Ukuqonda Ubukhosi Ezweni Lanamuhla

Ubukhosi buyindawo yobukhosi lapho isimiso sanamuhla sezizwe zonke sakhiwe khona. Bubonisa igunya lokugcina lombuso lokuzibusa, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwangaphandle. Lomqondo, nakuba ngokuvamile uthathwa kalula, uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi uye washintsha ngokuphawulekayo emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bobukhosi (izici zangaphakathi nezingaphandle, izimpande zawo ezingokomlando, nezinselele zawo zamanje − kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi amazwe ayazibusa kanjani futhi asebenzelane ngebanga lembulunga yonke. Kusukela ekuthuleni kweWestphalia kuya ezingxabeni ezingosini ezizungezile zembulunga yonke, ubukhosi buhlala buyisimiso esinamandla futhi buphikisa.

Uhlangothi Oluqinile Lobukhosi

Ubukhosi abuwona umqondo owenziwe ngohlobo olulodwa; ngokuvamile buhlaziywa ngama - lens amabili ayinhloko: ubukhosi bangaphakathi nangaphandle.

Ubukhosi Bangaphakathi

Ubukhosi bangaphakathi bubhekisela egunyeni eliphakeme endaweni ephiwe. Linamandla ombuso ukudala nokumisa imithetho, ukulondoloza ukuhleleka, nokuphatha izindaba zawo zasekhaya ngaphandle kwegunya eliphikisanayo phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Lomqondo usekelwe embonweni wokuthi uhulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho lokusebenzisa amandla, njengoba kuchazwe ngokudume kakhulu yisazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu uMax Weber. Isihluthulelo sobukhosi bangaphakathi sihlanganisa:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Igunya lomthetho: Amandla okumisa, ukuchaza, nokuphoqelela uhlelo lomthetho olusebenza kubo bonke abantu nezinhlangano ezisezweni.
  • [ Ukulawula kwezemfundo: Ikhono lokukhokha izintela, ukuphatha imali yomphakathi, nokuhlela izimali zomphakathi ukuze kusetshenziswe izinkonzo zomphakathi njengemfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, nesisekelo semisebenzi yemisebenzi.
  • Ukuvikela ukunqanda: Ilungelo elikhethekile lokugcina amaphoyisa nempi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondeka kwasekhaya futhi kuvikelwe ekusongelwani kwangaphandle.
  • Isilinganiso sokuphatha sifinyelelwe: Ikhono lokusebenzisa izinqubo nezimiso kuyo yonke indawo, kusukela ezikhungweni zasemadolobheni kuya ezindaweni zasemaphandleni ezikude.

Ngokwesibonelo, isimo esilahlekelwa ubukhosi bangaphakathi (8) phakathi nempi yombango noma ukuwa kokubusa (h_accom) ukuze sisebenze njengenhlangano yezombangazwe evumelanayo, ngokuvamile esiholela ekungabini namandla nokuntengantenga okusakazeke kabanzi.

Ukubusa Kwangaphandle

Ukubusa kwangaphandle kuhlobene nokuqashelwa kokuzimela kwezwe ngabanye abadlali bezizwe zonke. Kuwukuvuma ukuthi umbuso unelungelo lokuqhuba ubuhlobo bawo nomuntu wangaphandle, ungene ezivumelwaneni, futhi uhlanganyele ezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokuthonywa yinoma yimuphi amandla angaphandle. Lo mukha ngokuvamile ubekwa ngokuqaphela kwezenhlalo. Ukuze umbuso ujabulele ubukhosi bangaphandle, kumelwe ube nawo:

  • Ukuqashelwa kobuzwe: ukwamukelwa okungokoqobo kwamanye amazwe azimele, ngokuvamile okusungulwa ngokuphana kwamanxusa namalungu emikhakheni yembulunga yonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene.
  • Comment
  • Control phezu komthetho wokwe-Opal: Ikhono lokuzibekela izinhloso zangaphandle, ukumemezela impi, ukwenza ukuthula, nokuxoxa ngemisebenzi yezohwebo.
  • [ Ukungathandeki kwemida: Isimiso sokuthi ukuthembeka kwendawo kahulumeni kumelwe kuhlonishwe ezinye izizwe, njengakuyi-Charter yeZizwe Ezihlangene (Artle 2(4)).

Ukubusa kwangaphandle kuxhomeke ekuqashelweni nasekumukelweni kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphandle kokuvuma okunjalo, indawo ingaba khona njengezwe elizimele kodwa intula ukuma okuphelele okungokomthetho emphakathini wezizwe zonke.

Ukuguquka Kobukhosi Okungokomlando

Umqondo wanamuhla wobukhosi awuzange uvele ngokuphelele, ukuvela kwawo kungatholakala ngezenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomlando ezashintsha isimo sezombangazwe eYurophu futhi ekugcineni wonke umhlaba.

Ukuthula KwaseWestphalia (1648)

Izivumelwano ezaqeda iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu zibhekwa kabanzi njengokuzalwa kwesimiso sombuso wanamuhla. Ukuthula kwaseWestphalia kwamisa isimiso se cugio, i-ius regio, eUnion religio (umbuso wayo, inkolo yayo), iqinisekisa ukuthi umbusi ngamunye wayenelungelo lokunquma inkolo yezwe lakhe ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kwemibuso yangaphandle. Izivumelwano zasungula umqondo wobuqotho bezwe kanye nokungavumelani kwezindaba zabanye abantu. Le mibuso yaseWestphalianean yaba itshe legumbi lobuhlobo bomhlaba wonke, igcizelela ukuthi akukho gunya langaphandle loMbusi Ongcwele wamaRoma, uPapa, noma enye inkosi . Ngokusemthethweni, zingenela ukubusa kwe-equast.[5]

Ukwanda Kwemfundiso Yokukholelwa Ebunsumpa Nemfundiso Yezenhlalo

Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela iWestphalia, ongqondongqondo baqala ukuveza izisekelo zegunya likahulumeni. Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uJean Bodin, emsebenzini wakhe siSix Books of the Commonweal [1576], salwela ukubuswa okuphelele nokungapheli kwenkosi. Kamuva, uThomas Hobes, [[FLT:] ku-Leviatan[[[FLT]]] , sathi imibono engokwezombangazwe yakhiwe ngesivumelwano sezenhlalo, futhi inikeza umbusi othile inkululeko ethile eshintshanayo ekulondekeni nasekuhlelekeni. Ngokuphambene, uJohn Locle, waphikisa ukuthi umphatho, uveza ukubusa kwabantu abadumile. Lemibono ebumbene yezombangazwe yezombangazwe emakhulwini ayishumi namashumi ayishumi nanhlane enkathi ye-19 eSivumeko, ukubusa kwezwe seSishaya uhulumeni sezwe sezwe sezwe sezwe enziwasekubusa kwezwe ezwe eFrance.

Ukuvela Kobukhosi Obuthandwayo

Isimiso sokubusa okuthandwayo sigomela ngokuthi igunya lombuso lisuka emvumeni yababuswayo. Lomqondo waba yinhloko yemfundiso yentando yeningi nomkhuba. I-Constantin Encyclopedia of Philosophy iqala ngokuthi "Thina Many," imisa ngokuqondile uhulumeni omusha kahulumeni wentando yesizwe ehlangene. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ubukhosi obuthandwayo buye bashintsha ukuze buhlanganise imiqondo enjenge-athoffice, ummeleli wokubusa, nesivikelo samalungelo amancane. I-Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza i-munculpherst embusweni yezakhamuzi. leyo misebenzi yefilosofi echaza le misebenzi.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zobukhosi

Esayensini yezombangazwe, ubukhosi buvame ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana eziqokomisa izici ezihlukahlukene zegunya likahulumeni:

  • Ubukhosi be-Legal: Amandla angokomthetho, omthetho-mthetho wokwenza imithetho. Esimisweni sephalamende, ubukhosi obungokomthetho buhlala esiGungwini somthetho; esimisweni somongameli, bungahlanganyelwa nomphathi omkhulu nomphathi wejaji. Izinkantolo zivame ukuchaza imingcele yobukhosi obungokomthetho ngokubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • Ubukhosi obungabungangatshazwa: Amandla angokoqobo, asebenzayo okuthonya ukwenza izinqumo. Lokhu kungahlala emaqenjini ezombangazwe, amaqembu enzalo, noma ngisho nabantu abanethonya, futhi kungangezwani njalo nobukhosi obungokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, imithombo yezindaba enamandla noma yezempi ingabusebenzisa ubukhosi obungaphezu kwemingcele engokomthetho.
  • Ubukhosi obuPhakathi: Imfundiso yokuthi igunya eliphelele labantu. Ivame ukusetshenziswa ngokhetho, nge-astendum, nangezinye izimiso zentando yeningi. Imithetho-sisekelo eminingi ibiza ubukhosi obuthandwayo njengomthombo wawo wonke amandla ombuso.
  • Ubukhosi bezezimali: Ikhono lombuso lokulawula izimiso zalo siqu zezomnotho, kuhlanganise nesimiso semali, imithetho yezohwebo, kanye nokuphathwa kwempahla. Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwabucindezela kakhulu ububusi bezomnotho bezizwe eziningi, ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlangene ngemali noma ezikweleta kakhulu izinhlangano zezezimali zomhlaba wonke.
  • Umbuso wobuzwe we-Digital: Umqondo omusha ovela ekhulwini lama-21, ubhekisele ekulawuleni kukahulumeni izakhiwo ze-minustry, imininingwane, ne-inthanethi. Izimpikiswano ngokwaziswa okusendaweni, ukuphathwa kwe-intanethi, kanye nokwe-inthanethi ye-inthanethi zifakwa kakhulu ngokwezingalo zobubusi be-mistry.

Izinselele Zobukhosi Zesikhathi Esizayo

Nakuba ubukhosi bulokhu buyisimiso esiyisisekelo somthetho wezizwe zonke nezombangazwe, ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuwusizo kuye kwabekelwa inselele enkulu yimikhuba eminingana ehlangene.

Ukuhwebelana Kwembulunga Yonke Nezomnotho

Imbulunga yonke iye yahlanganisa izomnotho zezwe lonke zaba uxhaxha lwezentengiselwano, izimali, nokukhiqiza. Izinhlangano zezizwe zomhlaba, izimali zembulunga yonke, kanye nezimakethe zezezimali zomhlaba wonke zivame ukuthonya izimiso zasekhaya eziphikisana noma ezeqisayo zohulumeni abakhethiwe. Izwe lingathola ukuthi iziqondiso zalo zentela zicindezelwa yimincintiswano yomhlaba wonke, noma ukuthi imithetho yalo yendawo ezungezile ilolongwelwe yizivumelwano zezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuncishiswa kwezomnotho kungaqeda imingcele engokwesiko ehlangene nobukhosini.

Izinhlangano Zezizwe Zonke Nobubusi Bezizwe Zonke

Iziqu ezinjengeZizwe Ezihlangene, iNhlangano Yezwe Yezohwebo, iNhlangano ye-International Monetary Fund, ne-European Union zidinga ukuba amazwe angamalungu amukele imithetho ebophayo nezibopho ezilinganiselayo zokwenza kwawo izinqumo ngasikhathi sinye. Ngokwesibonelo, amazwe e-EU aye afaka ubukhosi obubalulekile ezindaweni ezinjengesimiso semali (i-Eurocrate), imithetho yokuhwebelana, ngisho nezinye izici zokuqondisa. Ukungezwani phakathi kobukhosi besizwe kanye negunya lesizwe elihlangeneyo kuyisici esiphikelelayo sezombangazwe zamanje. [[FFLT:0] ICharter yeUN ngokwayo] ilinganisa inhlonipho ngobukhosi (Artle 2(7) ngokuvikelwa kwezimiso zesahluko VII, okungagunyaza ukungenela ezimweni ezidlulele.

Amalungelo Abantu nomthwalo Wemfanelo Wokuvikela

Inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yangemva kwe-Holocaust ibeke inselele yesimo esiphelele sobukhosi. Isimiso se ukuzimisela ukuvikela (R2P), esithathiwe yiUN ngo-2005, sigomela ukuthi ubukhosi buhilela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuvikela abantu ebubini obukhulu. Uma umbuso uhluleka ukufeza lobu mthwalo wemfanelo, umphakathi wezizwe zonke ungangenela, ngisho nangempikiswano ephawulekayo. Lokhu kuvimbela ukuqonda okungokwesiko kobukhosi ekubeni nelungelo kusuka emsebenzini onemibandela, kubangela ukuphikisana okukhulu ngemingcele yokungaxhumani kwabantu.

Ukuhlasela Kwe - cyber Nempi Yokwaziswa

Kulenkathi yezobuchwepheshe, ukubusa kuyaphikiswa kakhulu kuyi-inthanethi. Emazweni kubhekene nokuhlaselwa ngezobuchwepheshe okuvela kubadlali bakwamanye amazwe abaphazamisa izakhiwo eziyingozi, abe izimpahla ezihlakaniphile noma abaphazamisa okhethweni. Ukuhlasela okunjalo ngokuvamile kunzima, futhi imibono engokwesiko yokubusa kwezindawo izama ukusebenza kulolu ketshezi nakuhlobo lwe-inthanethi. Amanye amazwe aye afuna ukumisa ubukhosi bezemishini ngemithetho efuna ukwaziswa kwendawo (njengeRussia neChina) noma ngokwakha izisekelo zombuso.

Ukuhlola Icala Ebuseni

Ukuhlola izibonelo eziqondile kuyasiza ekuboniseni indlela ubukhosi obusetshenziswa ngayo, obuhlanganyela ngayo, futhi obuphikiswa ngayo.

E - United States: Isibonelo Sobukhosi Besifunda

I-United States inikeza isibonelo esivelele sokubusa okuhlukaniswa phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nezwe eliphethe kancane. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. usakaza amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni nezwe, nesilinganiso ngasinye sigcina amalungelo athile aphezulu. Nakuba uhulumeni wezwe unegunya eliphelele phezu kwesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, ukuzivikela, nezentengiselwano zamazwe, umisa ubukhosi obuphawulekayo phezu kwemfundo, umthetho wobugebengu, kanye nombuso wendawo. Lesimiso sombuso ngezinye izikhathi siholela ezimpini, njengezimpikiswano ezinjengamalungelo amazwe okugunyaza ukugunyaza impoqo nemithetho kahulumeni ukuba ithathe impova nomthetho kahulumeni. U. U.S. Ukuqonda ubukhosi kudinga ukulawulwa kwalelilungiselelo elinamelwayo.

I - European Union: Ukubusa Okuhlotshisiwe

I-European Union iwumzamo onamandla kakhulu wokufuna ukubusa. Izigaba zihlala zizimele ngokwezimiso, kodwa ngokuzithandela ziye zadlulisela amandla aqinile ezinhlanganweni ze-EU ezindaweni ezinjengohwebelana, umthetho wokuncintisana, izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile, futhi, kwezinye, imali. Umthetho we-EU uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wezwe ezindaweni eziningi, futhi iNkantolo yeJaji inegunya lokuchaza leyo mithetho. Le sibonelo se "umthetho obekwe umthetho" uvumela ukusebenza ngokuhlangene kuyilapho ilondoloza i-Creator nombuso wesizwe. I-Brexit ibingum, mayelana nobukhosi be-United Kingdom izakuveza isinqumo esiphelele ku-Brussels.

IChina: Ubukhosi Obusemkhathini Emhlabeni Wonke

I-China imelela ukugomela okunamandla kwamanje kokubusa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokukhula kwayo okusheshayo kwezomnotho. Uhulumeni waseChina uyakwazi ukulawula kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kwezombangazwe, ukufinyelela kwe-Internet, nethonya lakwamanye amazwe emingceleni yayo, ukukwenqaba ngokucacile lokho ekubheka njengokuphazamisa okungadingekile kwamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iChina ihlanganyela ngokuzikhandla ekubuseni kwembulunga yonke, ijoyina izinhlangano zomhlaba, futhi ifaka ithonya ngezindlela ezifana neBelt ne Road Itiative. Ithonya layo libonisa ukuthi ubukhosi abuhilelifuni ukuzihlukanisa; kunalokho, bungasetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokulawula ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke ngezindlela.

Amazwe Amancane Nobukhosi

Amazwe amancane anjengeSingapore, i-Iceland, noma i-Baltic abhekene nezinselele eziyingqayizivele. Isikhundla sawo sezempi esilinganiselwe kanye nokuncika kwezomnotho komakhelwane abakhulu kuwenza alulaleke ekuphoqelelweni. Izifunda ezincane zifuna ubukhosi ngezivumelwano ezihlangene, njengamalungu e-NATO, noma ngokusebenzisa umthetho wezizwe zonke nomthetho we-computation. Indaba yeKosovo ibonisa indlela ukuncintisana kobukhosi okungaqhubeka ngayo amashumi eminyaka, ezinye izizwe ziqaphela ukuzibusa kwazo nezinye ezenqaba ukwenza kanjalo, zishiya isikhundla sazo sezizwe zonke singenamdlanga.

Ikusasa Lobukhosi

Umqondo wobukhosi awumi ndawonye. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe obusha obusha, ukusongela komhlaba okufana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, namandla ashintshayo, incazelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kobukhosi kuqhubeke kusuka. Ezinye izazi ziphikisa ngokuthi ubukhosi buncishiswa amandla embulunga yonke, kuyilapho ezinye ziphikisa ngokuthi buhlala buqinile kodwa bumane buvuselelwe. Ukuphakama kwezinhlangano ze-pulgastism emazweni amaningi kubonisa isifiso sokubuyisela ukubusa kwezwe ngokumelene nokuthatheka kwezinhlangano zezizwe zonke nezikhulu zembulunga yonke. Ngokuphambene, isidingo sokuxazulula izinkinga ezinqamula imingcele ye-$pandemi, izinkinga zezimali, i-inthaneti, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kudinga ngisho nokubambisana okukhulu nokuhlanganyela kwegunya lobukhosi.

Ekugcineni, ubukhosi abusona isimo esiphelele, esingekho lutho. Yinhlanganisela yezenzo nezindlela ezithi kuxoxwe ngezindawo ezizungezile eziyinkimbinkimbi zomhlaba wonke. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bazo, umlando, nezinselele kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela amazwe asebenzisa ngayo ukulinganisela okubucayi phakathi kokuzimela nokuncintisana kwezizwe ngekhulu lama-21.