Table of Contents

I-United States Congress isebenza njengenye yezinhlangano ezibucayi kakhulu eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi, isebenzisa amandla amakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni nokuvikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi. Njengoba igatsha lomthetho kahulumeni, iSishaya-mthetho senza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile edlulela ngalé kokwenza imithetho. Ngemithwalo yaso yemfanelo yokuqondisa, ngegunya lokuhlela, kanye nokuhlola komthetho-mthetho ngegunya, iSishaya-Mkhandlu sisebenza njengesivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni uhulumeni futhi siqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi ziyaqhubeka ziphendula abantu baseMelika.

Ukuqonda indlela izishaya - mthetho ezilondoloza ngayo ukulandisa kukahulumeni kubalulekile kuzo zonke izakhamuzi ezifisa ukuhlanganyela ngokunenjongo ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo Sokuqondisa Kwezindlwana

Ukulawula kuyisici esisikiselwayo kunokuba kube amandla avezwa ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., njengoba umthetho kahulumeni ungaliniki ngokuqondile igunya lokuqhuba i-Bhunga ukuba liphendule noma lihlolwe umqondisi, ukuba likwazi ukufinyelela amarekhodi noma izinto ezibekwe umphathi, noma ukukhipha amapenasi amaphepha noma ubufakazi obuvela kumphathi. Naphezu kwalokhu kungabikho kolimi olucacile, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi amandla anjalo abaluleke kakhulu emsebenzini womthetho kangangokuba athathwe eSiphakathi semithetho eSiphakamiso seSishayamthetho.

UGeorge Mason waseVirginia wathi eFederal Convention "ayikho kuphela aMalungu eSishaya - mthetho kodwa anamandla okuqulwa kwecala. Kumelwe bahlangane njalo ukuze bahlole uHlalo lwamahhovisi omphakathi. Lokhu kubonakalisa inhloso yabahleli yamapulani ukuthi i-Congress yayizoliqondisa igatsha eliphethe, ngisho noma babengawaqaphi kakhulu amandla okuqondisa phakathi noMhlangano woMthetho-sisekelo.

Abasekeli bezakhiwo babecabanga ukuthi iziKhomishane zaziyophenya ngendlela iBritish House of Commons eyayisebenza ngayo, okwenza amandla anjalo abe amandla angokwemvelo egunya lomthetho.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwamandla Okuqondisa ENkantolo Ephakeme

Ijaji liye laqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe igunya elikhulu loMkhandlu lokuhlola nokwengamela igatsha eliphethe. INkantolo Ephakeme yasho kuWatkins v. United States ukuthi "amandla oMkhandlu okuhlola angokwemvelo enqubweni yomthetho. Lo mbuso ubanzi. Uhlanganisa imibuzo ephathelene nokulawulwa kwemithetho ekhona kanye nokuhlongozwa noma ngokunokwenzeka imithetho edingekayo."

Ezinqumweni zamuva kakhulu, iNkantolo iyaqhubeka iqaphela isimo esibalulekile sobuphathi be-cornion. Ku-Trump USA, LLP, iNkantolo yaphawula ukuthi "ngaphandle kokwaziswa, iziKhongolo ziyobe zidubula ebumnyameni, zingakwazi ukuchaza ngokuqondisisa noma ngokuphumelelayo." lesisimiso sigcizelela ukuthi ukwenza umthetho okuphumelelayo kudinga ulwazi olubanzi lokuthi imithetho ekhona isetshenziswa kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinkinga ezidinga izixazululo zemithetho.

Ukuphatha kuvela emandleni amaningi ahlukahlukene aveza iziphakamiso zeSishaya-mthetho kuMthetho-sisekelo. Kuqondiswe egunyeni lesishayamthetho ezimalini ezifanele, ukumisa imithetho, ukuphakamisa nokusekela amabutho, ukulungiselela iButho leMpi, ukumemezela impi, nokukhipha ilungu nokususa esikhundleni sikamongameli, umongameli, izikhulu zesifunda, nezinye izikhulu zomphakathi. ISishaya-Mkhandlu ayinakusebenzisa ngokunengqondo noma ngokufanele le gunya ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi isikhulu sisenzani.

Ukuziphendukela Kwegunya Lombuso Lobubusi

Ukuphathwa kweKhongolose kuye kwaqala ngokuphawulekayo kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, futhi kwavela izinhlelo ezingokomthetho nezinqubo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zokuthuthukisa ikhono loMkhandlu lokuqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukucwaninga Kwakuqala Kwezingqungquthela

Indlu iye yaphoqelela ukuba abekhona kofakazi kusukela ngo-1795, lapho ihlola umzamo wokufumbathisa amalungu. Ngempela, izenzakalo zakuqala zezikhulu zesonto kanye nemibuso yendelelo zagxila ekuxhashazweni noma ekuhlazweni kwendlu ngokwayo. Lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kwaveza izenzakalo ezibalulekile zegunya lophengululo loMkhandlu elalizonweba emakhulwini eminyaka alandela.

URobert Randall, umqondisi wezindawo, wayezame ukuthenga lokho manje okubizwa ngokuthi iMichigan kuhulumeni kahulumeni futhi ahlanganyele imali namalungu oMkhandlu agunyaza ukuthengiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, uRandall wayengumuntu wokuqala odelelwayo ngeSishaya-Mkhandlu. Indlu uSergeant-at-Arms yagunyazwa ukuba imboshele futhi imenzele phambi kwendlu, lapho akhuzwa khona futhi wafakwa ejele lendawo isonto lonke.

Ukuqanjwa Ngemithetho

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka laletha izinguquko ezinkulu zemithetho ezamiswa futhi zaqiniswa amakhono obukhonya. I-Legislative Reorgantation Act ka- 1946 (P. 79-601), ngokokuqala ngqá, yabiza ngokucacile "ukwengamela kwe-"legisvative" emthethweni womphakathi. Yaqondisa amakomiti amisiweyo endlu neSigqeba "ukuqhubeka eqapha" phezu kwezinhlelo nasemanxusa angaphansi kwegunya lawo; yagunyaza izisebenzi ezingochwepheshe ze-P. Yamisa amandla e-ProseRhosastery Generalerty, inhloko ye-Auncicess nengalo yobuphinding, iHofisi ye-Authomouse (GA) kaRhulumente.

Kwabe sekulandela imithetho yokuthuthukisa. I-Legislative Reorganization Act ka-70 (P. 91-510) yagunyaza ikomiti ngayinye emile ukuba i-"yibone futhi itadishe, ngokwesisekelo esiqhubekayo, uhlelo, ukuphatha nokubulala" kwemithetho elawulwa yiyo; yandisa izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe zamakomiti; yandisa usizo olunikezwa yi-Congregational Research Service; futhi yaqinisa ukuhlolwa kwemithwalo yesimiso ye-GAO.

Lezi zinguquko zomthetho zashintsha ukuqondisa kwenhlangano yezomthetho kwasuka emsebenzini wokuqondisa izinhlangano ezihleliwe zaba umsebenzi oqhubekayo wegatsha lezomthetho, zinikeza amakomiti imithombo yengcebo negunya elicacile elidingekayo ukuze zihlole ngokucophelela futhi ziqaphe izinhlangano eziphethe.

Indlela Imisebenzi Yokuqondisa Yomphakathi

UKhomishane uqondisa igatsha eliphethe ngokubukeza, ukuqondisa, nokuqondisa ukumiswa kwesimiso somphakathi. lokhu kuqondisa kwenzeka ngezindlela eziningi futhi kuthatha izindlela eziningi ezihlukahlukene, kusukela kuleyo nqubo kuya ekuxhumaneni ngokwethukela.

Izinga Nemisebenzi Ehlukahlukene Yokunakekela

Namuhla, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kungavela cishe kunoma yimuphi umsebenzi womthetho nangamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu, izinhlangano, nezakhiwo. Lemisebenzi isukela ekuchosheni okungokomthetho kuya ekuthintaneni kwekomiti noma nezikhulu zezisebenzi; kusukela ekuhloleni kwezisebenzi kuya ekusekeleni ukuvuselelwa komthetho; futhi kusukela ekuqulweni kwezezimali okuqhutshwa amahhovisi elungu ukuya ekuhlolweni okulungiselelweni yizinhlangano ezingalwi nezikadeli.

Le misebenzi yokuqondisa ehlukahlukene yenza ukuba iSishaya-mthetho siqaphele imisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe ngamazinga amaningi nangezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Okunye ukuqondisa kubonakala kakhulu futhi kusobala, njengokuqulwa kwekomiti ethwetshulwe ngethelevishini, kuyilapho okunye ukuqondisa kwenzeka ngemva kwezindawo ngokuxhumana okuvamile phakathi kwezisebenzi zenhlangano nezikhulu zezinhlangano.

Ukuqondisa Okusekelwe Ikomiti

Igunya lokubusa nophenya lihlala kuzo zombili izindlu, eziye zanika amakomiti amagumbi ngalinye leligunya. Amakomiti analawomandla kuphela aye anikezwa zona yizindikimba zabazali. Lesi sakhiwo esisekelwe kumakomiti sivumela ukuhlelwa ngokukhethekile, namakomiti ahlukene athuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso kanye nezinhlangano ezisebenza ngaphakathi kwezindawo zawo.

Amakomiti e-Congress asebenza njengezimoto eziyinhloko zokuqondisa. Ikomiti ngayinye iqondisa izinhlangano nezinhlelo ezilawulwa yimithetho, idala isimiso esibanzi sokuhlola kulo lonke igatsha eliphethe. Lokhu kuhlelwa okukhethekile kwenza amalungu ekomiti nezisebenzi ukuba athuthukise ulwazi olujulile ngezinhlangano ezizabelweyo, okwenza ukuba ziphumelele ngokwengeziwe futhi zifunde.

Izinjongo Eziningi Zokwengamela

Ukuqondisa kunamandla omthetho-sisekelo aphelele weSishaya-mthetho. Kunezinjongo eziningi ezihambisana nokuqondisa, ezingahlukaniswa zibe yizinhlobo ezintathu eziyisisekelo: izinhlelo, izombangazwe, nenhlangano. Ukuqonda lezi zinjongo ezihlukahlukene kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani uMkhandlu uqondisa nokuthi yini efuna ukuyifeza kule misebenzi.

Izinjongo zezinhlangano zihlanganisa ukuhlola amandla egatsha eliphethe, ukuhlola indlela umthetho osetshenziswa ngayo, nokwazisa i-Congress nomphakathi. Lezi zinjongo zingafuneka zishiwo ngokukhethekile ngoba zisiza ekuvikeleni amagunya omphakathi futhi ziqinise ikhono lomphakathi waseMelika lokuhlola imisebenzi nezenzo zokuqondisa.

Izinjongo zesimiso zigxile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlelo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo, zifeze imigomo yazo eziyihlosile kuyilapho zisebenzisa izimali zokukhokha intela ngendlela efanelekile. izinjongo zezombangazwe zingahlanganisa ukubangela ukuqashelwa komphakathi kwezindaba, ukusabela ezinkathazweni ezihlangene, nokuqokomisa isimiso esiyinhloko. Nakuba abagxeki ngezinye izikhathi bebheka izisusa zezombangazwe ngokungabaza, bangafeza imisebenzi engokomthetho yentando yeningi ngokuletha ukunakekela komphakathi ezindabeni ezibalulekile.

Amathuluzi Nemishini Yokuqondisa Izishaya - mthetho

Izishaya - mthetho zisebenzisa amathuluzi nezinqubo eziningi ukuze ziqondise igatsha eliphethe kahle, kusukela emagunyeni angokomthetho kuya ethonyani elivamile nasekukholiseni.

Ukuqulwa Kwezindaba Nokuphenywa Kwekomiti

Izikhulu zekomiti zimelela elinye lamathuluzi abonakalayo nabaluleke kakhulu. ISishaya-mthetho senza lomsebenzi ngokuqondisa ukuqulwa kwamacala nokuziphatha kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano, imisebenzi nezimiso. Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, amalungu amakomiti angabuza izikhulu zegatsha eziphethe, ofakazi abangochwepheshe, nabanye abaphethe izinhlangano, ukumiswa kwezimiso, kanye nezinkinga ezingase zibe khona.

ISishaya-mthetho silalela izindaba ezihlukahlukene, kusukela ekuxhashazweni kwemidlalo yezobuchwepheshe kuya ekusetshenzisweni kweziphuphutheki zesimo sezulu. Izimemezelo nazo ziye zasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amalungelo amaqembu amancane. Uphenyo lwe-Congregation alusizi nje kuphela ukuba abashaya imithetho benze izinqumo ezingcono, kodwa lubalulekile esimisweni sokuhlola nokulinganisela.

Izindlebe zisebenza imisebenzi eminingi ngaphandle kokuhlangana kokwaziswa. Zinikeza amarekhodi omphakathi obufakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, zibangela ukunaka kwezindaba ezibalulekile, futhi zinikeza amathuba okuba uMkhandlu udlulisele amathemba awo ezikhulwini zamagatsha eziphethe. Umphakathi wezindaba eziningi uthuthukisa futhi ukubonakala futhi uvumela izakhamuzi ukuba ziqaphele indlela uhulumeni wazo osebenza ngayo.

Amandla Kabhamuzane Nokuphoqelelwa

Indlu neSigele kubekwa imithetho yokunikeza amakomiti amabhodi azimele igunya lokunikeza ophonsi bawo wonke. Indlela amakomiti angaphansi akhishwa ngayo ngezindlela ezingafani ngekomiti nangezindawo zokuhlala. Endluni, cishe wonke amakomiti manje anika izihlalo zawo amandla okukhipha izihlalo ezingaphansi kwezimpondo, kuyilapho emakomitini amaningi kufuneka ukuba isihlalo siqale sithole imvume yelungu eliphezulu.

Izindawo ezingaphansi zimelela ithuluzi elinamandla lokuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kwezincwadi nobufakazi lapho kungafiki ukubambisana kokuzithandela. ISishaya-mthetho sinamathuluzi amaningi esiwatholayo kokubili ukuze sithole ukwaziswa ngezingxoxo nangokuphoqelela ukuvumelana namakomiti angaphansi. Uma ofakazi noma izinhlangano zenqaba ukuvumelana namapopona, iSishaya-mthetho sikhona isimiso sokuqinisekisa.

ISishaya - mthetho singase sifune ukuba umbambeli ngamunye abekwe icala lokwenqabela ukuvumelana neqembu elingaphansi kwecala. Izishaya - mthetho zingase zifune isinqumo sikahulumeni esithi lowo muntu obuzwayo ubophekile ngokomthetho ukuba avumelane ne-secomponalphona. Lezimiso zokuphoqelela ziqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungathola ukwaziswa okudingekile ukuze unakekele imisebenzi yawo, ngisho nalapho ubhekene nokumelana negatsha eliphethe noma amaqembu azimele.

Ukubika Izimfuneko Nezicelo Zokwaziswa

ISishaya-mthetho sivame ukucela izinhlangano eziphethe ukuba zinikeze imibiko evamile ngemisebenzi yazo, izindleko, nemisebenzi. I-Congress yokuqala yamisa lezizindlela zobubonisi ngokuhlola okukhethekile, ukubika izimfuneko, nokusetshenziswa kwenqubo yokuhlola ukubukeza iziphathimandla. Lezi zimfuneko zokubika zidala ukugeleza okuqhubekayo kokwaziswa okuvela ezinhlanganweni kuya eMkhandlwini, okwenza ukuba kuqashelwe ngaphandle kokufuna ukuba kuhlolwe ngokusemthethweni.

Ngaphandle kwezimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokubika, amakomiti enhlangano namalungu ngamanye acela ukwaziswa njalo ezinhlanganweni ngezincwadi nangendlela yokuxhumana ngokwethukela. Nakuba amanxusa ngokuvamile ebambisana nezicelo ezinjalo, ukuqondisa nokuhlola. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma inhlangano ehloselwe yona ingumuntu siqu, inhlangano, noma inhlangano yegatsha ephethe ukuze inikeze ukwaziswa okuthathwa yi-Congress ewufunayo.

Ukuhlola Uhlelo Nokuhlola Umsebenzi

Ukuhlola ukusebenza kwesimiso kuseyinqubo elungisayo yokuqondisa. Ukuhlola kwanamuhla kusebenzisa isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nezindlela zokulawula inqubo − njengokuhlola, ukuhlola okubizayo, kanye nokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinhlelo eziqhubekayo. Ulwazi mayelana nokusebenza kohlelo lungasiza kuKhomishane njengoba lwenza izinqumo mayelana nohlelo lwezinhlelo zikahulumeni kanye nemali ezosetshenziswa.

Lendlela yokuqondisa idlulela ngalé kokumane uhlole ukuvumelana nemithetho ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlelo zifinyelela imiphumela yazo ehlosiwe ngokuphumelelayo. Ngokusebenzisa izindlela zokuhlola eziqinile, uMkhandlu ungenza izinqumo ezinolwazi oluthé xaxa ukuthi ungaqhubeka, ushintshe noma uqede izinhlelo zikahulumeni.

Amandla Okuthenga: Ukulawula Uhlelo Lohlelo Lokusetshenziswa Kwemali Njengokunakekela

Elinye lamathuluzi okwengamela anamandla kakhulu amaKhongolokazi yigunya lawo lomthetho-sisekelo ekusebenziseni imali kahulumeni. Le "gunya lesikhwama" linikeza iSishayamthetho amandla aphawulekayo phezu kwezinhlangano eziphethe amagatsha nemisebenzi yawo.

Inqubo Yokufuna Ukusabela

Ingxenye yegunya lomthetho elisetshenziswa yiSishaya-mthetho ukumiswa kwendlela yokuhlela imali kahulumeni ngonyaka. Ngalenjongo, uMkhandlu ukhokha izintela kanye nemithetho yokunqanda ukuxhasa izinkonzo zikahulumeni ezibalulekile. Ngenqubo yezicelo, uKhongolo unquma ukuthi imali engakanani inkampani ngayinye eyitholayo futhi ngokuvamile uchaza ukuthi leyo mali ingasetshenziswa kanjani.

Zonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni zixhaswa ngemali ngokuhlelwa kwezinhlangano zaminyaka yonke. Ukuxhasa kwenhlangano ngayinye kuhlanganisiwe kwenye yezimali zemali ezikhokhwa unyaka ngamunye ezithathwa yisishaya-mthetho esiyishumi nambili uKhongoloshelwa. Le nqubo yaminyaka yonke inikeza uMkhandlu amathuba avamile okubukeza ukusebenza kwezinhlangano nokulungisa amazinga okuxhasa imali ngokufanelekile.

Ukusebenzisa Izingcindezi Ukuze Ube Nethonya Endleleni Yokuhlola

Uma i-Congress ikholelwa ukuthi inxusa elithile lishiywe umthetho wokuqala, iKhongolo ingasabela ngezindlela eziningi. ISishaya-mthetho singadlulisela umthetho ezinqumweni zezinhlangano ezilawulayo, noma unciphise igunya lenhlangano. ISishaya-Mkhandlu singasebenzisa amandla aso okunikeza izimali ezixhasa inkampani. Le mishini yezimali inikeza i-Congress amathuluzi anamandla okulungisa ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano ngaphandle kokukhipha umthetho omusha.

UKhongolo-mthetho lungahlanganisa izimo ekudluliseleni izigwegwe, lunqande izinhlangano ukuba zingasebenzisi imali ngezinjongo ezithile noma zifune ukuba zihlele izinto ezithile. Laba bagibeli be-approgries bangaqondisa ngokunempumelelo isimiso senhlangano kanye nemisebenzi, ngisho nasezindaweni lapho uMkhandlu ungase ubhekane nobunzima bokudlula umthetho othile.

UKhongolose ulondoloza amandla alo ngezindlela ezimbili ezibalulekile: Esinye simisa isimiso sekomiti esinemininingwane ukuze yengamele izenzo zegatsha eliphethe ihhovisi. Futhi esinye, ngokunokwenzeka esibaluleke kakhulu, amandla esikhwama semali. Leligunya lokuhlela imali lihlala lingelinye lamathuluzi aphumelela kakhulu oMkhandlu wokuqinisekisa ukulandisa kwegatsha eliphethe.

Igunya Lomthetho Nokubekwa Kwezinga Elivamile

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa izinhlelo ezikhona, iziKhomishane zihlela ukulandisa kukahulumeni ngemibuso yawo yokushaya imithetho, zimise izimiso ezingokomthetho okumelwe izinhlangano zisebenze kuzo.

Ukumisa Ukulinganiselwa Kwe - Agency

Lapho kumiswa imithetho emisa izinhlelo zikahulumeni noma izinhlangano, ichaza imisebenzi yazo, iziphathimandla, nemingcele. Lezi zinqubo zimisa izindinganiso zokusebenza kwezinhlangano ezingalinganiswa. Imithetho ecacile yokushaya umthetho yenza ukuba ukuphathwa kwemithetho kuphumelele ngokunikeza izindlela eziqinisekile zokuhlola ukuthi izinhlangano ziyayifeza yini imithwalo yazo.

Isigaba "esidingekile nesifanelekile" soMthetho-sisekelo futhi sivumela ukuba uMkhandlu umise imithetho egunyaza ukuqondisa kwamakomiti awo, unike igunya elifanele ngokwawo kanye nezinhlangano ezisekelayo, futhi ubeke izibopho ezithile kumphathi ukuba abike noma athintane noMkhandlu, futhi ufune ngisho nokuvunyelwa kwayo ngezenzo ezithile. Imithetho ebanzi ikhona ngemithetho eminingana ephawulekayo.

Izimfuneko Zemvelo Nomthetho Oqondisayo

UKhomishane umise imithetho eminingi elawula indlela izinhlangano eziphethe ezimelwe ziqhube ngayo imisebenzi yazo. Lezi zimfuneko ezingokwesiko zikhuthaza ukuba sobala, ukuthatha isinyathelo emphakathini, nokulandisa ekuthatheni izinqumo zezinhlangano. I-Administrative Procediture Act, Freedom of Information Act, nemithetho efana nayo ikha izindinganiso eziphoqelelwe ukuziphatha kwezinhlangano ezingase zisebenzise ukuze izinhlangano zibone ukuthi zinecala.

Ngokumisa izimfuneko ezingokwesiko, uMkhandlu uqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano azikwazi ukwenza ngokuthanda noma ngokuyimfihlo. Lemithetho ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zinikeze isaziso somphakathi ngemithetho ehlongozwayo, zamukele ukukhulumela komphakathi, zichaze izinqumo zazo, futhi zilondoloze amarekhodi afinyelelekayo emisebenzi yazo.

Umthetho - sisekelo Uhlola Amandla Aphakeme

Ngaphandle kokuqondisa nokulawula uhlelo lwezimali, uMkhandlu unemibuso eminingana ekhethekile engokomthetho esetshenziswa njengenhloli egatsheni eliphethe.

Ukuqinisekiswa Kokumiswa Komongameli

UKhomishane uqinisekisa noma ukwenqaba ukuthatha kukamongameli. Ingasusa futhi umongameli ehhovisi ezimweni ezingavamile. Amandla esigele ukuqinisekisa noma ukulahla omongameli wesikhundla sobukhazikhazi, izikhulu zombuso zokwahlulela, nezinye izikhundla eziyinhloko zinikeza ithonya elikhulu kuMkhandlu ohola izinhlangano eziphethe.

ISigele sifeza indima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukumiswa komongameli, okuhlanganisa amalungu amajaji eKhabhinethi nohulumeni. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphetheyo alikwazi ukumisa abantu ngaphandle kwemvume yomthetho. Ngokugunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala, abameli bangangabaza izimfanelo zabo, imibono yezimiso, kanye namasu okuqondisa izinhlangano zabo, akha indawo yokuhlola ebalulekile ngaphambi kokuba izikhulu zithathe izikhundla zazo.

Isivumelwano Sokunqanda Izindawo

UMthetho-sisekelo ufuna ukuba izivumelwano zeSigele se-rayfy zixoxwe igatsha eliphethe ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze. Lombuso uqinisekisa ukuthi umongameli ngeke abeke i-United States izivumelwano zezizwe zonke ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwesivumelwano. Inqubo yesivumelwano yokugunyaza ivumela abaxhasi ukuba bahlole izivumelwano ezihlongozwayo, basikisele ukulungisa, futhi benqabe izivumelwano abakholelwa ukuthi ziyaphikisana nezithakazelo zaseMelika.

Amandla Afunayo

I-arhente ithuluzi elinamandla elivumela uMkhandlu ukuba ususe umongameli ohlezi noma ezinye izikhulu. Indlu yabameleli inamandla okungasheshi, kuyilapho iSigele sisingatha icala. Le nqubo isebenza njengesehlo esibucayi emandleni aphethe. Nakuba ukujezisa kungavamile ukusetshenziswa, ukutholakala kwayo kusebenza njengesithiyo esibalulekile ekulweni nokuziphatha okubi okungathi sína kwezikhulu eziphethe.

Lolu phawu olubanzi luqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu ungabheka noma isiphi isikhulu sikahulumeni esihileleka ekuziphatheni okubi okungathi sína, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi siyini isikhundla saso.

Amandla Empi Nobubonisi Bezempi

UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane okuwukuphela kwegunya lokumisa umthetho nokumemezela impi, ilungelo lokuqinisekisa noma ukulahla ukumiswa kukaMongameli okuningi, kanye namandla amakhulu ophenya. Amandla oMkhandlu wokumemezela impi negunya lawo kwezempi liyinikeza ithonya eliphawulekayo enkambisweni yezempi nakwamanye amazwe, izindawo lapho amongameli ngokuvamile bethi banegunya elikhulu.

Ngokwengamela kwayo imisebenzi yezempi nesimiso sakwamanye amazwe, iSishaya - mthetho singahlola ukuziphatha kwemikhankaso yezempi, sibuze izikhulu zezokuvikela ngezindlela zokuhlela nokusebenzisa imali, futhi sisebenzise amandla aso okuthonya noma ukuphoqelela imisebenzi yezempi. Lokhu kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi amabutho asetshenziswa ngokuvumelana nemvume yenhlangano kanye nezithakazelo zesizwe.

Sekela Izinhlangano Ezikhulisa Ukuqondisa Kwezishaya - mthetho

UKhongolose uye wasungula izinhlangano eziningana eziwusekelayo eziwunikeza ubuchwepheshe obuzimele nekhono lokuhlola, okuthuthukisa ikhono lawo lokuqondisa ngokuphumelelayo.

Ihhovisi Lokulandisa Kukahulumeni

I-Governmentability Office (GAO) isebenza njengendawo eyinhloko yokuhlola i-Congress nengalo yophengululo. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lokuqulisa (GAO) – lisiza ekuqondiseni ukuphatha kwenhlangano ngokuhlola igatsha eliphethe i-orgary nangokubika kuKhongolo-mkhandlu. I-GAO ihlola izinsolo zezinhlelo zikahulumeni, ihlola iziphetho zemfucumfucu nokukhwabanisa, ihlola ukuphumelela kwesimiso, futhi inikeza imibono engokomthetho ezindabeni zomthetho we-athoprigist negunya lezekwane.

Imisebenzi yeGAO inikeza iSishaya-mthetho ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe bemisebenzi yegatsha eliphethe. Uma amakomiti ecela uphenyo lwe-GAO, athola imibiko eningiliziwe esekelwe ekucwaningeni nasekuhlaziyweni okunzima, enikeza ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala nokwenza izinqumo zomthetho.

Inkonzo Yokucwaninga Nge - Congress

I - Congressional Research Service inikeza ukucwaninga nokuhlaziya okungekona okwangaphandle emalungwini oMkhandlu nezisebenzi zawo.

Ihhovisi Lohlelo Lokusebenzisa Imali Lenhlangano

I-Congressgational Baccouncial Office inikeza i-Congress ngokuzihlaziya kwezemali nezomnotho. Izindleko ze-CBO zilinganisela izibalo zomthetho ohlongozwayo nokuhlaziywa kwazo kwezihlongozo zohlelo lwemali zikamongameli zinikeza i-Congress ukwaziswa okudingekayo ukuze kwenziwe izinqumo zemali eziqondiswe kahle futhi kuhlolwe izicelo zezicelo zemali eziphethe amagatsha.

Izinselele Nokulinganiselwa Kokunakekela Komphakathi

Nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya elikhulu lokuqondisa, ubhekene nezinselele nokulinganiselwa okuhlukahlukene ekusebenziseni lamandla ngokuphumelelayo.

Ukutholakala kwelungelo eliqondisiwe nokwaziswa

Lelilungelo, okunezici zalo ezisekelwe emthethweni, liye lasetshenziswa lapho iSishaya - mthetho sicela igatsha eliphethe ukuba likhiqize izincwadi noma ubufakazi obubonisa ukwenza izinqumo zomongameli nokucabanga okukholelwa ukuthi uMongameli kufanele ahlale eyimfihlo.

Uma amongameli bemisa ilungelo lokugodla ukwaziswa, kungase kudingeke baxoxisane, bafune ukungenela kokwahlulela, noma bamukele ukwaziswa okulinganiselwe. Lezimpikiswano zivame ukuhilela imibuzo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso.

Imithombo Yezinto Ezibalulekile Nezinto Eziza Kuqala

Isinqumo sokuthi iziphi izindaba ezingase ziphishekele sisekelwe ekwahlulelweni nasemigomweni yabaholi bobulungu, amakomiti, namalungu ngamanye. Lezi zinqumo zingahlanganisa izici ezingaphandle kwengxenye yeSiphakamiso sobukhoma. Nokho, kunezici ezicatshangelwayo ezingase zihloselwe kulezingxoxo. Lokho kucatshangelwa kungase kuhlanganise igunya loMkhandlu lokuqhuba imisebenzi ethile yobubonisi, imithombo edingekayo ukuze ufeze umsebenzi wokwengamela ngempumelelo, kanye nomphumela olindelekile wokwengamelelwa okuphumelelayo.

Amakomiti e-Congress anezisebenzi ezilinganiselwe nesikhathi, okufuna ukuba zifake kuqala izihloko eziningi ezingase ziqalwe. Uphenyo olukhulu ludinga imithombo eqinile, futhi amakomiti kumelwe alinganise imisebenzi yokwengamela nemithwalo yawo yemithetho. Lokhu kuvimbela okusebenzayo kusho ukuthi ezinye izimpikiswano zingathola ukunakekelwa okuncane kunalokho okufanele zikwenze.

Imithombo Enamandla Nezombangazwe

Ukuvelela kwenzeka emongweni wezombangazwe olokhu ukhona lapho ubuhlobo boMkhandlu nezinhlangano ezibusayo bungahluka khona kusukela ekubambisanani kuya ezingxabanweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunombango womthetho sisekelo wezwe nowobupolitika ongokwemvelo phakathi koMkhandlu noMongameli ngisho nangezikhathi zikahulumeni onobunye. Ukucabangela okungathinta ukuthi yiziphi izimpikiswano eziphenywa yiSishayamthetho futhi ziphishekele ngonya ukuqondisa.

Uma iqembu elifanayo lilawula kokubili iSishaya-Mkhandlu nobumongameli, ukuqondisa kwegatsha eliphethe kungase kungabi namandla kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhulumeni ohlukene uvame ukuveza ukuqondisa okunonya kakhulu, nakuba kungase kuholele ekuhloleni okushukunyiswa inzuzo yabashokobezi kunalokho okudinga ukulandisa okuqotho. Abaklami boMthetho-sisekelo bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungaxhomeke emalungwini kahulumeni ukuba athembeke enhlanganweni yawo futhi ayivikele ekuphathweni kwamanye amagatsha. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi uKhongolo lwaqhubeka luthembekile kwaze kwaba ngo-1960, lapho inqubo iqhubeka kakhulu.

Imingcele Yomthetho - sisekelo Nengokomthetho

Nakuba igunya loKhongolo-mthetho lokuphatha ukuphathwa libanzi, alikhona elilinganiselwe. Icala lingavela lapho kungacaci khona ukuthi uMkhandlu unegunya lokuthatha isinyathelo esithile noma lokuqoqa ukwaziswa okuthile. INkantolo Ephakeme ivumile ukuthi uphengululo lwengqungquthela kumelwe lusebenzise izinjongo ezingokomthetho zomthetho kanye namalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Nakuba amandla okuhlola ebanzi, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yanquma ukuthi uKhongolose kumelwe unamathele "ezinjongweni eziwubala" futhi ugweme izindaba zomuntu siqu ngokuphelele zezakhamuzi. Lokhu kulinganisela kuqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhandlu awunakusebenzisa amandla awo okuhlola ngezinjongo zawo zokujezisa noma ukuhlukumeza abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokuzithethelela okungokomthetho.

Ukuqondisa Kwesikhathi Esizayo

Ukwengamela kwe - Congress kuyaqhubeka kushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwezimo zezombangazwe, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, nokuphakama kwezinselele zokulandisa kukahulumeni.

Izinto Eziza Kuqala Nemikhuba Yanamuhla

Phakathi nonyaka wokhetho, ngokuyisisekelo, ukuphenya kwengqungquthela ngokuvamile kuba enye yezindlela eziyinhloko abamisi-mthetho abathonya ngazo ingxoxo yesimiso. Ukudlulisa umthetho omkhulu kunzima ngaphansi kwezimo ezingcono kakhulu, kodwa kuba yinselele ikakhulukazi uma indlu neSigele kuhlukaniswe kakhulu, ngakho kunezinto ezinkulu. Futhi ikhalenda lemithetho ifinyezwa ngokubhikisha izikhathi zomkhankaso nangezikhathi zomsebenzi wesigodi. Ngakho, ngenxa yalokho, umsebenzi wokwengamela, ukuhlola, ukuhlola, izincwadi, imibiko yamakomiti ngokuvamile kuba i-acesters amathuluzi abonakalayo kakhulu navumelanayo okumelwe aqhubekiswe phambili.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwagxilwa kakhulu ekuhloleni kwemikhakha ehlukene ehlanganisa amapulatifomu ezobuchwepheshe, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukukhathazeka kwezenhlalakahle yesizwe, imisebenzi, nokusabela kukahulumeni ezimweni eziphuthumayo. Uphenyo oluningi olusemzimbeni manje aluziqalisi izimpawu ezintsha. Kunalokho, bakha amarekhodi aphengululi aminyaka eminingi amacala asekhona kakade. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezezokunakekela impilo, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, iziteshi, izindaba zobuchwepheshe, imicimbi yokulondeka yesizwe ehilela, ngokwesibonelo, iChina nemisebenzi yomsebenzi. Ngenxa yokuthi amakomiti kakade ayeseqoqe izincwadi futhi abeke ukuzwa kalula kulezindaba, kulula ngawo ukuqhubeka eqondisa ngaphandle kokukhubazeka.

Ukugadiswa Kwezinhloli Ezivamile

ISishaya - mthetho siye sasungula isimiso sokuhlola esizimele esiseminyangweni ephethe ukuze sinikeze ukuqondisa nokuhlola okuqhubekayo kwemisebenzi yezinhlangano.ISishaya - mthetho sasungula isimiso sokuhlola esizimele ukuze sisize ukuba igatsha eliphethe lithole icala. Sabe sesimisa imithetho emibili eyengeziwe ehloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lezinja ezigadile zingahlola ukonakala nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya futhi zilibike kuMkhandlu ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulahlekelwa yimisebenzi yazo.

Abahloli jikelele basebenza njengeqhaza elibalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuhlanganisa, ukuqondisa nokuhlola okuqhubekayo ezinhlanganweni futhi babike lokho okufunyenweyo kuKhongolo-mfutho. Lesimiso sidlulisela ukuqondisa koMkhandlu ngokunikeza abacwaningi abangochwepheshe abangaphakathi kwezinhlangano abangabona izinkinga nokuziphatha okubi okungase kungafinyelelwa ekunakeni kwenhlangano ngenye indlela.

Ukuqondisa Amandla Obuqaba Anamuhla

Ukuqondisa igatsha eliphethe elinye lemithwalo eyinhloko yombuso. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uMkhandlu uye wahlola izindlela zokulungisa ukusebenza kwawo kulendawo, kuhlanganise nokuqondisa kabusha nokumisa umthetho osemthethweni wokusebenza negatsha eliphethe. Ukusiza, sicwaninge izindlela zoKhala. Singakha amahhovisi amasha agunyaziwe noma angokomthetho, izinqubo zokwengamela, noma izimfuneko zokuqondisa, noma ukuguqula ezikhona.

Njengoba uhulumeni uba yinkimbinkimbi futhi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezobuchwepheshe, iSishaya-mthetho siyaqhubeka sicabangela indlela yokuthuthukisa amakhono aso. Izimemezelo ziye zahlanganisa ukwakha amahhovisi amasha enhlangano agxile ekubukezeni imithetho, ukumisa i-Congregational Office of Legal Council, nokusungula izinqubo ezintsha zokuhlola ukumiswa kwenhlangano. Ngazinye zalezi zinketho zihilela ukuthengwa phakathi kwekhono lokuqondisa elithuthukisiwe nezindleko ezikhuphukile noma ukuphindaphindeka kwezinkonzo ezikhona.

Indima Yezakhamuzi Ekulandiseni Kukahulumeni

Nakuba ngokuyinhloko iSishaya - mthetho sinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwengamela igatsha eliphethe, izakhamuzi zinendima ebalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhulumeni uyolandisa ngokuthembisana ngenqubo yezombangazwe.

Ukulandisa Nokulandisa

Ukukhethwa kumelela indlela eyisisekelo yokuziphendulela ngentando yeningi. Ngokuvota okhethweni lwezishaya - mthetho, izakhamuzi zinquma ukuthi ubani ozobamelela futhi abe yingamele.

Izakhamuzi zingahlola abazomiswa ngokusekelwe emibhalweni yazo yemisebenzi yobubonisi, ukuma kwazo ezindabeni zokulandisa, nokuzimisela kwazo ukuvota okusobala nokuphumelelayo.

Abameleli Abaxhumanayo

Izakhamuzi zingathonya ngokuqondile ukuqondisa ukuhlangana ngokuthintana nabameleli bazo ngezindaba ezikhathazayo.

Ukuxhumana okuphumelelayo kwamalungu oMkhandlu kunikeza ukwaziswa ngezinkinga ezingase zidinge ukunakekelwa. Izakhamuzi ezibona ukulahlwa kwemfucumfucu, ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhashazwa, noma ukuhluleka ezimisweni zikahulumeni zingaxwayisa abameleli bazo, okungase kubangele imisebenzi yokuqondisa esingatha lezi zinkinga.

Ukuhlanganyela Ezinqubweni Zokuzwa Nokuphendula Komphakathi

Zombili izikhungo zoMkhandlu zinamandla amakhulu okuhlola, futhi zingaphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi noma ubufakazi nganoma isiphi injongo ezisibheka njengesidingekile. Amalungu oMkhandlu achitha isikhathi sawo esiningi esingatha ukuqulwa nokuphenywa emakomitini. Izinkulumo eziningi zomhlangano zivulekele umphakathi, zivumele izakhamuzi ukuba zibonele mathupha imisebenzi yobubonisi.

Ngaphandle kokuya ezindlebeni, izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela ezinqubweni zokubusa kwezinhlangano ngokunikeza izinkulumo ezihlongozwayo.

Ukuhlala Nginolwazi Ngemisebenzi Yemikhandlu

Izakhamuzi zingathola ukwaziswa okuphathelene nemisebenzi yenhlangano ngemithombo ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise namawebhusayithi emithetho engokomthetho ehlanganisa amakomiti, izimiso zokuzwa nemibhalo eqoshiwe, amarekhodi okuvota, nokuhlanganiswa kwezindaba ngemisebenzi yenhlangano.

Iwebhusayithi engokomthetho yeSishaya - mthetho, inikeza ukwaziswa okubanzi mayelana nomthetho, imisebenzi yamakomiti, nezinhlelo zomhlangano. Ama-website amakomiti ngokuvamile agcina izimiso zokuqulwa kwecala, ubufakazi, nemibiko yokuhlola. Ngokuhlola le mithombo, izakhamuzi zingalandelela imisebenzi yokuqondisa ehlobene nezithakazelo zazo nezinkathazo.

Ukusekela Izinhlangano Ezibonisa Ukubona Indaba Nezokulandisa

Izinhlangano eziningi ezingezona izinhlangano zisebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukubonakala nomthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni. Lezi zinhlangano zicwaninga, zisekela ukuqondisa okunamandla, futhi zinikeza izakhamuzi ukwaziswa ngemisebenzi kahulumeni. Ngokusekela lezinhlangano ngeminikelo, ngeminikelo, ngezisebenzi zokuzithandela, noma ngokuhlanganyela umsebenzi wazo, izakhamuzi zingandisa imizamo yokuqinisa ukulandisa kukahulumeni.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge-Project On Government Oversing, Common Create, commost, nezinye eziqondisa imisebenzi yokuqondisa kwenhlangano, zisekela izinguquko ukuze ziqinise izinqubo zokulandisa, futhi zinikeze ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni. Lamaqembu asebenza njengemilamuli phakathi kwezakhamuzi nohulumeni, okwenza izindaba zokwengamela eziyinkimbinkimbi zifinyeleleke futhi zithathe isinyathelo emphakathini.

Ukubaluleka Kokunakekela Okuqinile

Ukulandisa kukahulumeni okuphumelelayo kudinga ukunakekelwa okuqinile, okuhlelekile kunokuqashelwa ngamahlazo aphakeme asobala. Nakuba ukuhlolwa okukhulu kokuziphatha okubi kudonsa ukunaka nokwaziswa komphakathi, ukuqondisa izinhlelo eziqhubekayo nokusebenza nakho kubaluleke ngokufanayo ekuqinisekiseni ukuphumelela kukahulumeni nokuvimbela izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe yizinkathazo.

Ukuvimbela Izinkinga Ngokuzihlola Okuqhubekayo

Ikhono lokuqondisa elivamile lisiza ekuboneni izinkinga ezikhulayo ngaphambi kokuba zikhule zibe ukuhluleka okukhulu noma amahlazo. Ngokuqhubeka kwemisebenzi yokuhlola, ukubukeza imininingwane yokusebenza, nokugcina ukuxhumana nezikhulu zezinhlangano, amakomiti amaqembu angabona izimpawu ezixwayisayo zokungaphathwa kahle, udoti, noma isimiso esikhukhuleka ngokushesha ngokwanele ukuba sithathe isinyathelo sokulungisa.

Lo msebenzi wokuvikela ungase ungabonakali kakhulu kunokuhlola okuphawulekayo, kodwa ufeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuphumelela kukahulumeni. Uma amakomiti ehlola njalo izimali zezinhlangano, izikhulu ezibuzayo mayelana nokusebenza kwesimiso, futhi ehlola ukuthi izinhlangano ziyazifeza yini izibopho zazo ezingokomthetho, zibangela ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kokuphatha imithetho ngokufanele nokukhishwa kokwethembeka.

Ukuqinisekisa Ukwenziwa Komthetho Ngokwethembeka

Abahlaziyi abaningi, abahlaziyi bezimiso zomphakathi, nabashaya imithetho bathi uMongameli nezikhulu eziphethe bangangazinaki noma bangaziqondi izinhloso ezicatshangelwayo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengokumiswa kwezimali, ilungelo lokulawula, nemibuso yempi. Ukungamele kakhulu, njengokungathi kuyingxenye yeziphetho zomthetho-sisekelo kanye nokulinganisela okungabhekwa yilokho abaningi emphakathini naseSishaya-Hulumeni abangase bakubheke njengokubekwa kwegunya lomthetho.

Uma izinhlangano zichaza iziphathimandla zazo ngokubanzi noma ngokuncane, noma lapho zimisa izinhloso ezihlukene kunezicatshangelwe, ukuqondisa kungaletha lokhu kuphikisana ekukhanyeni futhi kuthathe isinyathelo esisheshayo ngokukhipha imithetho, ngokukhipha iziqondiso, noma ngokucindezela ukuhola kwezinhlangano.

Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Ezishintshayo

Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisebenza endaweni esebenzayo lapho izimo zishintsha khona, kuvela izinselele ezintsha, futhi imibono yokuqala ingabonakala inganembile. Ukungaqondisi kuvumela uMkhandlu ukuba uhlole ukuthi izinhlelo ezikhona zihlala zifanelekile futhi ziphumelela yini ezinikezwa izimo zamanje, futhi uqaphele ukuthi kunini lapho kudingeka khona ukushintshwa kwemithetho noma izinguquko.

Ngokwengamela njalo, iSishaya - mthetho singaqoqa ukwaziswa ngendlela izinhlelo ezisebenza ngayo, imiphumela engahlosiwe, kanye nalokho okungase kuthuthukise imiphumela.

Ukulinganisela Ukuphatha Eminye Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yomhlangano

Nakuba ukuqondisa kubalulekile, iSishaya - mthetho kumelwe siyilinganisele neminye imithwalo yaso engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuhlanganisa, ukuhlanganisa, nokuthuthukisa uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali. Imisebenzi ephumelelayo yengqungquthela idinga ukunikeza isikhathi nemithombo ngokufanelekile phakathi kwalezi zimfuno ezincintisanayo.

Ukumiswa Kobubonisi Nomthetho

Ukulawula nomthetho kuvumelana kunemisebenzi ehlukene. Uma, ngokwesibonelo, umgomo owodwa womsebenzi othile wokwengamela uwukuqoqa ukwaziswa ukuze kusekelwe umthetho wesikhathi esizayo, khona - ke kungaba usizo ukuphishekela imikhakha yokubuza ezokwazisa ukutusa kwemithetho. Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kuveza izinkinga ezingasingathwa umthetho, kuyilapho umthetho omuhle uveza izindinganiso ezicacile ezisizayo ekuqondiseni.

Ngokuhlola indlela imithetho ekhona esebenza ngayo, izinkinga eziye zavela, kanye nezinguquko ezingase zithuthukise imiphumela, imisebenzi yobubonisi iveza ukwaziswa nentuthuko yezombangazwe edingekayo ukuze kuthathwe imithetho.

Ukuthutha Ngemithombo Nezimo Eziza Kuqala

Lezi zinqumo zihilela ukuhlaziya ukubaluleka kwezindaba ezihlukahlukene, amathuba okuthi ukuqondisa kuyoveza imiphumela enengqondo, imithombo edingekayo ekuhloleni ngokucophelela, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kokwengamela nezinye izinto eziza kuqala.

Ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo akudingi nje igunya namathuluzi kuphela, kodwa futhi kudinga ukuzibophezela okuqhubekayo kwesikhathi nengcebo. Ukuhlola okukhulu kungathatha isikhathi esiningi nesokunaka kwezisebenzi zamakomiti izinyanga noma iminyaka. Ngakho - ke amaKomiti kumelwe abe akhethayo, agxilise imizamo yawo emikhulu yokuqondisa ezindabeni ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyilapho enakekela kakhulu izinhlangano ezingaphansi kwegunya lawo.

Izibonelo Ezingokomlando Zokuqondiswa Okuphawulekayo Kwemikhandlu

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, ukuqondisa ukubusa kweqembu kuye kwafeza indima ebalulekile ekudaluleni ukuziphatha okubi, ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, nasekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi kahulumeni.

Ukucwaninga Nge - gated

Ukucushwa kwamacala kungavumbulula ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla nokonakala komongameli, njenge-Teapot Dome ehlazweni kuma-1920 noma e-Watergate kuma-1970. Uphenyo lwe-Gatenal Watergate Committee yokuhileleka kwe-Nixon ekuqhekelweni endlunkulu ye-Democratic National Committee futhi ngokulandelayo lumelela okunye kokuhlola okuphawulekayo emlandweni waseMelika.

Izindlebe zekomiti eziqanjiwe zembula ukuziphatha okubi okukhulu kwezikhulu zesigaba esiphakeme futhi ekugcineni zaba nesandla ekuyekeni kukaMongameli Nixon's. Lokhu kuhlola kwabonisa indlela ukuqondisa ukuhlanganisa izikhulu eziphakeme eziphethe ezinecala ngayo ngokuziphatha okubi okukhulu nokusekela ukubusa komthetho.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ekwehlulekeni Kokuqondisa

Akuwona wonke umqondisi wenhlangano yezomthetho ophethe ufeze izinjongo ezinhle noma waveza imiphumela emihle. Izindlebe ziye zasetshenziselwa izinjongo eziphansi, njengokuthumba izakhamuzi zomuntu siqu phakathi "kwemisebenzi yaseMelikan" ukuzwa kuma-1950. I House Un-American Accometics Committee Komiti yophenyo ye-McCCarrthy ibonisa indlela abaphathi abangasetshenziswa ngayo kabi ngayo ukuze baphule inkululeko yomphakathi futhi bashushise abantu ngabanye abasekelwe ezinkolelweni zabo zezombangazwe.

Lezi zibonelo ezimbi zigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuziphatha ngokuvumelana namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo nezinjongo ezingokomthetho zokushaya umthetho. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi nakuba amandla obubonisi, nakuba ebalulekile ukuze umuntu alandise, kumelwe asetshenziswe ngendlela efanele nangenhlonipho ngamalungelo omuntu ngamunye nangenqubo efanele.

Ikusasa Lokubuswa Yizindlwana

Njengoba uhulumeni nomphakathi kuqhubeka kuguquka, ukuqondisa kwenhlangano kumelwe kuvumelane nezinselele namathuba amasha.

Ubuchwepheshe Nokuqondisa

Ushintsho lwezobuchwepheshe luletha kokubili izinselele namathuba okuqondisa ama-cornication. Kwesinye isandla, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zithembela kakhulu ebucikweni obuyinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa, izimiso ezinkulu zokwaziswa, kanye nezimiso zokwenza izinqumo ezizimishini. Ukubheka lezi zinqubo zobuchwepheshe kudinga ubuchwepheshe obungase bungabikho amakomiti enhlangano.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuchwepheshe bunikeza amathuluzi amasha okuqondisa. Ukwaziswa okungasiza ekuboneni izindlela zokulahla noma zokukhwabanisa, ukuxhumana ngemishini kwenza ukuba ukwaziswa okusheshayo kuhlangane phakathi kweSishaya-mthetho nezinhlangano, futhi amapulatifomu e - Internet enza ukuba imisebenzi yokwengamela ifinyeleleke kakhulu emphakathini. Kuzodingeka ukuba iziNkampane zithuthukise kokubili ubuchwepheshe bokwengamela izimiso zobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono lokusebenzisa imishini ngokuphumelelayo emisebenzini yazo.

Ukukhuluma Ne - Partisan Polarformation

Ukwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu kuphakamisa izinselele zobubonisi obuphumelelayo. Uma ukuqondisa kuba yithuluzi elizuzisa abashokobezi kunokuba kube ukulandisa okuqotho, kungalahlekelwa ukuthembeka emphakathini futhi kungabonakala kungaphumeleli ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi kahulumeni. Ukuthola izindlela zokuqondisa ezifeza izithakazelo zezinhlangano nomphakathi kuyoba okubalulekile ekulondolozeni ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kobuphathi.

Ukwengamela kwe-bipartarian, uma kutholakala, kuthambekele ekuthembekeni nasekuphumeleleni kakhulu kunokuphenya okungalawuli. Ukwakha i-bipartisan ngokuvumelana ngezinto eziza kuqala zobubonisi nezinqubo kungaqinisa isandla soMkhandlu ekusingatheni igatsha eliphethe futhi kwandise amathuba okuthi ukuqondisa kuyoveza izinguquko ezinenjongo.

Ukuqinisa Amandla Ezinhlangano

Iminyaka eminingana edlule iye yaba inkathi enamandla yokuqondisa imithetho nemikhuba yokubusa kwenhlangano. Izishaya-mthetho ziye zathatha uphenyo oluhlukahlukene oluye lwabangela ukunaka okukhulu emphakathini, futhi kokubili igatsha eliphetheyo noMkhandlu kuye kwaveza amathuluzi amasha nezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zokuphikisa izimpikiswano zobungameli. Izinkantolo ziye zaphendula imibuzo ethile ngokuphathelene namandla abaphathi kuyilapho zishiya abanye bengaphenduli. Eminyakeni ezayo, izinqumo ezenziwa amaKhomishane njengoba ephishekela imigomo yawo yokuqondisa zingaqhubeka zithuthukisa ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwamagatsha.

ISishaya - mthetho kungase kudingeke sifake imali ekuqiniseni ikhono laso lokuqondisa ngezisebenzi ezikhushuliwe zamakomiti, ukuqeqesha nokuthuthukisa ukuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, ukubambisana okuthuthukile phakathi kwamakomiti, kanye namahhovisi noma izakhiwo ezintsha ezisekelayo. Lokhu kutshala izimali kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi iSishaya-mthetho sinemithombo namakhono adingekayo ukuze siqondise igatsha elikhulu kakhulu neliyinkimbinkimbi.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokulandisa Komphakathi

Ukuphathwa kwegatsha eliphethe kumelela isici esiyinhloko somthetho - sisekelo waseMelika. Ngezimiso zalo ezihlukahlukene zokuqondisa izindlebe, ukuhlola, ukulawula uhlelo lwemali, kanye nomthetho-sisekelo kusebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenzisa imithetho ngokwethembeka, zisebenzisa imithombo yomphakathi ngokufanele, futhi zihlale zinecala kubantu baseMelika.

Nakuba ukuqondisa kwenhlangano yesifunda kubhekene nezinselele ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nesithiyo sezezimali, abalawuli abalawulayo, nokumelana neziphathimandla, kusadingeka ekuvimbeleni ukuxhashazwa kwegunya, ukuthuthukisa ukuphumelela kukahulumeni, nokugcina ukulinganisela komthetho-sisekelo phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni. Ngaphansi kwekhono lesikhulu sombuso wombuso liyizimiso zentando yeningi kanye nezinjongo ezisebenzayo. UJohn Stuart Mill, isazi sefilosofi saseBrithani, wagcizelela ukuthi ukwengamela kwakuyisici esiyinhloko sendikimba yommeleli onengqondo: "Isikhundla esifanele sommeleli wenhlangano ukubuka nokulawula uhulumeni".

Kubantu abahlala khona, ukuqonda indlela ukuqondisa kwenhlangano okusebenza ngayo nokuhlanganyela ngayo kulenqubo ngokuvota, ukuxhumana nabameleli, nokuhlala benolwazi ngemisebenzi kahulumeni kubalulekile ukuze kuqikelelwe ukuthi ukwengamela kufeza isithakazelo somphakathi.

Njengoba uhulumeni uqhubeka ukhula ngobukhulu nangokuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi njengoba izinselele ezintsha zivela ekushintsheni kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuxhumana kwembulunga yonke, nezinsongo ezithinta imbulunga yonke, isidingo sokuqondisa okuphumelelayo kwenhlangano siyomane sande.

Abahleli boMthetho-sisekelo baqonda ukuthi amandla okugxilisa ingqondo kunoma yisiphi isigungu noma umuntu othile aletha izingozi kuhulumeni wenkululeko nophumelelayo. Ngokudala isimiso samagunya ahlukene aneziseko nezilinganiso, bafuna ukuvimbela ubushiqela kuyilapho benza ukuba ukubusa okuphumelelayo. Igatsha eliphethe lilokhu lingenye yeziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kulezi, isiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni uhlala unomthwalo kubantu abakhonzayo.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokuqashwa kwenqubo yezinhlangano, ukuhlola okukhulu kokuziphatha okubi, noma ukusebenzisa imibuso yokuhlela nokubeka imithetho, iSishaya - mthetho sifeza indima ebalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulandisa kukahulumeni. Izakhamuzi eziqonda lendima futhi zihlanganyela nabameleli bazo ekusekeleni ukuqondisa okuphumelelayo kunengxenye empilweni nasebutheni bentando yeningi yaseMelika.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngokuqondisa kobukhonya kanye nendlela yokuhlangana nabameleli bakho, vakashela i-Office yezezimali. Gov. Golv, ingosi esemthethweni ye-United States Congress. Ukufunda okwengeziwe ngokulandisa nokukhanya kukahulumeni, ukuhlola imithombo evela [ I-Government Accounting Office []. Izakhamuzi ezifuna ukusekela ukuqondisa nokulandisa zingafunda okwengeziwe ezinhlanganweni ezifana nomthetho [[FLT:]] Iprojecteds Out Overst [, esebenzela ukuthuthukisa ukulandisa nokulandisa nomthwalo wemfanelo kuhulumeni.