Inkinga Ekhulayo Yezikweletu Zabafundi EMelika

Isikweleti somnxeba wabafundi sesiye saba esinye sezinkinga ezinkulu zemali eUnited States, esithinta ababoleki abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-43 nengqikithi yamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-3,7. Lokhu kukweleta akuthinteli abantu ngabanye ababolekayo kuphela kodwa futhi nomnotho othe xaxa, okuthinta izakhamuzi zasekhaya, ezohwebo, ezomhlala - phansi, nemali yomhlalaphansi. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukubolekisa izikweletu kudinga kanjani ukukhokhwa kwabafundi kudingekile nganoma ubani ofuna ukuqaphela isimiso sezenkambiso esinamandla kakhulu: ukuzwa kwenhlangano. Lokhu kusebenza njengendawo engokomthetho yabenzi bomthetho ukuba baqoqe ubufakazi, ukubuza ofakazi bokungabaza, nokuhlola izikhambiso zemithetho. Ukuqonda indlela ukukhokha isikweletuso somfundi isikweletulo sabafundi okuhambisana nemali ephuma umhlala isikhathi esithathelwano. Kudingeka ngayo ukuba noma ubani ofuna ukuqaphela isimiso sesimiso sezendaba esikhona kulendaba esiyinkimbinkimbi.

Indima Eyingqayizivele Yokuqulwa Kwezindaba Zomphakathi Ekuhlelweni Kwezimiso

Ukuqulwa kwamacala e-Congress kuhlelwa amakomiti eSigele sase-United States, iNdlu yabameleli, noma amakomiti ahlangene. Bafeza indima ebalulekile enqubweni yomthetho ngokuvumela amalungu oMkhandlu ukuba ahlole izindaba ngokujule, aqinisekise ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni nezinhlangano ezizimele zinesibopho sokulandisa, futhi akhe umbhalo womphakathi ongazisa umthetho wesikhathi esizayo. Uma kuziwa ekubolengeni kwemali eboletwayo yabafundi, lezi zimemezelo zisebenza njengethuluzi eliwuphenyanisayo lokudalula izinkinga ezingaphakathi kwesimiso, ukuzwa ngokuqondile kwababoleki bemali abathintekile, futhi ukulinganisa ukuphumelela kwezinhlelo ezikhona njengamalungiselelo akhokhelwayo kanye namalungiselelo enkonzo yomphakathi i-Loan Forrence.

Ukuzwa kuvame ukuvuleka emphakathini futhi ngokuvamile kusakazwa, kunikeza ukukhanya nokuqaphelisa umphakathi. Lokhu kubona kungandisa ukucindezela kwabenzi bezimiso ukuba bathathe isinyathelo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuzwa okunikeza ubufakazi obubophayo obuvela kobolekayo oye wabhekana nemikhuba yokuzivuselela okuhlaselayo kungavuselela umbono womphakathi nesenzo somthetho womthetho. Ihhovisi lokulandisa ne-[FLT] i-Conregionational Ihhovisi Lezehlulele lezezimali [ njalo inikeza ukuhlaziywa kwamacala omphakathi nokungahambisa-mthetho phakathi nale macala, kunikeza ukuqonda okuphicophelelayo.

Izinjongo Eziyinhloko Zokuqulwa Kwezindlebe Kwabafundi

  • ichaza izimbangela [ zesikweletu esikhuphukayo sobuntwana nomfundi, kuhlanganise nabashayeli abakhokha izindleko zezinhlangano, ukuncishiswa kwemali kahulumeni, nendima yokuboleka imali kahulumeni.
  • ihlola ithonya elingokomnotho[ kubaboleki, imindeni, kanye nezimpawu zezomnotho zamacrol njengemali ethengiswayo nemali esetshenziswayo esetshenziswayo emninindlu.
  • fanisa izinqubo ezikhona njengenkokhelo yeholo, izinhlelo zokuboleka intethelelo, nesimiso seNkonzo yokuthethelela ye-Public Loan Corest for project kanye ne-equity.
  • Abasebenzi nezinhlangano ezingakhokhi necala [ lokuziphatha okubi, kuhlanganise nemikhuba ekhohlisayo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwenkokhelo, nokwehluleka ukudlulisela izikhokhiso.
  • [[[QURT:0] Izinguquko zemithetho ezingaphandle ezinjengokwenza lula amasu okukhokha, ukuvumela ukwehla kwemali ebolekiswa abafundi, noma ukubeka intethelelo ebanzi.

Umlando: Indlela Isikweleti Sabafundi Esaba Ngayo Isimiso Sobumbano

Inkinga yokuboleka imali yabafundi ayizange ivele ngesiquphe. Izinhlelo zemali ebolekwayo yabafundi zikaFederal zaqala ngoMthetho wezemfundo ophakeme ka-1965, owawuhloselwe ukwenza amakholiji afinyeleleke kubafundi abahlawulwayo abaphansi nabathola imali ephakathi. Phakathi namashumi eminyaka, amanani emali yokukhokha anyuka kakhulu kunamandla amandla amandla amandla, kuyilapho imali kahulumeni yamayunivesithi omphakathi yancipha. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-20000, isikweleti semali ephakeme kakhulu emalini eboletwa abafundi ekhokhwa ngemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R379, futhi ngo-R36. Imali ekhokhwaswayo yabafundi iqala ukuzwa ngemali ekhokhwawayo kusukela ngo-200.

Ngo-2010, i-Heal Care and Education Reconciliation Act yasusa i-Federal Family Education Program, isusa konke okubolekisa ngokuqondile ngoMnyango Wemfundo. Lokhu kushintsha kwanika i-Congress ukuqondisa okukhulu kwesimiso sokuboleka sabafundi sikahulumeni. Iminyaka eyalandelayo kwaba nokuzwa okuningi kuhlola ukufezeka kwemigomo yokukhokha iholo, ukuhluleka kohlelo lweNkonzo yomphakathi Loan Forgivetion, nokukhuphulwa kwamahlazo asekolishi. Ukulalela ngakunye kwaba nesandla ekwandeni okwandayo kobufakazi nemininingwane egcizelela ukuhluleka kwesimiso sokukhokha imali ekhokhwazwa ngabafundi.

Abadlali Abayinhloko NoFakazi Ekuqulweni Kweziqu Zamehlo Kwabafundi

Ukuqulwa kwamacala esonto ngesikweletu sabafundi kuhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zofakazi, ngamunye enikeza umbono ohlukile.

Ababoleki Nabameleli

Abantu ngabanye ababolekayo bavame ukunikeza ubufakazi obunamandla kakhulu. Izindaba zabo ziveza izibalo futhi zibonisa imiphumela yangempela yezwe yezimiso ezinephutha. Amaqembu anjenge- Borrowder Protection Center [ [[FLT]] ne [FLT] American Federation of Teacher ngokuvamile athumela abameleli ukuba bameme ushintsho lwezimiso. Labofakazi bagcizelela isidingo sokukhokha imali ngendlela elula, ukuqondisa okungcono, nosizo lwezikweletu.

Izikhulu Zikahulumeni

Izikhulu ze- IHhovisi lemfundo [, iKonsiumer Financial Protection Bureau , ne- Ihhovisi lokulandisa [i-Governmental Accounting [ ingofakazi abavamile. Banikeza ukwaziswa ngemali ekhokhwanywayo, ukuvumelana, nemiphumela yohlelo. Ubufakazi babo ngokuvamile bembula izikhala ekumisweni futhi basikisela izindawo lapho kudingeka khona isenzo sokuqondisa noma umthetho.

Izazi Zezomnotho Nabacwaningi

Ochwepheshe nabacwaningi abavela ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne Brookings Institution noma Ficeral Reserve [ banikeza ukuhlolwa okungokwesayensi. Baxoxa ngemiphumela emikhulu yezezimali yemali yemali yabafundi — njengokunciphiswa kwemali esetshenziswayo, amazinga aphansi ebhizinisi, kanye nokwephuthelwa kwekhaya. Ubufakazi babo busiza ekumiseni impikiswano ezomnotho.

Ababolekisi Nezisebenzi

Abameleli bezisebenzi ezinkulu zemali ezibolekwa abafundi njengeNavient (manje uSallie Mae) noNellet baye bahlola kakhulu emacaleni. Abenzi bomthetho baye baphenya izityholo zokukhohlisa kwemikhuba, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa ababoleki ekubekeni isineke esikhundleni samasu akhokhelwayo futhi behluleka ukulungisa ngokufanele amaphepha enkonzo ka-Hulumeni Loan Forrence. Lokhu kuzwakala kuphumela ezenzweni zokuziphathisa noma ezinguquko zemithetho.

Ukuzwakala Kwamuva Kwezindlebe Nethonya Lazo

Eshumini leminyaka elidlule, ukuqulwa kwamacala amaningana kuye kwaba nethonya ngokukhethekile ekulolongeni impikiswano yesimiso sokuboleka imali sabafundi.

2015: Ikomiti Esizayo Ezokuzwa Amakholiji Okulungisa Imali

I-Health, Education, Committee, i-Penssions Committee yahlola imisebenzi yokuzingela amakholiji angenisa inzuzo njengekholiji laseKorinte ne-ITT Tech. Ubufakazi obuvela kubafundi bangaphambili nakumaphepha angaphakathi bembula imithwalo ephakeme yezikweletu namanani aphansi okuthweswa iziqu. Lokhu kuzwakala kwaba nengxenye ekuwohlokeni kwamaketanga amaningana enzuzo futhi kwaholela ekubeni aqine kakhulu emsebenzini wezenzuzo [[[FLT:] iziqondiso ezingcono ngaphansi komphathi we-Obama. Nakuba lemithetho kamuva yancipha, ukuzwa kwabonisa amandla empatho yezengathwali yezentengiselwayo njenge-ishelo yezethilo.

2018: Ukugada Indlu Ngokuthethelela Inkonzo Yomphakathi

Lokhu kulalela kwadalula ukwehluleka okubhubhisayo kohlelo lwe-PS Service Loan Force (PSLF). OFakazi bembula ukuthi phakathi kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zabafaki-zicelo, ingxenyana encane yathethelelwa ngenxa yezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi namaphutha omsizi. Ukuzwa kwagqugquzela izinguquko zokulawula, kuhlanganise nokwanda kwesikhashana kwe-PSLF ngaphansi kwe- [[FLL:0] PSF WAIver[[FLM:1] ngo-2021, okwathi ekugcineni kwagunyaza ukuthethelelwa kwezigidi ngezigidi zezinceku zomphakathi.

2021: IKomiti Yezimali YeSigele Ukulalela Isimo Esibucayi Sabafundi

Lokhu kuqulwa kwamazwi avelele njengo-Senator Warren noVikelo abacela ukuba isikweletu esikhulu sabafundi sisuswe. Nakuba kungekho mthetho owadlula ngokushesha, ukuzwa kwaphakamisa impikiswano yangena ekuzisweni kwesizwe futhi kwathonya uMongameli Biden's kamuva ohlela isikweleti sosizo. Ukuzwa kwaqokomisa futhi izikweletu ezingezwani kulesi simiso, kuhlanganise nendlela ababoleki abamnyama nabaseSpain abathwala ngayo izikweletu ezingenakulinganiswa ngemiphumela ephansi eholayo.

Indlela Imithetho Evela Ngayo Ezindlebeni Ethonya Ngayo Imiphumela Yezindlebe

Nakuba ukuzwa ngokwako kungamiseli imithetho, kusebenza njengembangela ebucayi yoshintsho lwemithetho. Ubufakazi nobufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala buyisisekelo semibiko yamakomiti, abese iqondisa ukudwetshwa kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudluliswa kwezindaba okuvame ukuhambisana nokuthethwa kungaguqula umbono womphakathi futhi kubangele ukuphuthuma kwezombangazwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthethwa kwecala ngenkokhelo yabafundi kwaholela ekungenisweni kwe [[FLT: 0] I-Loan Borrower Bill of Rights eMkhandlwini ominingi. Lo mthetho ungamisa izimfuneko ezintsha kubasebenzi futhi usungule inqubo yokukhononda egcwele. Nakuba izimali zingadlulanga, izikhalo zakha umbiko wezinkinga eziqhubeka ziqhubela phambili izingxoxo.

Ngokufanayo, ukuzwa ngesimiso seholo elikhokhelwayo kwadalula ukuthi ababoleki abaningi babekhokha amashumi amaningi eminyaka ngaphandle kokuthinta uthisha- nhloko wabo. Lobufakazi banezela ekusungulweni kwe-Plan SAVE [I-i-PN] (Izihlongozo zemfundo eyigugu) ngo-2023, enikeza izibopho ezinkulu kakhulu nentethelelo ngokushesha kwababoleki abaphansi. UMnyango Wemfundo wakhomba ubufakazi obubodwa ngezinyanga zokuhlanganisa i-actrion placess.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezindlebe Zomphakathi

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwazo, ukuzwa kwezindlebe zomphakathi kunemingcele. Kungathatha iminyaka eminingi, amalungu esebenzisa ubufakazi ukuze athole amaphuzu ezombangazwe kunokuba axazulule izinkinga. Ukukhetha koFakazi ngokuvamile kuhlonishwa ukuba kuthande uhlelo lweningi lwekomiti, kuholele ekwazisweni okungaphelele noma okunobandlululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuzwa akuvamile ukuveza imiphumela esheshayo; kungathatha iminyaka eminingi ukuze kunikezwe ubufakazi bokuguqulela esenzweni senqubo.

Okunye ukulinganiselwa yikho ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwesimiso sokuboleka imali yabafundi. Ofakazi abaningi banikeza ukwaziswa okungqubuzanayo, okwenza kube nzima ngabenzi bomthetho ukufinyelela ukuvumelana. Ngokwesibonelo, impikiswano yokuthi ukuthethelelwa imali ebolekiswayo kusiza yini noma kulimaza umnotho ihlukene kakhulu. Nakuba izazi zezomnotho ekulaleleni zingase zibe nemiphumela eshukumisayo, abanye baxwayisa ngengozi yokuziphatha nokungaqiniseki. Lokhu kuntuleka kwesinqumo kunganqanda intuthuko.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Lokho Okumelwe Kulindelwe Emkhandlwini Wombuso

Njengoba isikweletu semali ebolekwa abafundi siqhubeka sicindezela izigidi zabantu baseMelika, cishe uMkhandlu uyobe unezikhalo ezengeziwe ezisingatha izindaba eziningana ezixazululekayo.

Ukunweba Iholo Lemali Nezinzuzo

Enye indawo egxile kakhulu ukwenza amasu okukhokha imali eholayo afinyeleleke futhi azenzekele. Ukulalela kuye kwabonisa ukuthi abantu abaningi abafanelekela ukuboleka ababhaliwe ngenxa yamaphepha ayinkimbinkimbi. Abenzi bomthetho bahlola umthetho ozifaka ngokuzenzekelayo ababolekisi elungiselelweni elibiza kakhulu, besebenzisa imininingwane yokubuyisela intela ukuze baqinisekise iholo. Izinguquko ezinjalo zinganciphisa amazinga afanele futhi zithuthukise imiphumela yokukhokha.

Ukuchithwa Kwemithetho Yokuvimbela Izimali Ngokushintsha

Okwamanje, kunzima kakhulu ukukhokha imali ebolekiswa abafundi lapho bewile. Imali ebolekwayo efana ne-[FLT: 0] Loan Bankruptic Reformation Act [[[FLT: 1] ivezwe ngemva kokuzwa ukuthi indinganiso yamanje cishe ayinakuhlangatshezwa. Ukuzwa kwesikhathi esizayo cishe kuyoqhubeka kucindezela ukuze kushintshe, kusho ukuthi umthetho okhona ujezisa ababoleki ababhekene nobunzima obungalindelekile.

Izindleko Ezikhulayo Zokudla

Izindlebe ze-Congress zibuye zibhekane nembangela eyisisekelo: izindleko zemfundo ephakeme. OFakazi baye bacela ukunyuselwa kwemali kahulumeni emakholiji omphakathi, izindleko ezibophayo, kanye nezinyathelo zokubona ngapha nangapha. Lendaba ibekwa icala ngokwezombangazwe, njengoba iveza ukuzibusa kwamayunivesithi ngokumelene nesidingo semali. Noma kunjalo, izindlebe zinikeza i-amen ekuxazululeni izixazululo zezentengo zezifundo zekholiji zenkululeko futhi zandisa ama-Pel Grant.

Ukuvuselelwa Kwabafundi Abaphanga Inkonzo

Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokulalela ebhala ukuxhashazwa kobolekayo, uKhongolo ucabangela umthetho wokwakha indikimba eyodwa, enegunya lokuqondisa ababolekisi babafundi. [[FLT: 0] I-Loan Servigation Accounting Act [[FLT: 1] ingafuna abasizi ukuba bahlangabezane nezindinganiso ezilinganiselwe nezijeziso zokungahambisani nomthetho. Amazwi asebeke isisekelo salomthetho, futhi ukuqondisa okuqhubekayo kungawuphoqelela ekugcineni ukuwelela emgqeni wokuphela.

Izingqinamba Zezomnotho Nezenhlalo Zokunciphisa Izikweleti Zabafundi

Iziphakamiso zalokhu kuthethwa zidlulela ngalé kwababoleki ngabanye. IFederal Reserve iphawule ukuthi amazinga aphakeme ezikweletu zabafundi ahambisana nokukhula kwe-GDP ephansi, njengoba intsha eyeveze ibambezela ukuthengwa okukhulu kokuphila. Ukuhlolwa kwe-2023 kwe- Roosevelt Institute[ kulinganiselwa ukuthi ukusula izikweletu zomfundi ezingu-R350 000 kungazindisa i-GDP ngobubanzi obufinyelela ku-108 000 000 000 000 ngonyaka. Izimpikiswano ezinjalo zezomnotho zinikezwa njalo ukuze zakhe icala lesenzo.

Ohlangothini lwezenhlalo, igebe lengcebo lobuhlanga liphazanyiswa izikweletu zabafundi. Abathweswe iziqu zasekholiji abamnyama banecala lokukhokha imali engaphezu kuka-R2 000 000 kunelelungu abakanye nabo, futhi bathatha isikhathi eside ukuba bakhokhe. OFakazi abavela ezinhlanganweni zamalungelo omphakathi baye basebenzisa ukuzwa ukuze baqaphele lezi zici ezihlukene, belwela ukukhululeka okuhlongozwayo. Le bufakazi buye bathonya iziphakamiso zokusebenzisa ukuthethelela izikweletu njengethuluzi lokulawula izomnotho.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwezimpi Zezigebengu

Ukuzwa kwemithetho kukude kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kwenjoloba. Kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokuqondisa idemokrasi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Endaweni yemali ebolekwa abafundi, baye baveza ukuboleka imali eyingozi, ukuhluleka kwenkonzo okubhaliwe, futhi baphakamisa amazwi abolekayo abangase bangazwiwa. Nakuba indlela yomthetho ihamba kancane futhi iphikisana, ubufakazi obuhlanganiswe emagumbini okuzwa ngaphesheya kwe-Capitol Hill buyaqhubeka buhlela impikiswano noshintsho oluqhubekayo.

Kunoma ubani onesithakazelo ekufuneni ikusasa lesimiso sokuboleka imali yabafundi, ukulandela lokhu kuqulwa kwecala kubalulekile. Zinikeza ifasitela eziza kuqala zemithetho yezikhulu ezikhethiwe, ukwaziswa kwamuva ngemiphumela yokubolekiwe, neziphakamiso zezimiso ezingase zinikeze impumuzo ezigidi zaseMelika ngolunye usuku. Njengoba inkinga yemali ebolekwayo yabafundi iqala, kanjalo nendima yeSishaya-Mkhandlu ekusingatheni isingatha — futhi ukuqulwa kuyohlala kusemkhanselweni oyinhloko waleyongxoxo ebucayi.

Imivubukulo Yangaphandle Yokufundwa Okwengeziwe

  • Ihhovisi lobufakazi — Imibiko nobufakazi bezinhlelo zokufundisa ezibolekwayo zikahulumeni.
  • [ Ikhomputha Yohlelo Lohlelo lokuhlela [ — intengo yentengo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezomnotho kweziphakamiso zemali yokufundisa.
  • [[[Umthetho:0] I-Register – Umnyango wemfundo — imithetho engokomthetho nezimiso ezihlongozwayo zosizo lwabafundi.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Isikhungo sokucwaninga se-Pew: Umfundi Loans — Imininingwane nokuhlaziya inani lamanani abantu ababolekayo nesimo sengqondo.
  • I-Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: Umfundi Loans — imithombo yemali nokwaziswa okukhonondayo.