Table of Contents

Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolo-mfutho olukumelela ngayo futhi lumise imithetho ebusa isizwe sethu kuyisisekelo sokuba isakhamuzi esinolwazi. I-United States Congress isebenza njengegatsha lomthetho-mthetho likahulumeni, isebenzisa amandla omthetho-mthetho ukuba enze umsebenzi, impikiswano, futhi imise umthetho othinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Ukusukela ekunakekeleni kwempilo nasemfundoni kuya ekuvikeleni isizwe nentela, izinqumo ezenziwa emahholo eSishaya-mthetho zihlela ikusasa lezwe lethu. Lesiqondiso esibanzi sizokuhambisa ngenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, izindima eziyingqayizivele zendlu yabameleli ne-Hardentier, kanye nezilinganiso eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kwesimiso sethu sombuso wentando yeningi njengokuhlolwa.

Ukuqonda Ukwakheka Komkhandlu

I-United States Congress iyigatsha lomthetho likahulumeni futhi linamakamelo amabili: indikimba ephansi ebizwa ngokuthi iNdlu yabameleli base-U.S., kanye nendikimba ephezulu ebizwa ngokuthi iSigele sase-U.S. i-Congress inamalungu angu-535 okuvota, ahlanganisa izimemezeli eziyikhulu nabameleli abangama-435. Lesi sakhiwo se-baobaral samiswa abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo njengengxenye ye-Great Relation, eklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo zazo zomphakathi nomphakathi ominyene nomphakathi omncane kakhulu kuyilapho kuqiniselwa ukuthi wonke ama-zahluleki.

ISiphakamiso I soMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sinikeza wonke amandla emithetho engokomthetho eSishayamthetho: Indlu yabameleli neSigele esiwumphumela "Wokuhlehla Okukhulu" ukufuna ukulinganisela imiphumela yemisebenzi ethandwayo nezithakazelo zezwe. Lesi simiso esiklanywe ngokucophelela siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho qembu elilodwa noma isithakazelo elingabusa inqubo ye-inqubeko, ifuna ukubambisana nokwakha ngokuvumelana phakathi kwawo womabili amakamu ukumisa imithetho emisha.

Indlu yabameleli: Isigungu sabantu

Inani labameleli bokuvota eNdlu limiswa umthetho ungekho ngaphezu kuka-435, ngokwesilinganiso umelela inani labantu bezifunda ezingu-50. Ummeleli ngamunye ukhethwa ukuba abe yigama elineminyaka emibili elikhonza abantu besifunda esithile. Lobu bude obufushane buqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu endlu ahlale ehlangene eduze nezindawo zawo futhi asabela ezidingweni ezishintshayo nasezinkathazweni zemiphakathi akhonza kuyo.

Amalungu endlu amelela izigodi ngazinye, nenani lezifunda kuzwe ngalunye ezinqunywa inani lalelozwe. Izwe ngalinye linommeleli oyedwa kuKhongolo. Lokhu kumelelwa kwenani labantu kusho ukuthi kunezigaba ezinkulu, njenge California ne Texas, kunezimeleli eziningi kakhulu kunezifunda ezincane njenge-Wyoming noma iVermont.

Amalungu endlu kumelwe abe neminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu ubudala nezakhamuzi iminyaka eyisikhombisa. Lezizimfuneko ezilinganiselwe ngokuqhathaniswa zibonisa inhloso yabakhi bendlu ukuba igumbi elixhunywe kubantu ngokuqondile, elinemingcele ephansi yokungena evumela izinhlobonhlobo zamaphimbo nemibono ukuba zihlanganyele enqubweni yemithetho.

ISigele: Umzimba Onesizotha

KuyiSigele, abavoti bombuso ngamunye bakhetha amaSenator amabili, akhonza amagama aneminyaka eyisithupha ahambisanayo (njengalawo athi ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yegumbi ilungele ukukhethwa kunoma yimuphi umjikelezo wokhetho). Lesimiso sokhetho esishaqisayo sinikeza ukuqhubekeka nenkumbulo yokuhlelwa, siqinisekisa ukuthi iSigele silondoloza ukuhola okunethuba ngisho nanjengoba amalungu amasha ejoyina igumbi.

Senators are at least thirty years old and citizens for nine years. These higher age and citizenship requirements reflect the Senate's intended role as a more deliberative and experienced body. To shield senators from short-term political pressure, their terms were set at six years rather than the two-year terms of House representatives.

ISigele sasihloselwe ukwenza ngamabomu kunendlu, sigcizelela umsebenzi weSigele ukululeka nokuvuma izenzo ezithathwa eNdlu kanye negatsha eliphethe likahulumeni. Lokhu kukhetha kuboniswa emithethweni nasezinqubweni zeSigele, ezinikeza izimemezeli ngabanye abanamandla aphawulekayo okuthonya inqubo yemithetho ngenkulumo-mpikiswano ebanzi nezinye izinqubo ezingokwesiko.

Amandla Omthetho - sisekelo Nokungafani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Nokho, uMthetho-sisekelo unikeza igumbi ngalinye amandla nemithwalo yemfanelo ethile ehlukile ehlukanisa izindima zalo kuhulumeni.

Amandla Avelele Endlu Yabameleli

Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wemali, futhi kuphela iSigele esiqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kanye nezivumelwano ezivumayo. Leligunya phezu kwezindleko zemali, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi "igunya lesikhwama semali," linikeza iNdlu ithonya elikhulu ekusebenziseni imali nasenkambisweni yentela kahulumeni. ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 7 yoMthetho-sisekelo sithi izikweleti ezihloselwe ukunyusa inzuzo kumelwe zivele eNdlu, okungenye yezinganiso ezinkulu phakathi kwendlu neSigebengu.

Ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, iNdlu yabameleli inamandla okunikeza isikhulu sikahulumeni amandla okunikeza isikhulu sikahulumeni, empeleni sikhonza njengomshushisi.

Amandla Avelele ESigele

ISigele sinamandla okuqhuba ukuqulwa kwecala, ngokuyinhloko lisebenza njengejaji nahluleli.

ISigele sinendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla aphethe ngokuqinisekisa izikhulu zeKhabhinethi, amajaji, nezinye izikhulu eziphakeme "ngeSiluleko nangokuvumelana kweSigele". Lamandla okuqinisekisa anikeza iSigele ithonya elibalulekile ekwakhiweni kwegatsha eliphethe kanye nejaji likahulumeni, kuhlanganise namajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme.

Izivumelwano ezixoxwe nguMongameli kumelwe zigunyazwe yivoti eyinani eliphindwe kabili nantathu eSigele ukuze zisebenze. Lemfuneko iqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe zihlolwa kahle futhi zisekelwe kakhulu ngaphambi kokuba i-United States ivume kuzo.

Ukungafani Kwemvelo Phakathi Kwezigu

Ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ngalinye linegunya elingokomthetho lokuzenzela imithetho yalo, iNdlu Nesigebengu ziye zasungula izindlela ezihlukene kakhulu zokuhlela imithetho, mhlawumbe ezidlula ngokwengxenye ekuhlukaneni kwazo okungokomthetho - sisekelo.

Ngokuvamile, imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lilungise umthetho ngokushesha. Ubukhulu bendlu budinga izinqubo ezihlelwe kahle, ezinemingcele eqinile yesikhathi empikiswano nezinhlelo ezilawulwa ngemithetho ekhethekile emiswe yi-House Rules Committee. Lokhu kuvumela iningi ukuba likwazi ukugcina ukulawula izinhlelo zomthetho futhi lisheshe izindleko ngempumelelo enkulu.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezimiso, kuvunyelwa ukuhlobana ngesenzo esisheshayo, njengoba kunikeza abaPhathi-kawodwa amandla abalulekile okusekela impikiswano engenakulinganiswa. Isiko lesigele lengxoxo engaziwa njenge-palbuster, livumela abasizi ngabanye noma amaqembu amancane ukuba banwebe ingxoxo ngomthetho ngokungenasiphelo ngaphandle kokuba abavoti abangama-60 bavote ukucela ukuvaleka nokuphela kwengxoxo. Lokhu kunikeza iqembu elincane nabasizi ngabanye amandla amakhulu kakhulu okuthonya noma ukuvimbela umthetho kunezindawo ezihlangene nezindlu zabo.

Indlela Ibhuloho Eliba Ngayo Umthetho: Inqubo Yokushaya Indiva Ihamba Ngezinyawo

Inqubo yokuba umthetho kuyinto engaziwa kahle futhi ingahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngezikweletu. Nakuba kunohlelo oluvamile olulandelwa umthetho omkhulu, iqiniso liwukuthi uhambo lwemali ngayinye ngeSishaya-mthetho luhlukile, luthonywe ukucabangela kwezombangazwe, umbono womphakathi, isikhathi, nezimiso eziqondile ezihilelekile.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Ukuzalwa Kwenkolelo - ze

Imithetho iqala njengemibono. Lokhu kusho ukuthi wena, njengelungu leSishaya-mthetho, ungaba nendima eqondile enqubweni yeSigele noma eMzini noma abameleli abanomqondo womthetho, ungakhipha umthetho. Le miqondo ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma kumalungu ezakhamuzi zansuku zonke nakumaqembu ezempatho yesizwe.

Imali iyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Izincwadi zingakhuluma cishe nganoma yisiphi isihloko esisegunyeni likahulumeni elingokomthetho, kusukela ekumiseni izinhlelo ezintsha zikahulumeni kuya ekulungiseni amazinga entela, kusukela ekuqondiseni kwezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene kuya ekugunyazeni ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Ukulungisa Umshini Nokuwuyisa Kubantu

Amalungu endlu noma iSigele kuphela angamisa umthetho, nakuba ngezikhathi ezithile ilungu limisa umthetho ngesicelo sikaMongameli. Amalungu nezisebenzi zalo ngokuvamile bayaya kubameli abangekho necala ehhovisi leSilule seSilule seSilule seQembu seQembu ngalinye ukuze basize ekufakeni iziphakamiso zemithetho olimini lwezishayamthetho. Le nqubo yokuhlela iqinisekisa ukuthi izikweletu zibhalwe ngolimi olungokomthetho nangendlela esemthethweni.

Ilungu elikhulu le-Congress elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "i-sponsor". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sivumelwano abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". Ukuba namalungu amaningi akanye angabonisa ukusekela okukhulu kwemali futhi andise amathuba ayo okuphumelela. Amalungu avame ukusakaza umthetho wempi phakathi kwabangane bawo ukuze asekele ngaphambi kokuba ayiveze ngokomthetho.

Noma iliphi ilungu eNdlu yabameleli lingase lizise isikweleti noma nini lapho indlu iseqenjini ngokumane liyibeke e-"sonchor" eceleni kwedeski likaClerk eSikhungweni Sendlu. Isigqebhezana somxhasi kumelwe sivele esibhakabhakeni, esingase sibe nenani elingenamkhawulo lamalungu aso. ESigqeni, le nqubo iyafana, nakuba izikweleti zisungulwa phansi kweSigeqe.

Imali yalencwadi yabelwa inani layo lemithetho nguClerk futhi ibhekiselwe ekomitini yokulawula, eyikomiti eboshelwe ukubukeza izindleko. Izindleko zendlu zimiswe nge "H.R." elandelwa inombolo, kuyilapho izikweleti zeSigele zihlelwa nge "S" kulandelwa inombolo. Izinqumo ezihlangene, ezinamandla afanayo nezikweletu, zibizwa ngokuthi "H.J.R." noma "S.J.Res"

Isinyathelo Sesithathu: Ukubukeza Nokucabangela Kwekomiti

Mhlawumbe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yomthetho yisenzo samakomiti. Amakomiti acabangela kakhulu isilinganiso esihlongozwayo kanye ne-fourum lapho umphakathi unikezwa khona ithuba lokuzwa. Lesisigaba sekomiti silapho umsebenzi oningiliziwe wokuhlola, ukuphikisana, nomthetho wokucwenga uqala khona.

Kunamakomiti amile angama-20 eNdlu futhi angu-16 eSigele kanye namakomiti amaningana akhethiwe ahlelwa ngezihloko, njengezolimo, izinkonzo zezikhali, imfundo, amandla, izimali, ubuhlobo bangaphandle, kanye nezomthetho wejaji. Ikomiti ngayinye ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe endaweni yayo yesimiso futhi inomthwalo wokubukeza wonke umthetho ohlobene naleyondaba.

Ngemva kokuba sekuqaliswe isikhwama futhi kubhekiswe ekomitini yezikhulu, ikomiti ivame ukuthumela lesisilinganiso emaqenjini ayo akhethekile angaphansi ukuze itadishe, izindlebe, izinhlelo zokubukeza, nokuvuma. Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo sokuqala kulenqubo ukuqulwa kwasobala lapho amalungu ekomiti noma amalungu ekomiti eboshweni elingaphansi ezwa khona ofakazi bemibono ehlukahlukene emelela isilinganiso.

Ikomiti ingakhetha ngisho nokubamba icala ukuze iqonde kangcono incazelo yaleli cala. Ukulalela kuvumela imibono yegatsha eliphethe, ochwepheshe, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi nabasekeli, nabaphikisi bomthetho ukuba babhalwe phansi. Lezi zindaba zinikeza ukubonakala futhi zivumele abaphethe izikhalazo zabo noma ukusekela umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Lapho ukuqulwa kwamacala nokubukezwa kwekomiti kuqediwe, ikomiti izohlangana "iphawule" isikweleti. Benza izinguquko nezinguquko ngaphambi kokutusa isimemezelo ku "Floor". Phakathi nezikhathi zokubhalisa, amalungu ekomiti aphikisana ngamalungiselelo emali, ahlongoza ukubuyiselwa, futhi avote ngezinguquko. Yilapho kulapho okuningi kwengxoxo yesivumelwano se-stances futhi kwehle khona.

Uma ikomiti ingathathi nyathelo esikweletini, isambathiso sithathwa njengo-"fe". Eqinisweni, izikweleti eziningi ezikhishwe eKhomishane azizenzi neze ziphume ekomitini. Akuzona zonke izikweleti ezaqala eSivumelwaneni ezifakwa kuwo wonke amalungu oMkhandlu. Izikweletu eziningi zingena esigabeni sekomiti kuphela. Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango usiza ukuphatha umthamo omkhulu wemithetho ehlongozwayo futhi uqinisekisa ukuthi izindleko ezihambisana nokusekela okwanele nokufanelekela egunjinini eligcwele kuphela.

Isinyathelo 4: Ukucabangela Okulula Nempikiswano

Uma ikhishwa ikomiti, izimali zifakwa ekhalendeni ukuze zivotelwe, kuphikwe noma kulungiswe. Inqubo yokuletha isikweleti phansi ihluka kakhulu phakathi kwendlu neSigele, ibonisa ubukhulu bazo obuhlukile nemithetho ehleliwe.

Kule House, umthetho omkhulu udinga umthetho okhethekile ovela eMbusweni Wemithetho weNdlu emisa izinkulumo zengxoxo yaphansi, kuhlanganise nesikhathi esizobekelwa ingxoxo futhi isiphi inguquko, uma sikhona, esingase sinikezwe. Lendlela ehlelwe kahle yenza ukuba iNdlu ihleleke kahle naphezu kwamalungu ayo amakhulu.

KuyiSigele, inqubo yasesitezi ilula futhi ihlelwe ngendlela evumelanayo. Izigebengu zingakhuluma uma nje zithanda nganoma isiphi isihloko, futhi zinamalungelo amakhulu okunikeza izikhokhelo ezicatshangelwayo. Lelisiko lengxoxo ende lingasetshenziswa ngokufanelekile ukubambezela noma ukuvimbela umthetho nge-monicbuster, nakuba impikiswano ingaqedwa ngevoti efuna abahlaziyi abangama-60.

Uma isikweleti sesifikile phansi, kuba nempikiswano eyengeziwe futhi amalungu evoti egcwele avume noma iziphi izinguquko. Imali idluliswa noma inqotshwe amalungu avota. Uma isambathiso sidlula ngeningi (218 kuya ku-435), isambathi siya eSigeqeni.

Isinyathelo Sesihlanu: Ukucabangela Umkhandlu Wesibili

Uma indlu noma iSigele sidlulisa isikweleti, sibhekiselwa kwenye indawo, lapho ivame ukulandela indlela efanayo phakathi kwamakomiti futhi ekugcineni ifike phansi. Leligumbi lingase livumele isikweleti njengoba sivunyelwe, sinqatshwe, sishiywe, sishintshwe noma sishintshwe. Ukucatshangelwa kwegumbi lesibili komthetho kuphelele njengokuthi nje kokuqala, ngokubukezwa kwekomiti, ukuzwa, ukunqwabelana, nokubekwa phansi konke okwenzeka futhi.

Ukumiswa komthetho kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokwehlukana nesivumelwano esifanayo ngaphambi kokuba asinikeze kuMongameli. Lemfuneko yesivumelwano se-bamaral isebenza njengesheke elibalulekile enqubweni yomthetho, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho uthola ukuthunyelwa okuphelele ngokwezici eziningi.

Isinyathelo 6: Ukuxazulula Ukungezwani Phakathi Kwezikhungo

Uma iSigele siguqula ulimi lwesilinganiso, kumelwe sibuyele eNdlu ngenxa yokuvumelana noma izinguquko ezengeziwe. Lokhu kuxoxisana okungemuva nokwemvundla kungayenzeka esitezini sendlu, indlu ivume noma inqabe ukubuyiselwa kweSigele noma umbhalo ophelele weSigele. Ngezinye izikhathi amagumbi angaxazulula ukungezwani kwawo ngalokhu kushintshana, futhi elinye igumbi lamukele izinguquko zomunye.

Ngokuvamile, ikomiti yengqungquthela izomiswa namalungu endlu neSishaya - mthetho. Leliqembu lizoxazulula ukungezwani okusekomitini futhi libike isilinganiso esifanayo sokubuyela kuzo zombili izindikimba ukuze kuvotelwe. Izishaya-mthetho zingase zakhe ikomiti yengqungquthela yokuxazulula noma ukubuyisana phakathi kwezinguqulo zesivumelwano zendlu neSigele.

Amakomiti engqungquthela ahlanganisa amalungu amadala avela emakomitini ahlobene kuwo womabili amakamu ukuze axoxe ngokuvumelana kwesivumelwano sesivumelwano. Lezingxoxo zingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zibe nezingxabano, ikakhulukazi emthetho omkhulu lapho amagumbi amabili edlulise khona izinguqulo ezihlukene kakhulu. Uma ikomiti yengqungquthela isifinyelele isivumelwano, lesi simemezelo sokuhlehliswa sithunyelwa futhi kuzo zombili izikhundla ukuze kuvunywe imvume yokugcina.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 7: Isinyathelo Sobumongameli

Ngemva kokuba iNdlu neSigele sebegunyazile ukuba kuvunyelwe incwadi yesivumelwano efana nayo, ibhalisa lithunyelwa kuMongameli. Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, liyasayinwa futhi libe umthetho. Isigqebhezana sikaMongameli siguqula isigqebhezana sibe yi-Act of Congress, sisinika amandla omthetho kulo lonke elase-United States.

Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu useseqenjini, isigwebo sivele sibe umthetho. Leli lungiselelo livimbela uMongameli ukuba avimbele umthetho ngokumane anqabe ukwenza ngokuvumelana nawo. Nokho, umongameli angase akhiphe umthetho ekupheleni kwesimiso se-counion uma nje engawunaki. Icebo libizwa ngokuthi i-veto ephaketheni, futhi alikwazi ukuvalwa yi-passel ebambene.

Uma uMongameli ephikisa izindleko, bangase bakhiphe umthetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, isigwebo sibuyiselwa eSishaya - mthetho nesigijimi esichaza izimpikiswano. Amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta lokho okukhishwa kwemali edluliswa yi-Congress. Njengoba kungavamile ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu komphathi, uMkhandlu kumelwe uvumelane nesikhundla sikamongameli ezimisweni ezihlongozwayo.

Isinyathelo Sesi - 8: Ukuqhubekela Phambili We - Veto

Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa lesi sigebengu ngenani eliphindwe kathathu, i-veto ithathelwe impoqo, futhi umthetho ube umthetho. Lemfuneko enkulu yenza ukuba iveto ingabi yivelakancane, njengoba idinga ukusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartisan.

Nokho, akuvamile ukuba i-Congress ibe namavoti okudlula i-presidential component. Umnyango ophezulu owenziwe ngempumelelo usho ukuthi abaMongameli bangawuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ngaphandle kokuba usekelwe kakhulu kuzo zombili izikhundla. Lokhu kunikeza uMongameli ithonya elikhulu enqubweni yomthetho, ngisho nakuba uMkhandlu uphethe amandla ayinhloko okumisa umthetho.

Indima Yezinkolo Zezombangazwe Enqubweni Yomthetho

Isenzo somthetho sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu e-caucus yabo noma ingqungquthela. Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni i-Congress nokuhlela uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho. Iqembu elikhulu egumbini ngalinye lokulawula izikhulu zekomiti, limisa isimiso semithetho yemithetho, futhi linethonya elikhulu ekutheni izindleko zihlolwa kanjani.

Isikhulumi sihlanganisa isikhulumi, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa, abaholi abasekelayo, iziswebhu kanye neqembu leqembu noma ingqungquthela. Isikhulumi sisebenza njengomholi wendlu futhi sihlanganisa izindima eziningana zenhlangano nezokuphatha. USheaker wendlu ungowesibili ekulandeleni inqubo yobumongameli futhi usebenzisa amandla amakhulu enqubo yomthetho, kuhlanganise negunya lokuqaphela amalungu ukuba akhulume, ukubhekisa izikweletu kumakomiti, futhi uthonye iKomiti yeSishaya-House.

Izikhulu nabaholi abambalwa bamelela amaqembu abo azimeleyo endlu. Abaholi basiza ekuqondiseni uhlelo lweqembu labo lomthetho eMzini. Laba baholi basebenzela ukwakha ukuvumelana phakathi kweqembu labo, ukubala amavoti, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu eqembu akhona lapho kuvotelwa khona amavoti abalulekile.

KuyiSigele, ukuhola kusebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Nakuba kunoMholi oMholi noMholi oMncane, izigebengu ngazinye ziyakwazi ukuzimela nokuzimela ngaphezu kwamandla endlu. ESigeqeni, abaholi abaningi nabambalwa basebenza ndawonye ekuxhumaneni nawo wonke amalungu ukuze banqume isimiso. Lokhu kubonisa isiko leSigele elihlangene kakhulu nelobuzwe lomuntu ngamunye.

Isimiso SeKomiti: Lapho Umsebenzi Wangempela Wenzeka Khona

Kuwo womabili amakamu, iningi lochwepheshe bezimiso abasemakomitini amile, amaqoqo amalungu ahola ekwakheni nasekuhloleni umthetho ohlongozwe phakathi kwemithetho emisiwe. AmaKomiti asebenza njengamahhashi oMkhandlu, ehlola futhi alungisa umthetho owenziwa kabanzi ongeke uphumelele phansi egumbini eligcwele.

Izabelo zamakomiti zifunwa kakhulu amalungu eSishaya - mthetho, njengoba zinikeza amathuba okuthonya isimiso ezindabeni ezinesithakazelo somuntu siqu noma ezibalulekile kubantu abanezikhundla. AmaKomiti futhi anikeza amalungu isikhulumi sokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe, ukwakha ubuhlobo nabantu abafaka izimali, nokuthola ukubonakala ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Ikomiti ngayinye inegunya ezicini ezithile zemithetho, futhi izikweleti kubhekiselwa kumakomiti asekelwe endabeni yawo. Amanye amakomiti anamandla kakhulu ahlanganisa iKomiti yeNdlela yendlu neMathele neKomiti yezezimali yeSishaya-mthetho (esingatha umthetho wentela nenzuzo), amaKomiti endlu neSigeqe (okuthi kulawule ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni), kanye neKomiti yendlu yeMithetho (okunquma ukuthi izikweletu ziyocatshangelwa kanjani eMzini).

AmaKomiti asingatha ukuqulwa kwamacala ukuze aqoqe ukwaziswa nobufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe, izikhulu zikahulumeni, kanye namaqembu athakazelayo. Lamacala afeza izinjongo eziningi: afundisa amalungu amakomiti ngezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi, anikeza umphakathi indawo yemibono ehlukene, akha umbhalo ongasetshenziswa ukuchaza izinhloso zomthetho, futhi asize ukuba asekele noma aphikise umthetho ohlongozwayo.

Indima kaMongameli Enqubweni Yomthetho

Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo kuyiSishaya - mthetho ngokwaso, uMongameli uthonya inqubo yemithetho, futhi. nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo ubeka wonke amandla okushaya umthetho eSishaya - mthetho, uMongameli unendima ebalulekile ekulolongeni uhlelo lwemithetho nokuthonya izikweletu eziba umthetho.

UMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi uvame ukusikisela umthetho. Ikheli likaMongameli weSizwe se-Union, elinikezelwe minyaka yonke esiqenjini esihlangene soMkhandlu, ngokwesiko lihlela izinto eziza kuqala zesimiso sokushaya umthetho ngonyaka ozayo. Omongameli futhi basebenzisana eduze nabaholi bobukhomishane abavela eqenjini labo ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwabo lwezimiso.

I-veto ye-presidente isebenza njenge-chenjelo enamandla enyathelweni yama-cornica. Ngenxa yokuthi i-veto idinga amavoti amabili-sithathu kuwo womabili amagumbi, abaMongameli bangawuvimbela ngokuphumelelayo umthetho ngaphandle kokuba ube nokusekela okukhulu kwe-bipartis. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uMkhandlu kaningi kumelwe uxoxe noMongameli futhi uhlalise izinkathazo zegatsha lapho ukha umthetho omkhulu.

Abameli futhi bathonya umthetho ngosongo lwe-veto. Uma i-White House inikeza iSiganiselo soMnyango woBuphathi-mthetho esibonisa ukuthi uMongameli uzokhipha isimemezelo esisesimweni sawo samanje, uMkhandlu uvame ukumisa umthetho ukuba ukhulume ngezinkathazo zikaMongameli futhi ugweme i-veto. Le nqubo yokuxoxa ngokwethukela yenza uMongameli ahlele umthetho ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umthetho ngokusemthethweni amandla ka-veto.

Izinhlobo Zokuthatha Imithetho

Umthetho ungathatha olunye lwezinhlobo eziningana, kuye ngokwenjongo ehlosiwe. Izincwadi nezinqumo ezihlanganyelwe zingaba umthetho uma zimiswa phakathi neSishaya-mthetho seminyaka emibili lapho zaqala khona. Ukuqonda izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezimiso zomthetho kusiza ekucaciseni indlela iziKhomishane eziqhuba ngayo ibhizinisi lazo.

U Bills

Amabhuloho ayimithetho ekwenziweni. Umthetho ohlongozwayo omningi usungulwa njengesivumelwano. Izincwadi zingakhuluma nganoma isiphi isihloko phakathi kwegunya lomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo woMkhandlu, futhi uma zidluliswa kuzo zombili izingosi futhi zisayinwe nguMongameli, zibe umthetho wasobala. Izindleko zendlu zibizwa ngokuthi "H.R." zilandelwa yinombolo, kuyilapho izikweletu zegeleti zikhethwa "S" zilandelwa ngenombolo.

Izinqumo Ezihlangene

Iziphakamiso eziningi zemithetho zivezwe njengentela, kodwa ezinye ziqaliswe njengezinqumo ezihlanganyelwe. Kunomehluko omncane phakathi kwezinqumo ezimbili, ngaphandle kwalezo zinqumo ezingahlangene zingahlanganisa izingeniso kodwa kungase kungadingeki izikweleti. Izinqumo ezihlangene ziyindlela evamile esetshenziswayo ukuveza ukuqedwa komthetho-sisekelo noma ukumemezela impi. Njengezikweleti. Izinqumiso ezihlangene zidinga ukudlula ngawo womabili amakamu kanye nokuvunyelwa komongameli (ngaphandle kokuqedwa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, okudinga ukumiswa kwezindlu zomthetho ezintathu ezine zomthetho womthetho womthetho esikhundleni sosayinwano).

Izinqumo Ezihambisanayo Nezilula

Izinqumo ezihlanganeyo (ezidluliswa yizo zombili izindlu) nezinqumo ezilula (ezidluliswa yindlu eyodwa kuphela) azinawo amandla omthetho. Kunalokho, zisebenza ukuveza umbono kaKhongolo-kanye nokulawula inqubo. Lezinqumo zisetshenziselwa izindaba ezithinta ukusebenza kweSishaya-Mkhandlu ngokwaso, njengokumisa amakomiti ahlangeneyo, ukumisa izinsuku zokuhlanganisa, noma ukuveza umzwelo wengqungquthela ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Enqubweni Yomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzelana ngokuphumelelayo nabameleli bakho kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izwi lakho liyazwakala ezindabeni ezibaluleke kuwe.

Ukuxhumana Nabameleli Bakho

Indlela eqondile yokuthonya umthetho iwukuthintana nabameleli bakho abakhethiwe. Ungabiza, ubhale, ubhale i-imeyili, noma uvakashele amahhovisi enxusa lakho futhi uvakashele i-akhawunti yakho yokuveza imibono yakho ngomthetho osele ukhona noma usikisele imiqondo yemithetho emisha. Amahhovisi e-congression axhumana nge-mistry xhumana ne-offay futhi ucabangele lapho wenza izinqumo zokuvota.

Uma uthintana nabameleli bakho, yisho ngokuqondile ukuthi ukhuluma ngaluphi uhlamvu, sho ngokucacile ukuma kwakho, futhi uchaze ukuthi lendaba ikuthinta kanjani wena noma umphakathi wakho. Izindaba zomuntu siqu kanye nemiphumela yendawo kuvame ukuthonya kakhulu kunamaphuzu ajwayelekile okukhuluma.

Ukufakazelwa Ezokuqulwa Kwezindaba Kwamakomiti

Amakomiti eSishaya - mthetho ngokuvamile aqulwa iziqulo zomphakathi lapho izakhamuzi, ochwepheshe, nabasekeli bezimali benganikeza khona ubufakazi ngomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Ukusebenza Nezinhlangano Zezemfundo

Izinhlangano eziningi zezezimali ezikhokhayo zisebenzela ukuthonya imithetho ezindabeni ezithile. Ukuzihlanganisa noma ukusekela lezinhlangano kungakhulisa izwi lakho futhi kukunikeze ukwaziswa ngomthetho osele ukhona, amathuba okuthatha isinyathelo, kanye nokuxhumana nezinye izakhamuzi ezizikhathazayo kanye nawe.

Ukuhlala Unolwazi

Iwebhusayithi engokomthetho ye - Congress.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi ngawo wonke umthetho kahulumeni, ohlanganisa umbhalo wezomthetho, isikhundla, izabelo zekomiti, namarekhodi okuvota.

Iqiniso Lenqubo Yokushaya Imithetho

Eqinisweni, ezikweletini eziningi, lenqubo ngeke ilandele ukulandelana kwezigaba ezivame ukuqondwa njengenqubo yokushaya umthetho. Izintshumayelo ezimayelana nezihloko ezithile ezilandelayo zinikeza ukuhlola okuningi ngokwengeziwe ezigabeni ezivamile isikweleti esingase sihambe ngazo, kodwa khumbula ukuthi izinkinga nokuhlukahluka kwazo kuningi okukhona.

Nakuba incwadi echaza ukuthi umthetho uba kanjani imvume inikeza isisekelo esiwusizo, ngokuvamile isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi asiqondakali. Izincwadi zingalungiswa kakhulu nganoma isiphi isigaba, zihlanganiswe nezinye izikweleti, zifakwe njengezinguquko kumthetho ongahambelani nomthetho, noma zidluliswe ngezinqubo ezikhethekile. Umthetho omkhulu uhlanganisa ukuxoxa okukhulu phakathi kwamagumbi, nabaholi beqembu, kanye neWhite House.

Inqubo yomthetho ingaba ngejubane elikhungathekisayo, uma izikweleti zithatha iminyaka ukudlula phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho. Le jubane lenhloso libonisa inhloso yabakhi bomthetho yokusungula isimiso esivumelana nokucophelela kokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuphamazela. Izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal, kanye nethuba lokuba umongameli u-veto wonke usebenza njengemishini emelene nomthetho ongekho semthethweni noma oweqisayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwenqubo yokushaya umthetho kungenza kube nzima ngezakhamuzi ukulandela nokuqonda. Amabhukwana ngokuvamile amakhulu anamakhasi amade, agcwele ulimi olunzulu nezikhombo ezimayelana nomthetho okhona. Isimiso sangempela somthetho singanqunywa ekuqoqeni amakomiti noma ezingxoxweni zekomiti yengqungquthela ezinganakwa umphakathi.

Ama - vicket Nokulinganisela Okusebenzayo

Enye yezindlela eziwusizo kakhulu zokuvikela indlela yokuphila yentando yeningi yaseMelika yilenqubo yokushaya umthetho nokugcizelela kwayo ekuvikeleni idlanzana, enikeza ithuba elanele kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ukuba zizwe futhi zenze imibono yazo yaziwe. Iqiniso lokuthi isihlongozo asinakuba umthetho ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa nokuvunyelwa yizo zombili iziNdlu Zomthetho kuyimfanelo evelele yesimiso sethu somthetho esivamile.

Inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela okuyisisekelo kuhulumeni waseMelika. Imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal iqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe wanelise kokubili iNdlu esekelwe emphakathini neSigebengu esisekelwe kuhulumeni. I-veto amandla kaMongameli anikeza isheke egatsheni eliphethe, kuyilapho ikhono loMkhandlu lokulawula ama-veto ligcina ukuphakama kwemithetho. Izinkantolo zingabukeza imithetho emisiwe engokomthetho, inikeza i-acenservery noMongameli.

Lezi zihlolo zingakhungathekisa futhi zibambe kancane inqubo yomthetho, kodwa zifeza izinjongo ezibalulekile. Zivimbela noma iliphi iqembu noma igatsha likahulumeni ukuba libuse, zidinga ukuyekethisa nokwakha ukuvumelana, zivikele amalungelo amancane, futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho uhlonishwe kahle ngaphambi kokuba ube umthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokunakekela Ibandla

Ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, iSishaya-mthetho sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni igatsha eliphethe futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngokufanele. UKhomishane uye wenza uphenyo lwezehlakalo egatsheni eliphethe ihhovisi, kanti kwezinye izindawo emphakathini waseMelika (kusukela ngo-1792). Isidingo sokuphenya nge-convectoration siseyisici esibalulekile sokuvimbela uhulumeni nokufundisa umphakathi.

Amakomiti eCongregational aqondisa amacala ukuze ahlole indlela izinhlangano eziphethe ezisebenzisa ngayo imithetho, zihlole izinsolo zokungalungi noma ukuchithwa kwempahla, futhi zihlole ukuthi izinhlelo ziyazifinyelela yini izinjongo zazo ezihloswe yikho.

Amandla eSikhwama semali anikeza enye inqubo ebalulekile yokuqondisa. Ngonyaka wezifundo, uMkhandlu ungavuza noma ujezise izinhlangano ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni kwazo, ukubuyisela imali eziza kuqala, noma ukubeka izimo endleleni imali engasetshenziswa ngayo. Le mishini yezimali inikeza ithonya elikhulu kuMkhandlu phezu kwemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe.

Ukuqonda Isifanekiselo Sakho

Wonke umuntu waseMelika umelelwa amalungu amathathu eSishaya - mthetho: izinduna ezimbili ezimelela lonke izwe lazo, nommeleli oyedwa omelela isifunda sazo esikhethekile sesifunda senhlangano. Ukuqonda ukuthi obani abameleli bakho nokuthi bangathintana kanjani nabo kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuhlanganyela enqubweni yentando yeningi.

Ummeleli wakho eNdlu ukhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili futhi uhloselwe ukusabela ngokuseduze ezinkathazweni nasezithakazelweni zendawo. Ngoba izigodi zezindlu zincane kakhulu (zifuna abantu abangaba ngu-760 000), ihhovisi lommeleli wakho kufanele lingene futhi liphendule ezinkathazweni zobuhlanga.

Izifemu zakho ezimbili zisebenzisa amagama eminyaka eyisithupha futhi zimelela sonke isifundazwe sakho. Nakuba zingafinyelelwa kakhulu kune-inter House ngenxa yamahhovisi azo amakhulu, amanxusa asenakekela izinkonzo ezihlangene futhi zicabangela ukufakwa komthetho.

Bonke abameleli bakho abathathu balondoloza amahhovisi eWashington, D.C., nasesifundazweni sakho noma esifundeni. Abaningi baba nemihlangano yasikhathi sonke yehholo lasedolobheni noma amahora asehhovisi lapho abameleli behlangana khona nabo noma izisebenzi zabo ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba nezinkathazo. Ukuwasebenzisa lamathuba kungakusiza ukuba uyiqonde kangcono inqubo yomthetho futhi wenze izwi lakho lizwe.

Ukuziphendukela Kwezinqubo Zobumbano

Izinqubo ze-Congress ziye zavela ngokuphawulekayo emlandweni wezwe, zivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo kuyilapho zigcina uhlelo oluyisisekelo olusungulwe nguMthetho-sisekelo. Isimiso sekomiti, izakhiwo zeqembu lobuholi, nemithetho eminingi ye-procedroves iye yasungulwa ngokuzijwayeza nangomthetho-mthetho.

Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, inqubo yomthetho iye yaba nesigaba esihlukene kakhulu, abaholi beqembu belawula kakhulu izinhlelo namalungu esigaba nohele abanamathuba amancane okuthonya umthetho ngokulungisa iphansi. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-omnibus kwehlisa izikweleti zemithetho ezihlanganisa izingcezu eziningi zemithetho ehlukahlukene zenza kube nzima ukuhlaziya ithonya eligcwele lomthetho.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubuchwepheshe buye benza inqubo yokushaya umthetho ibonakale futhi ifinyeleleke kakhulu ezakhamuzini. I-website ye-gov inikeza ukwaziswa okungokoqobo okuphathelene nomthetho, ukuchotshelwa kwamakomiti ngokuvamile kuqashwa, futhi imithombo yezokuxhumana ivumela ukuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabameleli nabameleli. Lezi zinqubo zingandisa ukuthembisana kwezakhamuzi futhi zenze i-Congress ibonelele emphakathini.

Izinyathelo Eziyinhloko Zokuqonda Ingqungquthela

  • [ `Bicameral Programme:[ UKhongolo lwamagumbi amabili [1] Indlu yabameleli neSigele(inye inendima ehlukile, amandla, nezinqubo okumelwe zisebenze ndawonye ukumisa umthetho.
  • Isimiso seCommittee:[ Umsebenzi omningi wokuhlolwa nokulungiswa kwemithetho yenzeka emakomitini, lapho amalungu aqala khona ubuchwepheshe futhi umphakathi unamathuba okunikeza umfakela ngokulalela.
  • IMiltiple Stages: Izincwadi kumele zidlule emazingeni amaningi kuzo zombili iziteshi, kuhlanganise nesethulo, ukubukezwa kwamakomiti, ukuphikisana kwesesitezi, nendima yokugcina, ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe kuMongameli.
  • Indima ephambili: Lapho uMkhandlu uphethe amandla okusungula umthetho, uMongameli uthonya umthetho ngezihlongozo zohlelo lokuhlela, ukutusa kwezimiso, namandla eveto.
  • Isikhonkwane noMaphakathi:[ Imfuneko yesivumelwano se-bidamal, ukuvunyelwa ngumongameli, kanye nethuba lokubukezwa kokwahlulela kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho uhlolwa ngokucophelela futhi uvimbele noma yisiphi isici esisodwa ekubuseni.
  • I-Citzn Ingxenye:[ Izivumelwano zingathonya inqubo yomthetho ngokuthintana nabameleli, ukufakazela ekuqulweni kwecala, ukusebenza nezinhlangano zezezezimali, nokuhlala waziwe ngomthetho osele ukhona.
  • Ukungafani okungokokusho: Indlu isebenza ngezinqubo ezihlelwe kahle kakhulu ezivumela iningi ukuba lithathe isinyathelo ngokushesha, kuyilapho imithetho yeSigele ivumela ukucubungula futhi inika amalungu ngalinye amandla aphawulekayo.
  • Inqubo engabikezelwanga: [ikhona] lapho kunesimiso esibanzi sendlela izindleko eziba ngayo imithetho, indlela yangempela noma iyiphi izindleko ezithathwayo ingahlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ekucabangeleni kwezombangazwe, isikhathi, kanye nezimpikiswano ezicatshangelwe.

Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa

Kulabo abanesithakazelo sokufunda okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, kunemithombo eminingana emihle:

  • .gov:[ Iwebhusi esemthethweni yolwazi lwezishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni, inikeza umbhalo wesikhwama, ukushintshwa kwesimo, ulwazi lwekomiti, kanye namarekhodi okuvota.
  • [FLT] Indlu.gov:[ Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yendlu yabameleli yase-U.S., enokwaziswa okuphathelene nabameleli, amakomiti, nezinqubo zendlu.
  • [[NT.:0][FLT] .gov: Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni yeSigele sase-U.S., inikeza ukwaziswa mayelana nezintambo, amakomiti, nezinqubo zeSigele.
  • USA.gov: ulwembu olusemthethweni lukahulumeni kahulumeni, unikeza ulwazi ngazo zonke izici zikahulumeni kuhlanganise nendlela yokuxhumana nabameleli bakho.
  • -SPAN: [ Inikeza i-arhente ephilayo yemicimbi ehlangeneyo, ukuqulwa kwamacala amakomiti, nezinye izenzakalo zikahulumeni, ezivumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele inqubo yokushaya umthetho esenzweni.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda indlela uKhongolo-mthetho okumelela ngayo wena futhi wenze imithetho kubalulekile ekubeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi futhi esithembisene. Nakuba inqubo yokushaya umthetho ingabonakala iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ngezinye izikhathi ikhungathekisa, kubonisa umklamo ocophelelayo wesimiso esilinganisela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, ivikela amalungelo amancane, futhi iqinisekisa ukucabangisisa kahle ngaphambi kokuba kumiswe imithetho.

Isakhiwo se-bidaral congress, namagumbi ayo ahlukene endlu neSigele, siqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho kumelwe wanelise kokubili ukumelelwa kwezakhamuzi nombuso. Isimiso sekomiti sivumela ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezihlomelo futhi sinikeza amathuba okufakwa komphakathi. Imfuneko yokuvunyelwa kukamongameli yenezela enye indawo yokubukeza, kuyilapho ikhono loMkhandlu lokudlula amaveto ligcina ukuphakama kwemithetho.

Njengomfakela, unelungelo nomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanganyela kulenqubo. Ngokuhlala waziwe ngomthetho osele ukhona, ukuxhumana nabameleli bakho ukuze baveze imibono yakho, futhi bahlanganyele nenqubo yentando yeningi, ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho simelela izifiso zakho nezindaba zakho. Inqubo yomthetho ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, kodwa iyaqhubeka isabela ngokuyisisekelo ekuthonyeni nasekubopheni izakhamuzi.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhathazekile ngokunakekela impilo, imfundo, indawo ezungezile, ukulondeka kwesizwe, noma noma iyiphi enye indaba, ukuqonda indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo kukunika amandla okuba ummeli ophumelelayo wezinguquko ofuna ukuzibona. UKhongolo-mthetho luyizwi lakho kuhulumeni kahulumeni, nangokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo, ungaqinisekisa kangcono ukuthi izwi lakho liyazwakala.