonakele kakhulu, ithonya lemali kwezombangazwe (ngokwenza iminikelo yomkhankaso), ukunxusa, kanye nama-PAC amakhulu . Ukonakala kuphazamisa ukuqiniseka komphakathi futhi kungabangela ukuduba.

Ukunganaki Nokudumazeka Kwezinto Ezithandwayo

Umvoti ophansi, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwenani labasebasha nabangaphansi, unciphisa ukufaneleka kohulumeni futhi ungaphumela ezimisweni ezingabonisi isithakazelo somphakathi. Ukunganaki ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukudunyazwa yisimiso sezombangazwe, umbono wokuthi bonke abezombangazwe banezithiyo ezifanayo, noma izakhiwo zokuvota (isib., ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokuvota, ukucindezelwa kwabavoti).

Ukusakaza I - populism Nokuvinjelwa Ngentando Yeningi

Abaholi be-populist banganqoba okhethweni ngokubhebhethekisa izikhalo nangokuthembisa "ukungena emaxhaphozini," kodwa kanye embusweni ngezinye izikhathi bahlasela izinhlangano ezizimele (izinkantolo, imithombo yezindaba, inkonzo yomphakathi), belulaza umthetho, futhi bakhubaze inqubo yentando yeningi. Ngaleyondlela amaRepublic angaguqula i-"Republic remocline" noma imibuso ye-propatisciation lapho ukhetho lukhona kodwa lungekho khona kodwa lungalungile noma lukhululekile. Lesenzakalo siye saphawulwa emazweni amaningana amashumi eminyaka amuva.

Isondo Elingenayo Imoto Nokungasebenzi Kahle Kwalo

Ukuhlukana kwemibuso ngezinye izikhathi kungavimbela ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi phakathi nezinkinga. Amasethi nokulinganisela kungasetshenziswa ukuze kuvinjelwe umthetho odingekile noma kuvunyelwe ukuhlelwa kwemali. Ezimisweni zephalamende, ohulumeni abahlangene bangantengantenga futhi bathambekele ekuweni. Ukulinganisela isidingo sokuphumelela ngokumelene nobushiqela kuhlala kuyinselele eqhubekayo.

Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okujulile kwezinselele zerepublic yanamuhla, bheka i-Cornell Legal Information Institute ukucaciswa kukahulumeni weRepublic.

Indima Yezakhamuzi ERepublic

Abasunguli base-United States, kuhlanganise noJames Madison noThomas Jefferson, bagcizelela ukuthi uhulumeni werepublic udinga izinga elithile lobuhle bomphakathi, “‘ ukuzimisela kwezakhamuzi ukuzibekela inzuzo eyodwa.

  • Ukuvota nokuthatha Ingxenye kwezombangazwe: kungumsebenzi oyisisekelo kakhulu womphakathi. Izakhamuzi kufanele zizitshele ngezimo, zivote kuzo zonke izivotelo (ezweni lakodwa, ezweni, kwezezwe), futhi zihlanganyele ekucabangiseni komphakathi.
  • Ukuhlala uphilile: Unikezelo lolwazi olunokwethenjelwa kuyagxeka. Izakhamuzi kumelwe zikwazi ukuhlukanisa iqiniso nenkulumo - ze futhi zigcine imithombo yezindaba ilandisa ngokunemba.
  • Ukucabangela ukubusa koMthetho: Ukwamukela imiphumela yokukhetha, ukulalela imithetho, nokungalungi okubekela inselele ngezindlela ezingokomthetho (ukukhala, ukuphambanisa, ukubhalisa) kunokuba ubudlova kuyizimpawu zeriphabliki enempilo.
  • Imfundo ye-pivic:[ Izikole, imikhaya, nezinhlangano zomphakathi kufanele zifundise izimiso zikahulumeni weriphabliki, amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo yesizwe, nomlando wezwe. Ukukhetha okungenalwazi kuyisici esikhulu seriphabliki.

Njengoba uBenjamin Franklin asho ngodumo ekupheleni kweConvention yoMthetho-sisekelo ngo-1787, lapho ebuzwa ukuthi hlobo luni lukahulumeni abasunguli ababelwele: "Iriphabliki, uma ungaligcina." Lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi ukubusa kweriphabliki akuwona umkhiqizo oqediwe kodwa kuwumkhuba oqhubekayo odinga ukuqapha nokuthembisana njalo.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda irepublic kubalulekile ekuqapheleni indlela uhulumeni omelelayo osebenza ngayo nokuthi kungani iye yaba indlela evelele yokubusa ezweni lanamuhla. Kusukela ekuzindeni kwayo kwasendulo eRoma naseGrisi kuya ekuziphendukeni kwayo ngokwanda kwezifunda zasedolobheni zangenkathi ephakathi nomzamo wokuhlola inguquko, inqubo yeRepublic iyaqhubeka ihlela izimiso zezombangazwe emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso zayo eziyisisekelo ("izici eziyinhloko) ukubusa, ukumelelwa, ukumiswa komthetho-mthetho-mgaqokomfa, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye (ukubekwa kwesimiso sombuso wezwe), ukwakheka kwenkululeko ngokuhleleka. Ngalesosikhathi, amarepublicracrac abhekene nezinselele ezingenisweni eziqhubekayo: ukuwohloka, ukulahla imibuso yentando yeningi, nokulawulwa kwentando yentando yeningi. Ukuyeka lokhu akudingi ukumiswa kwezinhlangano kwezinhlangano kwezentengosi kuphela kwezentengo yomphakathi nokuhlanganyela kolwazi. Ngokufunda imfundiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezemfundo yezemfundo yezembubhilitikitikizo, nabafundisi, nabafundisi eziqondisweni zezokubusayo