Isakhiwo sikahulumeni e-United States sibekwe ngamabomu, negunya elisakazwa kububanzi bendawo, bombuso, nakubuzwe. Kubantu, lezi zingqimba zingazizwa njengokuchaza ibalazwe eliyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nowesizwe kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo, ukufeza imithwalo yemfanelo, nokuhileleka ngokuphumelelayo ekuphileni komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola amazinga amabili aseduze kakhulu okubusa esimisweni sikahulumeni waseMelika ("endaweni nezwe") ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yawo, izisekelo zomthetho, ukungezwani, ukungafani, nokudlala. Ngakuphela, uyoba nombono ocacile walowo okwenzayo, ukuthi kungani kubalulekile, nokuthi ungasebenzelana kanjani nesilinganiso ngasinye.

Uyini Uhulumeni Wendawo?

Uhulumeni wendawo uyisilinganiso sokuqondisa abantu abaseduze. Usebenza endaweni ethile efana nesifundazwe, idolobha, idolobhana, idolobhana, idolobhana, noma isifunda esikhethekile. I-Censussion Bureau ibika ukuthi kunamaqembu kahulumeni akhona angaphezu kuka-90 000 ezweni lonke, ahlanganisa yonke into kusukela ezifundeni ezinkulu zedolobha kuya ezifundaneni zasemaphandleni. Ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo emithetho-mthetho kazwelonke, hhayi ngokuqondile kumthetho-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imibuso nezakhiwo zabo ziyahluka kakhulu kusuka kuzwe ngalinye.

Izinhlobo Zikahulumeni Wendawo

Ngokuvamile ohulumeni bendawo banezigaba eziningana:

  • Izibalo:[ Izigaba eziphethe zezwe ezivame ukusingatha izinkonzo zendawo ezinjengokugcinwa komthetho, izinkantolo, amarekhodi empahla, nempilo yomphakathi.
  • ['Izakhiwo: Amadolobha ahlanganisiwe, amadolobhana, amadolobhana, noma amagatsha anikeza izinkonzo kubantu abagcwele, njengamanzi, indle, amaphoyisa, isivikelo somlilo, kanye nezindawo zokwakha.
  • Imikhumbi-mfantu: Ephakathini naseNyakatho-mpumalanga, amalokishi asebenza ngokufanayo kubala kodwa ngesilinganiso esincane sendawo, ngokuvamile ekhonza emaphandleni noma emaphethelweni.
  • Izifunda ezihlukene: izigaba zikahulumeni ozimele zenzelwe ukunikeza inkonzo eyodwa, njengesifunda sesikole, igunya lokunika amanzi, igunya lokuthutha, noma isifunda semitapo.

Imisebenzi kahulumeni wendawo ye-Core

Imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni wendawo iyasebenza futhi ishesha.

  • Ukuphepha kwe-Public:[[FLT] Amaphoyisa aqaphayo, ukucindezelwa komlilo, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, nokusabela enhlekeleleni.
  • Imfundo:[ Imisebenzi yezikole zomphakathi K-12, ukuqondisa amabhodi esikole, nokuqondisa ukuxhasa kwemfundo yendawo.
  • Izakhiwo: ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwemigwaqo, amabhuloho, imizila, izibani zamanzi, nezimiso zendle.
  • Impilo eqinile:[ imitholampilo egijimayo, ihlola izindawo zokudlela, ukulawula izinhlelo zokugoma, nokumisa imithetho yokukhuculula indle.
  • [[UMTH:0] Ukuzinza nezwe Usebenzisa: Ukulawula indlela impahla engasetshenziswa ngayo, imvume yokwakha, nokuqondisa ukukhula kwedolobha ngamasu abanzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izindawo zokuzijabulisa nokuzijabulisa: Ukugcina amapaki omphakathi, izikhungo zomphakathi, amadamu, nezinhlelo zokuzilibazisa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuphathwa kwemfucumfucu: ukuqoqwa kwemfucumfucu, izinkonzo zokubuyisela ushintsho, nokugcwalisa indawo.

Ohulumeni bendawo futhi banamandla okukhokha izintela zentela ze - levy, ngokuyinhloko intela yempahla, nokuphonsa intela yezinkonzo.

Uyini Uhulumeni Wesizwe?

Uhulumeni wezwe, obizwa futhi ngokuthi uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni, unegunya phezu kwayo yonke i-United States. Amandla awo avela kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. onikeza amandla aqondile abekwe ngokwezigaba kuyilapho egcina yonke eminye imibuso ekhona ezindaweni noma kubantu. Uhulumeni wesizwe wakhiwe waba amagatsha amathathu alinganayo: i-province, isikhulu, ne-acestration. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, kanye nokuhlola, kuklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma iliphi igatsha ekulawuleni.

Amagatsha Amathathu Kahulumeni Wesizwe

  • Igatsha elinomthetho (Ikhonsathi): Ekhiwe iSigele neNdlu yeSishayamthetho, uKhongolo lwenza imithetho, lumemezela impi, lulawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe, futhi lulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni.
  • Igatsha elisebenzayo (Isifundazwe Nezimo ze-Preference): UMongameli uphoqelela imithetho, uyala kwezempi, uphethe inkambiso yangaphandle, futhi wengamele izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge-Device Department, i-Agency ye-Evironmental Protection, ne-Social Security Administration.
  • [ Igatsha le judicial Bridge (Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano): INkantolo ePhakeme nezinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni zichaza imithetho, zibukeze ubukho bawo bomthetho-sisekelo, futhi zixazulule izimpikiswano ezihilela umthetho kahulumeni.

Imisebenzi yenkinombho kaHulumeni weSizwe

Uhulumeni wezwe usingatha izindaba ezidlulela ngalé kwezwe ngalinye noma ezidinga isimiso esifanayo sesizwe. Imisebenzi yawo eyinhloko ihlanganisa:

  • Ukhuselo lwesizwe nokulondeka: Ukulondoloza amabutho ahlomile, ukuvikela imingcele yesizwe, nokuhlanganisa imizamo yokulwa nobuphekula.
  • [ Izindaba zamazwe angaphandle ne-Diplomacy: i-'izivumelwano, iphethe izimemo, futhi imele i-U.S. ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene.
  • [ I-Piceal ne-Fiscal Policy: Ukulawula ukunikezelwa kwemali nge-Federal Reserve, ukuphatha intela kahulumeni, nokuxhasa izinhlelo zesizwe njenge-Social Security ne-Medicare.
  • Ukuhlelwa kwezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano: Ukubheka ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifundazwe, ukumisa izinga lokuhamba, nokumisa imithetho emelene nokuthembana.
  • ICivil Rights and Liberties: ifaka imithetho kahulumeni evikela ekucwaseni okusekelwe ohlazweni, ebulilini, enkolweni, ekukhubazekeni, nakwezinye izigaba.
  • [ Isivikelo somphakathi: Ukubeka umoya nezindinganiso zezinga eliphezulu ezweni lonke, ukulawula amazwe omphakathi, nokulawula izinto ezingcolisayo.
  • Ukungena nokuguqula: ukulawula ukungena ezweni, ukunikeza amavisa nezakhamuzi, nokumisa imithetho yokufuduka.

Uhulumeni wezwe uphakamisa imali ngokuyinhloko ngentela yeholo, izintela zezinhlangano, nangabaphathi bezezimali.

Isihluthulelo Sokungafani Phakathi Kohulumeni Wendawo Nowezwe

Nakuba zombili lezi zigaba zikahulumeni zikhonza umphakathi, ngokuyisisekelo zihlukile ezingeni, egunyeni, ekuxhaseni imali, nasekulandiseni ngesibopho sokulandisa.

Igunya Eliningi

  • endaweni ezungezile: Igxile ezidingweni zomphakathi eziqondene ngqo---(-izindawo zesikole somphakathi, imigwaqo yendawo, indawo, ukugada, ukuqoqa udoti. Izinqumo zithinta indawo echazweyo.
  • Isizwe:[ Amakheli ezweni lonke noma impikiswano yesifundazwe (isimiso sangaphandle, inqubo, ezentengiselwano zamazwe, isimiso sezomnotho, amalungelo omphakathi. Izinqumo zisebenza kuwo wonke amazwe nasemasimini.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo

  • Indawo ezungezile:[ Amandla anikezwa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe nemithetho kahulumeni. Akukho gunya eliqondile lomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni wombuso; ohulumeni bendawo bayizidalwa zezwe.
  • Umbuso wesizwe: ubala i-U.S. , kanye namandla ashiwoyo athathwe ku-Claus obalulekile nofanele. Uhulumeni wezwe futhi unamandla akhethekile anjengokukhokha imali nokuqondisa izifundazwe nezentengiselwano zangaphandle.

Imithombo Exhasayo

  • Indawo ezungezile: ngokuyinhloko intela yempahla, izintela zokuthengisa (kwezinye izifundazwe), intela yezinkonzo (amanzi, imvume), kanye nokudluliswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni (imali yesifunda neyahulumeni).
  • [ Izwe: ngokuyinhloko intela yomuntu ngamunye neholo lenkampani, ukukhokha izintela ze-ocell (Ukulondeka kwezeNkcubeko, i-Medicare), izintela ezikhokhwayo, kanye nezikhulu zamaphoyisa.

Ukuxhumeka kobuntwana

  • Indawo ezungezile: Izikhulu zivame ukukhethwa kukhetho olungelulo isigaba noma oluphansi. Izakhamuzi zikwazi ukufinyelela ngokuqondile emalungwini omkhandlu, amameya, namalungu ebhodi yesikole. Amathegremu avame ukuba mfushane (iminyaka engu-2-4).
  • Umbuso wesizwe:[ nokhetho lwe-conodial kudonsela ukunakekela okukhulu kwesizwe futhi kuthathe ukuphuma. Abameleli basebenzisa amagama athatha iminyaka emibili, iziphathi eziyisithupha, nomongameli ezine. Imikhankaso mikhulu futhi iyabiza.

Ukuvumelana Nezimo Nokuguqulwa Kwezinto

Ohulumeni bendawo bangazama izimiso ezivumelana nemiphakathi yabo, ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yeholo elilinganiselwe, ukulawula, noma izinhlelo zokuvuselela ezikhethekile. Uhulumeni wezwe uthambekele ekumiseni izindinganiso ezibanzi ezisebenza ngokufanayo, nakuba zinganikeza abaphangi noma izinhlelo zokushayela indiza. Lokhu kuvame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "imisebenzi yentando yeningi" umqondo, lapho amazwe nezindawo zihlola khona imiqondo ngaphambi kokuba ithathwe ngokwesizwe.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo: Uhulumeni Wesifunda

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukahulumeni wendawo nowesizwe busekelwe embusweni wezwe nesimiso sombuso (-palism) : isimiso lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kwegunya eliyinhloko nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihlangene. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wamisa isimiso sikahulumeni, uhulumeni wezwe ophathise amandla (ISiqeshana 8) kanye nemibuso egcina imibuso egciniwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi: "Imibuso engaphathiswa i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma enqatshelwe yiwo eUnited States, igcinelwe i-United States, noma abantu.""

Ohulumeni bendawo, ngoba badalwa yimibuso, bawela ngaphansi kwalemibuso egciniwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke akwazi ukuqondisa ngokuqondile ohulumeni bendawo ezindaweni eziningi. Nokho, uhulumeni wezwe angathonya izenzo zendawo ngezimo ezihlobene nokusekela kwemali kahulumeni, ukukhulula (lapho umthetho kahulumeni uwehlula umbuso noma umthetho wendawo), futhi ngokubeka imithetho ewumthetho-sisekelo okufanele ilandelwe yibo bonke ohulumeni.

Ukuze kuqondwe ngokujule kakhulu ubuzwe nomthetho weSichibiyelo seshumi, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okugunyaziwe kwenani nezinhlobo zezinhlangano zendawo kulo lonke izwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, U.S. imininingwane ye-Cult Bureautings yohulumeni bendawo [ inikeza ukuhlola okubanzi inani nezinhlobo zezinhlangano zendawo kulo lonke izwe.

Indlela Ohulumeni Bendawo Nesizwe Abangenela Ngayo

Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo, ohulumeni bendawo nabezizwe abasebenzi ezindinganisweni ezihlukene. Baxhumana ngemiphako eyinkimbinkimbi, imithetho, iziyalezo, nezivumelwano zokubambisana. Lokhu kuhlangana kuvame ukuphawulwa njengobukhomanisi obubambisanayo, lapho womabili amazinga esebenza khona ndawonye ukunikeza izinkonzo nokufinyelela imigomo yezimiso.

Iminikelo Yomphakathi Nosizo Lwezimali

Uhulumeni wezwe unikeza ohulumeni bendawo izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngezipho. Lezi zibonelelo zivela ngezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Iminikelo e-Orticle: Izimali zezinjongo ezicacisiwe, ezicaciswe kancane (umzk., ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, iziphakamiso zokuthuthukisa umphakathi). Ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bahambisane nezimo zikahulumeni eziningiliziwe.
  • qanda amaGrant:[ Izimali zezindawo ezibanzi zezimiso ezinjengezinkonzo zomphakathi noma impilo yomphakathi, ezinemingcele enciphile, inika ohulumeni bendawo ukwahlulela okwengeziwe.

Imfuyo ingaba ithuluzi elinamandla lethonya lesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, izifundazwe nezindawo kumelwe ziphakamise iminyaka elinganiselwe yokuphuza ibe ngu-21 noma ilahlekelwe ingxenye yemali yomgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni. Lesi simo siholela ekubeni imithetho yobudala obufanayo besizwe, ngisho noma imithetho enjalo ngokwesiko iyindaba kahulumeni.

Ukudamba Nokuhlengwa Kwabantu

Imithetho yesizwe ingasusa imithetho yendawo noma ezindaweni lapho uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza khona igunya likahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Ceac Air Act imisa izindinganiso ze-mouse yesizwe okufanele ziqiniswe ohulumeni bendawo. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wezwe olawula ukufuduka uvala imizamo eminingi yendawo yokulawula ukufuduka ngokuzimele. I-Preadetion ingachazwa futhi (i-Conference isho ngokuqondile umthetho kahulumeni owephula umthetho kazwelonke) noma isho ukuthi (umthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wezwe uthatha indawo ephelele okungekho ndawo eselelwa ukuthatha isinyathelo sombuso).

Imithetho kahulumeni ivame ukufika ngaphandle kwemali ephelele − isenzakalo esaziwa njengemithetho engagunyaziwe. IMandaters Reform Act ka-1995 izama ukunqanda lomkhuba, kodwa yenzeka, icindezela ohulumeni bendawo ngokwezimali.

Ukubambisana Kukahulumeni

Izinselele eziningi zanamuhla zidinga ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni.

  • Ukuphendulela: I-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) ihlanganisa izinkonzo eziphuthumayo zikahulumeni nezendawo phakathi neziphepho, imigodi yemlilo, nezikhukhula.
  • I-Foctive:[[FT:1] Ukuxhasa ngemali ngoMnyango Wezokuthutha kusekela imisebenzi yokuthutha yendawo, ephethe i-modual ne-authority elawula ukusetshenziswa.
  • Izimo zempilo ze-Public Emercial: Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, uhulumeni wezwe wanikeza imijovo kanye nezimali, kuyilapho iminyango yezempilo yendawo yanikeza izibhamu neziqondiso eziphoqelelwe.

Izibonelo Zokuwa Nokucindezeleka Ngokweqile

Nakhu izindawo ezintathu eziphawulekayo lapho iziphathimandla zendawo nezwe zihlangana khona, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zishayisana:

Ukuthunyelwa Kwamandla Okufuduka

Umthetho kahulumeni unikeza uhulumeni wezwe igunya elikhethekile ngokufuduka. Nokho, abanye ohulumeni bendawo baye bamukela "izimiso zokusebenza ngokubambisana nomthetho wokuthutha. Ukuphendula, uhulumeni wezwe uye wasongela ukugodla ukunikeza ngemali. Izinkantolo ziye zalinganisela, ngokuvamile zisekela isimiso sokuthi uhulumeni wezwe ngeke agunyaze ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba ufeze imisebenzi yezezwe, kodwa ungenza izivumelwano ezithile ngokuvuma.

Ukuqashelwa Ngokomthetho

Naphezu kokubheka insangu njengento elawulwa uhulumeni njengeShedynal, izifunda eziningi nohulumeni bendawo baye bagunyaza ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezokwelapha noma kokuzijabulisa. Lokhu kudala ukungezwani okungokomthetho: ama-pass asebenza ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni kodwa afaka uhulumeni engozini. Uhulumeni wezwe ubeke imingcele yokugcinwa kwemithetho ngesiqondiso senqubo (umz., iCole Metrindandum), kodwa ingxabano eyisisekelo ayiphenduli. Lokhu kuveza imingcele ye-predentition uma umthetho u-galelo lungasasebenzi.

Ukubuyiselwa Kwendawo Ezungezile

Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukuzama ukwamukela imithetho eqinile yendawo ezungezile kunemithetho enciphile kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, amadolobha angavala izikhwama zepulasitiki noma adinge amandla avuselelekayo ezakhiwo ezintsha. Ngezinye izikhathi umthetho kaFederal uchitha lemizamo yendawo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ukufana kwesizwe kubhekwa njengokubalulekile, njengezindinganiso zokukhipha imoto. I-Ceane Air Act ivumela iCalifornia ukuba ibeke izindinganiso eziqinile ze-sparpiter (ngendlela yomthetho we-consitiver-raliver), futhi ezinye izifunda zingalandela i-compassssss California, kodwa ohulumeni bendawo abakwazi ukubeka izindinganiso zabo siqu zezimoto ezintsha.

Izimfune Zezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda ukwahlukana kwegunya kunemiphumela ewusizo ekuthembiseni uhulumeni. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha indaba ethile kukwenza uqondise imizamo yakho ngokuphumelelayo.

  • Xhumana nezikhulu ezifanele: Uma imbobo idinga ukulungisa, shayela umnyango wedolobha lakho, hhayi ilungu le-Congress. Uma unokukhathazeka ngohlelo lukahulumeni olunjenge-Social Security, thintana nommeleli we-communion yakho noma inxusa likahulumeni elifanele.
  • I-vote kukhetho lwendawo: Amahhovisi endawo ngokuvamile anethonya eliqonde kakhulu ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke(-ilungu lebhodi lesikole, abasunguli bemikhandlu yedolobha, ikhomishane yesifunda, nomphathi-maya. Nokho ukhetho lwendawo lunethuba eliphansi kakhulu. ivoti yakho ithwala isisindo esilinganayo kakhulu endaweni yangakini.
  • Paricipate emihlanganweni yomphakathi:[ Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha izimemezelo zomphakathi ezihlelelwe uhlelo lwemali, izinguquko zokwaba, nemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa. Ukuba khona kulemihlangano noma ukunikeza izimpendulo kuyindlela enamandla yokuthonya isimiso.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho: Bobabili uMthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho we-U.S. uvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Izikhulu zendawo kumelwe ziwahloniphe lamalungelo, futhi ekugcineni amajaji esizwe awaphoqelele. Ukuqonda iBill of Rights nendlela esebenza ngayo esenzweni sendawo kubalulekile.
  • I-engage nezinhlangano zikahulumeni: Izinhlangano eziningi zikahulumeni zinezindawo ezinamahhovisi ezifunda ezisebenzelana nezindawo zendawo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Nvironmental Protection Agency iphawula izikhathi zemvume ezithinta izinga lomoya namanzi. Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela kulezi zinqubo.

Ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangana nohulumeni wendawo, .gov portal inikeza umbombo wamahhovisi kahulumeni nemithombo yemali. Ukungena jule kakhulu e-unistism, i- Inhlangano yolwazi eCornell inikeza umbono ocacile ongokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika asisona isigaba esisodwa kodwa iqoqo leziphathimandla ezilayishwayo. Uhulumeni wendawo usingatha izinkonzo zosuku nosuku ezihlela imiphakathi, kuyilapho uhulumeni wezwe ulungisa izimpikiswano ezinqamule imigqa yombuso noma idinga inqubo efanayo. UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza ukwakheka, futhi uhulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi amandla ahlala elinganiselwe. Kodwa isimiso sincike esazisweni, esaziseni izakhamuzi eziqonda ukuthi isiphi ithuluzi lokudonsa, futhi uma nini. Ngokuqaphela indima, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokusebenzelana kukahulumeni wendawo nesizwe, uba umbambiswano ophumelelayo kakhulu kwentando yeningi yentando yeningi, uyakwazi ukusekela izinga lapho kushintshwa khona izinto eziningi. Isinyathelo sokuqala sazi kahle uyakwazi umehluko; olandelayo usebenza kulo.